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, r 1 the jew in American!' f history. !' The Achievements ofthe j' Persecuted Race in the Land of Liberty. j, i( l?y Max .). Kaliler, Uorres|>oniling' Secretary of the Jewish Historical | Society. Arrangements are being made : throughout the United States for the ' celebration on Thanksgiving Day, of the tao-hundredlh-ai d-fiftieth anui-' versary of the settlement of the Jews in the United States, and representu- ' tire Jews in every State and Territory are active on committees appointed to take charge of this commemora lion. The approaching Thanksgiving It .. ?:11 '.1 t > 1 i?ij win (i<iius iiifvtj a special signin- ; cinre for the million and a <|uarter ( Jews residing in this land, who will | thou invoke (lod's blessing on this ! beloved country, which, lirst among I the nations of modern times, recog- ! nized the Jew's title to all the rights ' of man, and permitted him, in common with all other members of tlio boJy politic, to worship the .\lmiglity | Fathor, according to the dictates of . hi* own conscience. In Ii'i.Vi, at a time when the terrors j of the Inquisition throated the Jew who disregarded Spanish and Portugese edicts of expulsion, when France and most sections of Ciermany were closed to him, and when Menasseh ben Isratl was about to begin his I only partially successful negotiations 1 with Cromwell for a repeal of Edward ! I.'s edict of expulsion of the Jews from England, the directors of the Dutch West India Company, whicn governed Now York at the time, in- ! structed Governor Stuyvestant, with I respect to a petition submitted by I professing Jews who had arrived at New Amsterdam from Brazil the year before, that Jews "shall have permission to sail to and trade in New Netherland, and to live and remain there, provided the poor among them i shall not become u burden to the Company or the community, but be supported by their own nation." Contemporary construction of this grant shows that it was not intended to be limited by unexpressed conditions, and hence it may be regarded j as the first great charter of civil and , political rights made to Jews in mfXj/tP and ?- ?..o ?..rfi.c?n Jew emphasize in this commemoralioi also the further fact that they ur not mere recent arrivals and inter lopers on th's continent, but, with out reference even to the very mater ial aid they afforded to Columbus in furtherance of his discoveries, an their viry extensive settlement i South America and the West Indie during the period immediately follow iog the discovery, have been anion the pioneers in this land, entitled t be counted, in priority of settlement alongside of the Pilgrim Fathers, an the Jamestown settlers. As American precedents in the d reetion of Jewish emancipation an the good results flowing therefroi were invoked as potent arguments i favor of the bestowal of similar righ by the leaders of the French Revol tion as well as by English Liber leaders, and have been commend* to the attention of Russia ai Roumania in our own day I President Roosevelt and his late 1 nientod Secretary of State, .lohn Ha it is obvious that interest in this a niversary is not confined to Jews li ing on this side of the Atlant Nay more, questions concerning < tablishmeut of religious liberty coi monly presented themselves in h tory connected with political com quences, advantageous or disadvn tageous, to be apprehended, especia in relation to struggles betwe (christian and Mohammedan, (fatho and J'rotesta.jt, High Church a Low Church, so that it may doubted whether any better exam) can be found anywhere than in t matter of treatment of the Jew, the study of the development of ligious liberty. In America the J first achieved equality before the la In the beautiful language of Da* Dudley Field, "the greatest achie' ment ever made in the cause of h inau progress is the total and fii separation of the State from t Church;" this nation "first rent t shackles that priestly dorninati hod been forging for centuries, a solemnly decreed that no man shoi dare intercopt the radiance of t Almighty upon the human soul." KAKLY JEWISH RELATIONS TO AMKRK In spite of prohibitions upon Je ish settlement in Spanish and Port guese lands, Jews settled in evercroasiDg numbers in South Aineri aud tho West Indies during the s tocutb and seveuloeutb coutun ? _* 1 hough the chief sources of our information concerning them are the l>loody records of the Inquisition. In ingular contrast to the Spauish ndrenturcr, the .lew proved to he a purlicol irly valuable economic ac- ; (Uisition, and we lind that it was chiefly tiirough his efTorts that Brazil's sugar factories and diamond interests developed, nearly all