Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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re ? 4 *i' 4\ ? 1 I [HI THE UNION TIMES H VOL. LXVI. NO. 15. UNION. S. C., FRIDAY, APRIL 14, 101? *1.00 V YEA U PAPERS READ I WALLACE CHJ CONDITION OF THE SLAVES ci BEFORE ANI) DURING THE WAR ti (By Robert H. Wallace). s* st I would say the condition of the e( slaves before and during the war ni were the best they ever had been or ever will be again for it is plain that lo they were greatly elevated and im- w proved both morally and physically by tl their servitude in the South. n. They were well clothed and fed, T were taught good morals, to observe ? the Sabbath, were allowed to go to fi white people's churches (the churches ei having galleries for them). They were ia happy and care free, allowed to have al some pleasures, such as one dance a week, always to break up at 12 I o'clock that they might get a good night's rest so as to be able to attend ai to their duties the following day. They ei were governed by simple laws, that tc they were all able to understand? re which were read to them four times a ti year. All were expected to be 6n h< their own master's plantation by dark and to remain there over night. Each ai family had a house to themselves, a hi garden and fruit trees, and once a vi week they came to the house to get to their rations, which was good substan- P tial food, all were fat and healthy. As pi for disease, such as consumption, was as rarely, if ever, heard of. This was Y the condition in the Piedmont section, di but on the coast the rice-growing sec- al tion, they had to provide their own meat by hunting and fishing. They ai were given every attention when sick tc or disabled. There was some one of qi the women slaves appointed to care for the babies while the mothers went sj about their work. It was very rare, ti if ever, they had a cruel master, pi There are instances when it is said w slave holders employed Irish and Ger- n< man gangs for doing very heavy or dangerous work, so as to safeguard tl the health and lives of their slaves, a: With few exceptions, the relation be- m tween master and slave was one of w loyalty and even affection, and they 21 were always jealous of their master's of reputation and, like the Scots, ready ei s slaves, grin from ear to ear when they T see us and always make themselves G known to us. sc The fidelity of the slaves during sc the war was remarkable. During at early period of war, even thef privates pi had their servants, but when food got Si so scarce they were dispensed with, sc Those of the slaves left at home de- W serve to be mentioned, refusing to de- R sert to the army of liberation, risked T and often lost their lives in protect- sc ing the property of their owners. st There are instances in my own fam- of ily when both men and women proved tc their loyalty in time of distress. Two tr boys were taken off by a Northern tl regiment, and just as soon as they sc could escape, they returned to their hi muster, my granaiatner (lien, cook) N and offered to be his slaves as long sc as they lived. Others of his slaves th were asked by the Yankees if they w wanted freedom? They answered th most emphatically, "No, we are as tc free as we wish to be, and when it cc was known that Sherman and his th army were coming, two very faithful to women hid away some of the silver b( and other valuables and tried in every ai way to shield this mistress and chil- uj dren (the master of the home, of sc course, was in the army). In an- as other branch of the family, when the et house was surrounded by the Yankees, al a faithful slave got his axe and came W in and stood near his mistress to pro- M tect her. Although told by a Yankee m officer to go to the well and fill his W canteen with water, he never moved ce till his mistress said, "Steve, go and hi fill the canteen" and as he went, he w was knocked down and killed. Al- s( though they outnumbered the white II people, the women and children were uj linmolfiSfpH- All fViia irnoo fA dUau? I ili how greatly they had been uplifted di in this country of civilization and ai Christianity, for they were nothing fo more than savages when brought from te their native country. ni w How the Children Were Taught Be- le fore and During the War. pi (By Mrs. C. T. Murphy). g* In giving a true history of how the ca children were taught before and dur- (}(; ing the war, I am indebted to the old-1 sc er citizens of our town and county for br the information herein; and, they Wi seemed so glad to be able to furnish ci, me with these true facts. i learned that throughout the coun- 0f ty the schools were conducted pretty m much alike?while there may have be been some little difference, generally f0 speaking, they were alike conducted, tii The children walked from one to four miles to school carrying their frj dinner in a tin bucket. They went to til school ahout 8 a. m. and returned ta about sundown. Of course they had al from 12 to 2 o'clock for dinner and bj play time. The boys and girls had w separate play grounds and they dared M not trespass. One lady told me she so came near killing a boy because he fa tEFORE WM. \l \PTER, U. D. C. I t ime on the girls' playground and t ied to steal a kiss from her and she h Lruck him across the nose with a T ick and he hied profusely. She add- t 1, "He did not try to kiss me any t lore." a The school houses were made of h igs about 20 feet square?no glass t indows, only wooden shutters and s le children sat on rude benches with fi o backs. The teacher had his chair. C here were no lady teachers in the b >untry then. The average school was f om 25 to 40 in number. The teachr was very strict, and always kept a c irge handful of good switches neai 11 k V?nn/1 nnrl r\ lien tlin r\C ^?? ? sntleman, "They used them, too, for c know whereof I speak." u The children were taught spelling s nd reading from the blue back spell- a and a gentleman told me it usually g 10k about a year to teach a child to <1 ;ad. And when they trot to baker in d le blue back spelling book, you could d jar one say to another, "Boys, I done h at to baker." Of course writing, c rithmetic, geography, grammar and h story were taught the more ad- s inced pupils and they were allowed (! i sit out under the trees to study, n upils sang geography. I cannot ex- t! ain the method but simply state it n 5 a fact. Tupils all studied aloud, ou can imagine 40 pupils studying S fferent lessons and all studying oud. There were no lead pencils?slates id slate pencils were used and the acher made the pens out of goose <1 lills to write with ink. t Two scholars were sent to the t (ring nearby tor water and some- f mes they would forget to return t romptly, which assured them a Rood a hipping. They drank from gourds? > dippers in those days. d Now as to the schools in our town c len called Unionville. I will go back e 3 far as 1858 when Mr. J. B. Stead- t an taught in the male academy. This . as a brick building 45 feet long and ii i feet wide. A fireplace at each end a ' the building and two doors and sev- tl al windows. The furniture consist- n he scholars studied from a, b, c to c reek and Latin. At that time the C hool was large and Mr. Steadman f; scured Rev. Isaac Seymour who lived il ; what is known now as the Perrin -operty, to assist him. After Mr. teadman married he gave up the s, hool and was succeeded by Mr. C. r. Boyd, the father of Mrs. C. R. j obertson?then a young lawyer here, i, here were some rowdy boys in the v hool and Mr. Boyd used a leather rap with skill on some of them. Two them were sons of one of the trus- (j es?that caused trouble with the t, ustees and Mr. Boyd resigned and j] le school closed till the matter was v> ittled. In 18(51 the male academy n id for its teacher, Mr. Miller of ^ orth Carolina; he taught for one ^ ission then volunteered for service in j, ie army and was killed in battle. He ]j as succeeded by Mr. James Cofield? h len Rev. S. A. Weber was the next j; acher and the boys were so bad he r. >uld not control them and one day ^ icy went out in front of the academy v i have a rock battle- when time for p >oks came Mr. Weber called the boys t, id they would not come. lie made i his mind then to give un the school Cl i next morning he opened his school i usual with prayer and he prayed <] trnestly that his successor would be >le to rule and govern the school, tl rell the next teacher was my father, b r. I). A. Townsend, then a young s an of about 2f> years of age and Mr. ? reber's prayer was answered for he b utainly governed his school; as the s, isbands of some of the ladies present ill testify. He did not believe in b taring the rod and spoiling the child. y, e wrote his rules and tacked them b ) in the school room, and he enforced y iem to the letter. lie made every 0 ly count, and the pupils never were p iowed to go home until the lessons >r that day were thoroughly mas- f, red?often staying till 10 o'clock at y ght with some of the scholars; but hen they went home they knew trr<? o ssoris well for that day. He never t it off till tomorrow what should be a >ne today. He opened the male acad- b ny in 1863 and taught till there lc imc a call for volunteers from 16 to a and the scholars elected Mr. Town e nd captain and he carried his school w >ys to the army. Then the school h as closed till he returned at the o ose of the war. sj In June, 1865, Major Townsend re- t< >ened his school and secured Capt. F. ir . Farr as his assistant?the school v, (in^ large. They taught in their uni- w rms?clothes being scarce at that p me. A Now we must not think that the V rls were without a school all this tl me for the female academy was p ught first, as near as I could learn, b >out that time by Mr. Curtis, assisted II r Miss Harlow ?next was Mr. Game- g ell. Then Mr. McCullough, then d iss Reed. Then Rev. Colin Murchi- a ?n took charge and taught till my h ther, Major Townsend, took chargo I f both male and female academy, s' liss Ilattie Young and Miss Sallie it iraham assisted Major Townsend in \v he female academy. He went from rr he male academy each day between it 2 and 2 o'clock to hear lessons he II aught in the female academy. Be- li ween the hours of 12 and 2 the boys a iad dinner and play time. Major tl 'ownsend was considered a most ex ti raordinary teacher and commanded ir he greatest respect, both of patrons n nd pupils. And even in after years h is old pupils always spoke of him in w he kindest manner. Major Townend taught 10 or 12 years and was a inally succeeded by Rev. and Mrs. B. w I. Clifford and in the male academy w y Mr. Ben F. Bailey. I will not go ai ui ther though much could be said. o! Before closing my paper I want to ai all attention to this fact. You will w otiee in every school all the teach- g rs kept a hand full of good switches h lose at hand. Now this would naf- h rally bring about the conclusion that h ome bad children lived even before oi nd during the war?yet you hear the 01 randmothers and grandfathers of to- f< ay say, "Well, I never saw such chil- w ren in my life as there are in this t< ay and time." Did any of you ev . 01 ear such expressions? Yet what con- tl lusion must we draw from what we ai t've learned about the use of b witches and leather straps before anJ o: urine: the war? But W3 will say b othing and let our children believe o hat their grandfahters and grand- a (Others were model children.-' r I s< ome Experiences of Union County u Confederate Soldiers. (By Mrs. J. F. Walker, Jr.) b ? ' s< Thinking over this subject and won- e] ering what I should write, I realize p hat no subject is more fitting than jr he experiences of some of our Con- 0] ederate soldiers of Union county, for he Daughters of our chapter to hear a bout. 0. Why not write the history of 8oli'ers about us, that live in our own p) ounty?get their personal experi- ? nces?and do what we can to honor ^ hem, ere it is too late! t] .1 decided to take some of the most rr iteresting experiences of my father w nd eight uncles in the War Between b he States. Seven brothers went from H but oi ause these men were Union county V Confederate soldiers and these are acts told me by members of my fam- a y who are living today. S I.ieut. John W. Greer. He volun- E sered in 1862 under Gen. Pillow and b erved till the close of the war. At w he battle of Fort Hudson, July 6, ti 862, he had his right arm shot off li y a cannon ball; grasping the flag si 'ith his left, he exclaimed, "I've v or one more," and rushed onward | h< ill he fell exhausted. At the fall of d lie fort he was carried as a prisoner G a New Orleans, where a French fam- w y was allowed to nurse him hack to ealth. A young lady in the family s< resented this hand-made flag to him c< nd he managed to conceal it about b is person during his imprisonment, h ringing it home with him in Decern- h, er of 1804 or January of 18G5, for n< e was sent to Charleston, S. C., with C 00 officers and placed as breastworks G n Johns Island for our own army to F ill in place of the enemy. He was a tl olunleer in the infantry from Helena, a: 'hillips county, Arkansas, belonging a Gen. Kirby Smith's western army, di oday he lies buried in Mariana, Lee a ounty, Ark. bi Robt. II. Greer. He volunteered un- t4 er Col. Jenkins at the battle of Seven tl ines. A piece of shell struck him in A ie face. He always wore a heavy'o] eard to hide the unsightly scars. He ir urrendered at Appomattox Court ir louse on April 9th, 1866. He lies C uried in Sardis church yard about O' even miles below Union. h Wm. Wesley Greer. He lies buried ri 1 Sardis church yard; volunteered s< 'i'th the Johnson Rifles, commanded w y Capt. J. W. Goss. He served two k ears and was not woundod. He died o f tuberculosis contracted by ex- M osure on the battlefield. tl The following statement is taken ir com Progress, one of our county ti 'eekly papers: w "Lieut. Charner S. Greer, who was bi ne of the brave soldiers Union coun- o] y furnished the Confederate army, k nd who had the distinction of being E uried alive in a bomb proof pit fol- d< ?wing the awful "Crater" explosion b t Peterbusg on July 80th, 1864, only tl scaping with his life by digging his bi ay through many feet of earth with ir is trusted sword. 'How did I get ai ut?' asked Lieutenant Greer in reponsc to a Progress man's query as B > how he escaped. 