the profitable centers of these industries being in Jewish hands, and becoming practically valueless after their expulsion, in lt?r?4. Some idea ?f the enormous number in which Jewish fugitives from the Iberiau Peninsula settled in Brazil is afforded by the circumstance that over live thousand resided in the city of Recife alone at the time of its surrender by the bu'ch to the Portuger.e, shortly before the Dutch grant now being commemorated. The grant of I i>.V) expressly recites, amorg the inducing causes for its promulgation, the bpnvr losses sue tained by the Jews by reason of the surrender of Brazil and tire heavy Jewish holdings of stock in the Dutch West India Company, among whose directors they were also to be counted. In fact, the protfer of Jew'sh assistance in electing a proposed capture of Brazil was largely instrumental in shaping the character of the charter awarded to the Dutch West India Company on its organization, and the pecuniary returns from these very features made possible such economically unattractive colonizing efforts as the settlement of New Amsterdam. When the Dutch capitulation of Brazil took place, in 1(55I, thousands of fugitive Jews, frt(juent)} despoiled of their property, lied northward to the West Idnies, and a small party of twenty-three arrived on the ship St. Caterina at New Amsterdam about September 1, 1051. Stuyvesant's reception of them was decidedly unfriendly and hostile, and the grant of 1(555 was made in answer to to a petition to the directors asking for relief against the measures of the irascible, bigoted governor. Coming down, then, more specifically to the history of the Jews within the present limits of the United it should be noted that history into may divide*'mJi-nh mnr Ko .nree periods, each " designated as marked by the arT^3 3 of a different stream of immigratio 1 The iirst period, ending about 181 e ; may be styled the period of Sephrac " migration, most of the Jewish setth " being of Spanish or Portugese stoc and numbering in all only about thi '? ; thousand at the close of the peri j for the whole United States, abc n | one-sixth of whom has settled in N 8 i York; next, came the period of G 1r* 1 man migration, running down about. 1880, when the total Jew ? j population of the country was ei mated at about *250,<>00, of wh d number about 100,<K)0 resided New York City. An apprecia number of Austro-Hungarian i l(* Polish immigrants arrived during m I closing decades of this period, ot in j nationalities being also represent t8 j It is due chiefly to the heavy niij u* tion from Russia and Roumania si u' j 1NS0, by reason of anti-Semitic pe ( cution, that the Jewish populatioi 3C* the country has increased during by I nflvjf ttrpntv.fivA rpwro frr\rin ohm - j?*? ' ' rt" l-iiunrter of a million to a million >'? I a quarter, and of Greater New V n* | from I <">,000 to about 7~>0,<?. iv* ' I)KVKI.O KXT Ol CIVll. AKI) POI.ITi 'C- j KIOHTH. | After Stuyvestant's plana for ,n" 1 expulsion of a party of these Brazi ! Jewish arrivals at New York v ^e- ; frustrated by the instructions of ! directors of the company, he con Hy ! ued for a time to block full Jei en j enjoymentofcivil and political rig lie : denying to them right n(l : trade in the adjacent districts an be own real estate and to become bu j ere, but sharp rebukes from his be 1 periors in Hollund soon compf f?r him to grant these privileges. > re the directors, however, in measu ew Jewish rights in large degrees lW- j those enjoyed in Holland, fori 'id public Jewish worship, while s v'e* tioning private services in indivii 1U_ households, prohibited their enga] ,tl' in retail trade or holding publicjo be and even directed the establishn be of |a CJhetto, though, fortuna 0,1 there is no proof that such such n(' vival of the Dark Ages ever actu Jbl disgraced any section of terri be within the United States. After British conquest of New York, 'A rights of Jews, fortunately for tli iw- continued to be governed by tin ;u- tablished customs of tlie colony, in- stead of the more illiberal and un lea taiu British laws, though this re? ix- ed in a declaration in 1<>85, that oh, Jews wore uot to bo allowed to ti I at retail or to hold public worship, i Within a short- period thereafter, < however, Jewish religious rites were 1 performed eo openly that the Jewish i ! synagogue is pictured and described t on the Miller map of New York of I lt>'.?5, and a Jewish cemetery was es- t tablished as early as lf>5<>, on New I Bowery, near Oliver Street, marked to-day by an appropriate tablet i erected a few years ago. i A number of years before Parliament passed the Act of ITiU, permitting Jews to be naturalized in the British