'Well, it was re- P tarkable, and for a while I v&8 the tl rorst scared in my life. You see it g< raS that first nicrlit tfint T ! ? fl V..MW Jtp III LU1II- v* any with Lieutenant Hill of Cross tc rnehor, spent in the bomb proof pit. 1* /hen the Yankees blew up the mines cj lat made the 'Crater,' it threw great iles of dirt over the mouth of our tl omb proof pit, and we were shut in. t looked for a while like in a living y< rave, for we were there from before j* nybreak until about 4 o'clock in the e< fternoon. Soon after I realized what n ad happened I began, wondering how C could get out; then I thought of my word, and began digging away with . at the edge of the roof of the pit, 'hieh had been formed of poles with lany feet of earth tramped down on to offer protection from pun fire, t was a slow business, but little by ttle I dup the earth away, and fir.Ily pot throuph about eipht feet, so lat I could see daylipht. By that ' me I was terribly thirsty and, climb- t lp up to the top of the hole I had s lade, I looked out to see what had < appencd, and how near the Yankees ' ere, if they should be around. 1 "On reaching the top of the hole 1 nd lookinp out I saw the Yankees < rere almost ripht at me. I wanted ! ater so bad I called to one of them * nd asked for a drink. The Yankee ' fficer heard me, but hung his head, t nd made no reply. A negro soldier s ho was standing near him, said, "I'll 1 ive you water," and seeing him raise ' is pun to shoot I dropped down the ole, and the bullet hitting where 1 3 ad been, knocked a lot of dirt down . ii my head. Not long after that Gen- 1 ral "Billy" Mohun, as brave a Con- 1 jderate soldier as Virginia sent out, ' ith one brigade charged in an effort ' ) recapture the breastworks. Looking 1 ut again I saw his men lying flat on 1 le ground with the Yankees firing < cross them two ways. Then Mohun i rought up another brigade, and all 1 f them rushed forward and took the 1 reastworks. As they charged, some '< f them hearing me call, reached down 1 nd pulled me out of the pit where 1 had been so long, and which it < eemed would be my grave, and so I s as saved from an awful death." 1 Though Lieutenant Greer, who ".vas ( orn on November 22nd, 183G, about 5 jven miles from this city, and who ' nlisted with the Cross Keys com- ' any, Robert J. Betsill commanding, ' l 1861, was in many of the big fights J nly surrendering with Lee at Appolattox, he received but one wound, * nd that in the shoulder at the battle f Sharpsburg. B. Frank Greer. He volunteered in lecember, 1860, with Gadberry's Minute Men." They volunteered to 1 0 in one minute's time. He served in J ie war three years. He told his ' lother (when he left home for the 1 ar, no bullet would ever be moulded y the Yankees that would kill him. j [e was not wounded once, but during ' aryjge^ he s>,warn atfoss- litft Jpntwnan IVer,- aiyrtng had measels he edfllHiW- * 1 pnedmonia and died at Staunton, f irginia, where he is buried. 1 Capt. Thos. Jefferson Greer. Was ( xi i?ii? ?i- ? ? ... i turner urouier wno lies DUriea in J ardis church yard. He volunteered in ecember, 1860, under Col. Gad- ( erry's command?"Minute Men"? ho volunteered to go in one minute's ( me. General Gadberry, then a bril- 1 ant young lawyer, made an impas- ( ioned speech declaring they could 'hio the Yankees in six weeks, that * e would be willing to uvfnk every 1 rop of blood spilt. Captain Jeff { reer saw hi'm as he lay mortally ' ounded on the battlefield; and he ) aid he never saw any soldier bleed 1 3 profusely. They had placed tho 1 alonel on the bank of a cool stream < ut the blood flowed so freely from 1 is wounds down into the stream they 1 ad to move him further back so as 1 at to spoil the water of the stream. 1 apt. Jeff Greer and Capt. Charner J reer were both at the blowing up of etersburg, each had his company ( lere. One on the right wing of the r rmy, the other on the left. Capt. Jeff Greer had just come off ' uty, (it was early in the morning), nd he was waking soldiers to cook reakfast, when he noticed in the dis- s ince the earth was lieincr hlrwvun In le air. Very soon it was upon him. 11 about him the earth seemed to be pening like great jaws and swallowlg again, opening and then swallowig again. He was cut off from the onfederate soldiers-entirely but ran ver these places, several yards, tijl e was with them, his coat tail being iddled with bullets. (They say a real sldier knows when to run as we.l as 'hen to stand). And then the Yanees were upon them with fixed baynets. Captain Greer and Mr. John IcDaniel, whose widow now lives in ic Sardis neighborhood, were standlg side by side fighting when Captin Greer sa wa big negro soldier ?ake a lunge at Mr. McDaniel with a ayonet, Captain Greer raised the butt f his rifle and struck the negro a illing blow, thereby saving Mr. Mc aniel's life. Captain^Greer went on )wn to the branch to hunt for his rother. Captain Charner Greer who, lat night had been sleeping in a omb-proof pit. He found him washig the mud and clay from his eyes fid hair. Captain Jeff Greer lost a leg at urgess Farm the last battle below etersburg, and was taken prisoner , lere. Frank Vaughn, orderly ser- . eant, tried to carry him off the batefield but Captain Greer told him > put him down and save his own . fe. He reluctantly did so and es- c iped. Captain Greer was a prisoner t Washington, P. C., at the time of le surrender. J. M. Greer. My father, and the y oungest of these seven brothers, was ist 16 years old in ltf(>4. Not daunt- ( 1 in the least by seeing his family so , ipidly diminished, volunteered in the t onfederate army in the company of , (Concluded on page 12) t WORK OF DANi HA Washington, April 8.?Josephus Daniels of North Carolina is secretary of the navy. North Carolina seems to run naturally to secretaries >f the navy. There was John Branch jnder Jackson of South Carolina; Badger under Harrison, "old Tippecanoe and Tyler, too;" Graham unler Fillmore; Dobbin under Pierce; md now comes Daniels under Wilton, who was brought up in South Carolina but got a part of his college raining in North Carolina and knows something about the quality of the North Carolina output in men and esources. Mr. Daniels is now serving his third rear and has been more abused than iny of his predecessors since Gideon Welles, the Connecticut Yankee of Democratic faith, who had the conldence of Mr. Lincoln in time of the lation's sorest distress just as Mr. Daniels now has the confidence of Mr. Wilson in the most tryinp period .hrouph which this country has passed n its relations to the rest of the vorld. Georpe Creel has told in a ate number of the New York World 1 moving story about Daniels and lis administration of his office, and las piven in the secretary's own words he first answer he has made to the danders and abuse heaped upon him ly so many of the soealled "leaders if men." One of Mr. Daniels' cabinet associates recently expressed his adniration of the fine courape displayed tiy Daniels in the bitter experiences hrouph which he has passed and who vhen reviled has reviled not apain lut has taken his punishment with-, >ut complaininpf confident that he will ie justified by the event. The story Dreel tells is the truth about Daniels. Buildinp Up the Navy. When he became secretary of the lavy he found that it was 5,000 men short of the number allowed by law. De has added 6.3(55 men to the service m three years. There are 700 men of the navy in irison now; there were 1,800 when ie went into office. Under the administration of George KJtf TZy&yZ.Hi* immediate predecessor, who has been one of the most jnfair and persistent of Daniels' :ritics and defamers, there were over 10,000 desertions from the navy. There has been a reduction of 17 per :ent in desertions under Daniels. i Fifty-two per cent of the men dis harged in pood standing from the lavy under Meyer reenlisted; 85 per ent are reenlisting under Daniels. The United States navy is not as strong as the German navy today, lot on account of Daniels' failure to lo any of the things required of him iut because for nine years, from 1003 ;o 1912', when the Republicans were n charge of the government, the eeommendations of the general board if the navy, with Admiral Dewey at ts head, were disregarded steadily, uid the German navy passed the \merican navy in fighting strength ;hree years before Daniels became secretary. The board recommended a policy )f continuous building. Of 34 dreadloughts recommended, 15 were auhorized; of 40 cruesers recommended, ivc were built. Adding to Submarines. There was not a single seagoing submarine when Daniels went into jffice; there are three now of the atest and largest model. There were four aviators then; nere are l? now. There were 1,028 men on 14 ships :o care for 29 submarines carrying 1.31 men then; there is a submarine lotilla now under the separate comnand of a rear admiral of the navy. There was one mine laying ship ,hen; there are three now, besdies a leet of seagoing tugs and a fleet o1 ;orpedo boats with mine sweeping jqui'pment. There was an inadequate and outworn system of wireless equipment 'or the ships of the navy then; there ire 75 ships with radio equipment low, besides which every submarine n the navy has been equipped with adio and three new shore stations lave been added to the chain of such stations. The navy now has .31 mines for ivery one it had two years ago. There ire two torpedoes now where there vas one then. Under the administration Daniels las secured from congress for the ipbuilding of the navy $70,000,000 as ompared with $20,000,000 secured by Meyer during the last two years of lis inefficient service in the same iffice. Last October, according to the oflcial reports of Admiral Fletcher, the scores made by the navy at long ange practice were the highest ever nade in the open sea, and 90 per cent if the shots fired at the longest range vould have hit an enemy ship. The stroy that Daniels issued an irder that the