colonies, the New York Colonial Assembly had cuucted laws permitting Jews to omit the words "upon ihe true faith of a Christian" when taking the oath prescribed upon beiug naturalized, and Jews were in the enjoyment of all civil and noliti cul rights in New York during many years before these w?re guaranteed to them by such fundamental organic laws as the New York Constitution j of 1777 and the federal Constitution. i While their treatment was not quite so liberal, in general, in the other colonies where they had settled before the Revolution, which included Rhode Islsnd, Pennsylvania, Maryland, South Carolina, and Georgia. New York may be regarded as fairly typical in this respect, and the States admitted into the Union after tne Revolution, in which Jews ofteu figured as pioneers, never attempted in the slightest degree to abridge Jewish rights, civil or political, so that from the Revolution on, the United States could be pointed to by the oppressed Jews in Europe us illustrating the advantages resulting from absolute religious liberty. It is, conversely, of interest to note that the influence of the Old Testament and the Hebrew Theocracy were very potent, forces in shaping the evojution of the government of the Puritan and our own democracy,?tendencies ably delineated bj the Hon. Oscar S. Sirauss in his work on "The Origin of Republican Form of Government of Government in the United States." .IKW8 AS CITIZENS AND SOI.DIEKS. Reciprocally, the Jews in America have ever rejoiced in the proud privilege of performing all the duties of American citizenship, whether on the battlefield, in public life, or in private ranks. In Stuyve6tant's time they vigorously p'/^tested agalust beis* >11. I instead of standing guard, like othi 2. I citizens, and aecordinirlv. we fin lie Jews serving, in far more than the 3rs due proportion, in onr colonial war :k, in the Revolution, in the Civil Wa *ee and in the late Spanish-America od War. The names of over sevt >ut thousand Jewish soldiers who servi ew during our Civil War have been ct er- lected by the efforts of the Ho to Simoo Wolf, of Washington,?i ish enormous proportion of the tot sti- Jewish population of the tirr ich Earlier still, during the Revolutio in two reached the rank of colonel, o ble being Col. Baum, of Pennsylvan: ind the other being Col. David 8 Fran! the who was sent to Europe as bearer her the treaty of peace with Engla ed. when officially 6igned, and who t ?ra- ured as one of the marshals in Pre nee dent Washington's ^inaugural proci rse- sion. a of Similarly, a Jewish rabbi march the alongside of two Christian ministi it a in the procession of 178S in Philad and phia in honor of the adoption of t ork Constitution, this, says Col. Thorc W. Higginson, "really constituti t'AL the first Parliament of Religions this country." He adds: "It see the strange that no historical painter, ban to this time, has selected for yere theme that fine incident. It shoi the have been perpetuated in art, 1 tin- the landing of the Pilgrims or Wai vish ington crossing the Delaware." hts, certainly does not detract from I to significance of the incident to obse d to that the existence of this Jew rgh- congregation in Philadelphia at tl su- time was duo to the solemn deter >lled nation of the patriots of the >i >on York congregation to abandon jN ring York en masse at the approach of by British, even though the congre jade tion might be disrupted in cor. anc- (juence. But space does not peri Jual enlarging further on the numeri ging acts of Jewish patriotism that Am ITice can Jewish historical students h lent delighted to chronicle, though pt tely ing reference must bo made to Ha sur- Solomon, the friend of Robert Moi ally and Madison, the broker throt tory whom Congress received her Frei ' the and Dutch loans, and who himi the loaned several hundred thousand ( lem, lars to his adopted country in J es- darkest days of the Revolution; in- Judah Touro, the distingui*! cer- Southern philanthropist, who joii lult- Amos Lawrence in making the B the ker Hill monument possible, anc rado[(jomuijo4oro Uriah V. Levy, rank og officer of our navy at the outbreak >f the Civil War, owner of Jefferson's lome at ~ Monticello. Similarly, ivhile Judah P. Benjamin, the "brains jf tho Confederacy," was still a leading advocate of Southern rights in the Senate, such Jewish Abolitionists as the Rev. Dr. David Einhorn, Michael Heilpriu. and Moritz Pinner awakened the Jewish conscience agaiiict sluvery in th.i North. The number of Jews who have held high public office in the United States senate and in Congress, on the State and the federal bench, as representatives of their country abroad, and ut the head of their municipal governments,?aye, even as governors of States, makes a most respectable showing. JEWS IN COMMERCE It may be frankly couccded that it is in the field of commerce, however, that the Jews rendered most valuable services to this country, and this was even more true, probably, durI Iho 1 : tug uiu tcin U17 (jtraunij; our revolutionary War than in our own day Joseph Addison, writing in his felicitous style in the Spectator in 1712 with respect to a matter peculiarly familiar to him as au official of the British coloniul office, said of the Jews that "they are, indeed, so dls seminated through all the trading parts of the world that they are become the instruments by which the most distant nations converse witli one another and by which mankind are knit together in u general correspondence." Before the days of defined foreign, or even intercolonial, trade, therefore, laws shutting retail trade to the Jews made them pioneerf and prime promoters of suoh newly created trade, which became, not merely profitable, but actually indis pcnsable, for our colonies. Aaron Lopez, of Newport, who owned a fleet of thirty vessels shortly before the Revolution, engaged in trade between Newport, the West Indies, and Africa; Louis Gomez and his sons were exporters of wheat on a very large 6cale in colonial New Yoik early in the eighteenth century; Jaoob Franks, of New York, and David Franks, of Philadelphia, were the royal purveyors of army supplies during the French and Indian War; Hayman Levy, the fur dealer ol Revolutionary New York, had close >r and was at one time the emplo; 1(j of John Jacob Astor, and Da ir Gradis and his sons largely control s> the trade of France with Amer r before our Revolution. 1 ? in Jews were among the founders ?n the New York Chamber of Com mei and one. Sampson Simson, figures ,j. its seal as a member of the comr _ foo rppnivinor if.a ffnm t.iio II . V"v -vvv.?.wb "V? VV in lonial governor. They were i ;al among the founders of the New Y ie> Stock Exchange, and,ever since t in> time have been growing in imports qo in America as bankers, brok \&t iinanciers, and railroad magnates CS| well as in such lines of trade as 0f ton, tobacco, coffee, jewelry, met nd leather, meats, cloak and shirt in< ig. trie8; and department stores. g{. the other hand, when we turn Pg. suggestive letter written by Mrs Maria Gbilds in 18:1-1 with refer< e(i to the thousands of Jewish in era grants, practically destitute, t ej. arriving in New York from Germi he to escape unfavorable economic ias legal conditions, "not rich as Je ng in the traditional sense, but rich < }n in hopes and energy and enterp m8 and remember how many achiev Up competence, if not large fortunei his * few decades, we note the ana jld between these German Jewish in ike grants and the Russian of our sh- day,?the unskilled laborer whon H encounter in our large cities, w the in? W|th indomitable zeal in ord< rve graduate from the "sweat-six ish Throughout the country we ma; bat aay encounter the descendant! mj. Jewish peddlers of a few decades lew eager to bring sacrifices for the iew loved land that has done so mucl the them in opening to them the p ga. leading to comfort and culture. I8e. With schools and colleges wel< mit ing them, the American Jews to ous fcjoice in the fact that practh pri. every large American university Hve important chairs tilled by Je iss- professors, and that they rank yln among this country's distingui rrl? lawyers and physicians, journa jgl, and artists, inventors and ] ach wrights. Thomas Jefferson, i 3Q|f letter too little known (direct! irti. Isaac Harbv and dated Januar (he pointed out that, on hia t0 initiative, he had abolished the he(] forced study of Christian theolof ne(t the university over which he presi UM. so that such cruel obstruction 1 to Jewish scholarship should do lo log bar Jewish admission to higher c g7irCPKMW<l?Wi/a IlI/yirfflTirjBr f?ggCl^iSTO7vK 1THC . ADAM 1SCHAAF? 3J Is the high grade Piano to K We are willing to put this jx with any #500 or $600 Pian< i K terial, mechanism, construe S about one-half the price. J JgJ proof. We invite vou to cc Kj piano, and if you want a P ?8 get. Have several grades ? tj Upright" is just #100. Yoi h in buying a Piano from you I Wonder Store ? > i 1 n :?: > lar learning; yet even the unfavora- W) ble conditions of our early history ! permitted Jews to furnish to our country such apostles of culture as P 1 Lorenzo da Ponte, the father of Ital' ian literature and Italian opera in I America; John Howard Payne, the son of a Jewish mother, who taught us to chant "Home, Sweet Home;" i Emma Lazarus, Strakosch, and LeoI pold Damrosch, and, latest of all, American Jewish