officers and men should ness together but upon reflecting that his might bring the black men and vhite men together dropped the mat;er is an "infamous falsehood," which IELS S SAVED NAVY lie. "No such order was ever made or contemplated." Good Men at Work. The report that Mr. Daniels has gathered about him in the management of the navy untried and incompetent men is as false as all the rest of the falsehoods industriously circulated about him and his administration. Victor Blue is the chief of the bureau of navigation. lie is noted in The Naval Register "for extraordinary heroism during the war with Spain," served on Admiral Kempff's staff in the Philippines, was a member of the first relief expedition which marched from the sea to Tientsin, China, was chief of staff of the Pa cine neet ,\vas appointed by Secretary Meyer to the general board and ban filled every position on a modern ma 1 of war. The chiefs of the other bureaus of the navy are all distinguished for eminent ability in the particular service to which they have been assigned, and Admiral Benson, chief of the bureau of naval operations and Mr. Daniel's right arm in the administration of his great department, is concededly one of the most competent officers in the service. When he went into the office of secretary, Mr. Daniels found that the service was loaded with aides, an amazing amount of red tape and correspondence between the secretary and men in adjoining rooms?a system which congress has repeatedly refused to sanction?and he "laid off" the aides and brought the heads of the bureaus into intimate and direct touch with the secretary. He has been censured for recommending to congress that promotion in the navy be made by merit and not by seniority. Instead of censure this action should have" been received with the highest favor by the really deserving officers of the navy. He has been criticised by refusing to permit naval officers to seek to influence legislation by making public address or otherwise; but this has been the unbroken policy of the navy fw ?1U time. 4002,--^rvaiuent ~ Roosev/ft ntid fn'TMO Present Taft reinforced the rule by executive orders that establishhd dismissal as a penalty for violation. "No one has been muzzled; simply the law has been enforced that forbids officers from running about the country for purposes of propaganda, a practice in which 90 per cent had no desire to indulge." Hitting the Powder Trust. Under Mr. Daniels' administration the United Slates is making its own powder for 04 cents the pound; it used to pay from f>0 to 80 cents. He saved the government $1,115,700 on this account last year. He cut out $1,077,210 on one bid alone of a manufacturer of projection and has asked congress for money to build a projectile plant for the government. lie reduced the bids of the armor plate people $'1,110,081 and heartily favors the bill of Senator Tillman providing for the establishment of a government plant where armor can he made for $280 1 the ton as against $440 demanded by private concerns. In 1000 congress appropriated $4,000,000?the Tillman bill provides for $11,000,000?for a government armor plant unless contracts could be made at a "reasonable and equitable figure." The plant was not established and under Moody, Morton, Bonaparte and Meyer, all Republican secretaries, the treasury was milked to the extent of over $76,000,000 in high prices. Manifestly, Mr. Daniels is not to be blamed for the general condition of the navy. lie had to take it as it was turned over to him by his utterly incompetent predecessor, George von I.. Meyer. He found the establishment very much run down in men and material. He has greatly strcnginened it in both respects. According to Capt. J. S. McKean oi the service, more progress has been made in building up the navy in the last two years than in any previous period of five years, and there was never a time when "everybody in the service was working as hard with their heads and hands." "The navy today," says Mr. Daniels, "is a finer, better balanced and more effective first arm of defense than ever before in its history." In the last ten years of Republican administration the expenditures on account of the navy amounted in the aggregate to $1,123,013,802. This was at the rate of $112,301,300 the year, and when Mr. Daniels succeeded Mr. Meyer he found the navy without men to man the ships, without ships to meet the requirements of a modern navy, without submarines, without torpedoes, without aeroplanes or aviators, without wireless equipment of an adequate sort; a kind of snug harbor for officers of great distinction; a great institution possessing many of the delightful qualities of a well ordered club, but lacking in like proportion as the social graces had been cultivated the hardy elements of an effective fighting machine. What did the Republicans do with the money?