scholarship has now ' created the "Jewish Encyclopaedia," ; the proudest monument of Jewish learning of the last three centuries. I PLANS FOR THE CKLEIIK ATION. ? The plans for the present celebrai tion are meeting with a cordial rei sponse in every section of the land, and embrace appropriate exercises to V\ i be held on Thanksgiving Day at " Carnegie Hall, in New York, and re: ligious services in all the synagogues ; and Jewish 6abbath schools and i similar institutions throughout the i land. An appropriate p I memorial York him* led mlttoe" in charge of ica contains representatives ia. State and Territory In the Unio?. iir\ of dicates how completely the Jews have rce, identified themselves with every seeon tion of the land. It is not without nit- interest to observe that the commitco tee in charge includes, among others, ilso twelve Jewish judges of the State and ork federal courts, fifteen college profeshat sors, three gentlemen who have ocnce cupled seats in the United States ers, Senate and four from the House of , as Representatives, two attorney-genercot als of the Empire State, three exals, mayors of important cities, eight ius- well-known editors, two artists, five On well-known financiers, twenty-two to a lawyers, sixty clergymen, seventyi. L. five ministers, und two gentlemen mce who have represented our country in iml- foreign lands as minister plenlpotenhen tiary and consul-general, respectively, my, The following gentlemen constitute and the executive committee in charge ol ws" the celebration: Jacob H. Schiff, only chairman; Dr. Cyrus Adler, Hon. rise, Samuel Oreenbaum, Daniel Guggened a heim, Prof. Jacob H. Hollander, Hon. b, in Edward Lauterbach, Adolph Lewilogy sohn, Louis Marshall. Isaac N. Selig ami- man, Rev. Dr. H. Pereira Mendes own Hon. N. Taylor Phillips, Hod. Simor i we \V. Rosendale, William Salomon ork- Louie Stern, Hon. Oscar S. Straus, ir to Hon. Mayer Sulzberger, and Max J op " Kohler, honorary secretary. s of Cleared for Action. ag?f When the body is cleared for action be- by Dr. King's New Life Pills, you cai i for it by the bloom of health on th< cheeks: the brightness of the eyes; tin atns f,rmnes8 0f the flesh and muscles; tin buoyancy of the mind. Try them. A 2om- * C. Duke's drug store, 25 cents. -day ^ ia11y Land Sale. r Una . , 1 will sell on Monday. Doc. 4th, a wisn cnion Court House during the lcga high hours of sale, one hundred and sixt; shed acres ?f land, lying on the West side o the public road leading to Neal Shoalf dists it being a portion of the Nathaniel Gisl alay- Jr., home place. Terms of sale, on< half cash, balance in one and two yean " a 44-4t Jos. F. Gist. y 6? Notice to Creditors. own . en- All parties who are indebted to th jn Estate of Isaac Dogan, Deceased, ar hereby notified to make payment e Ided, once to the undersigned; all parties wh s to have claims against said Estate are r< . quired to file same with the undersigi 1 ? ed, duly proved. 8. Mkans Bbaty, joou- 43-3t Admiuistratoi \ SaSSSaais! j > i buy and save money. ft vi Piano in competition \ \ . ' Jf 3 for comparison in ma- ' i tion, beauty and tone at jj Seeing and testing is the >, > >me at once and see this | iano this is the one to | * of others, The "Baby 2 i save from $60 to $90 5 r home agent. jx 1 Music House| ? ?rop in at the almetto Drug Co. # ' Their prices are right. Their goods are right. Their location is right. Their prescription care is s M right. - / ^ Call and you will be right ^ fe till all Drs. prescriptions^*-"*!!!^ ight or day. Nig^d^aiJs tswered by djjiHg*T^none 159, Palmetto Drug Co., Huiet & Renwick, Owners. m ? nrun i nc cash. Bargain Store I has received a new line of Ladies Neckwear, Belts, Ribbons and Plain and Changeable Silks. The collars are simply beautiful, made of Chiffon, P. K.'s and Felt. COME AND SEE OUR NEW RIBBONS. We have a piece of Taffeta Silk, black, 36 inches wide, guaranteed, at $1 per yard. We have the largest and most Jf up-to-date line of Shawls and Fascinators we have ever i handled. Buy your Shoes, ' Dress Goods, Jackets and Underwear from : MRS. D. N. WILBURN. I _ We find that we are a little over-loaded on PINE BOX PAPER and for the next thirty days ( ? we will offer some real bar- ^ a gains in this line. We have I a beautiful selection of 50c t goods, surpassed by none in town at this price, which we will offer for thirty days, or until sold out, for 35c per box. t Remember that it is new and i strictly up-to-date. We will J have it displayed in our win?, dow for a few days. Be sure e to call and look it over even i. if you do not need any just now. l DUKE DRUG CO. ^ it ? Sole Agents for Huyler's Candy J; In Onion. f. Under Hotel Union. Union, S. C* v