Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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A Much Dec orated Hero Major Johnson, U. S, Infantry! Received His Twenty Fourth anSay Pv I., Oct. .15 (By Mail) j ^--SSniLuel I. Johnsen, former brig- ' adier general of the national guard of Hawaii and former major of the j 27 th United States infantry, to- j day-std'ded two more decorations to j the twenty-two which he already j possessed. He received the ^Dis- j tinguSshed Service Cross from, the j United States government and the t fourth class of the Imperial Order j or 'Me.iji from Japan, both decora- j lions "for distinguished service at i Yi&?ivostok during the allied oc- \ cuffettion in 1919 and 1920 when he was hi charge of the international police force there. He is a Sussiaa by birth, has fought undef many flags and has received decorations from nearly every civilized country ?o *ne *"orld. When the United States entered the war he resigned his com mis sion as brigadier general of the Hawaiian national guard and enlist ed as a private. A ^fiort time la ter*" he was commissioned as a ma jor in the 2Ith United States in fantry and was sent to Siberia. The American citation reads: "For extraordinary heroism in action at Vladivostok, 'Siberia, on The night of November 17-18. 1919. On three successive occasions he i went through a ^one swept by the intense fire of contending factions \ . to the railroad station and brought i "but non-combatants through the j continuous fire from rifles and ma- j chine guns." ' j Mrs. Johnson, whom the major j had not seen for five years arriv- j ?.<J from the United States on-the j reamer Creole State one hour be- j .ore the ceremony took place and ' was enabled to see her husband re- - ecive his 24th- decoration. J Maioir Johnson resigned from : Ihe army about a year ago and is now manager of ? lumber com- ' pany at Cadiz, Occidental Negros,; lit the Visayan group of the j Philippine Islands. ? ? - Schedule of Crops; Reco:*:-, mended For Boll Weevil Conditions After careful consideration, the f ollowmg^ schedui^ of crops for an average one-^orse crop has .been agreed upon, and is recommended for" use under "boll weevil conditions. It is intended, of course, that each individual farmer shair make such minor changes as the t .needs of his farm require. The comber of acres" of the given crops and the number of cows, sows and poultry,^ should, be multiplied by the number of acres in your farm. The acreage and estimated average return, and the num JJjer'of livestock per one horse farm is as follows: a" to 6 acres of cotton, ^ estimated value (5 acres,..$250.00 N acres of corn, with velvet'beans, at $ 3 5 _. 210.OO igt to 6 acres of oats and wheat, (1 acre wheat) ? followed by peavine I hay, at $30.00.. 180.00 ,1 acre sweet potatoes. 100.00 1 acre Irish y potatoes, followed by peanuts 100.00 1 acre snap beans, fol lowed by peanuts __ 120.00 1 acre in sorghum, su gar cane and similar crops _ 50.00 2 acres m tobacco, or* some substitute money : crop . 200.00 And Eve stock as fol - lows: *i cow, increased to two as soon as feed is available. - estimated .,. x*aiue of milk and 1 ' cream, one cow_150.00 1 sow and pigs_100.00 'rFloek of poultry, 20 to ' >? 25 . 40.00 Estimated total yield per one horse farm, under this plan .$1,500.00 Great Lighthouse for Air Station. P^ris, Nov. 10.?What is de sc^bed as the most powerful light house ever constructed has just; "been completed here. It is intend- ? edfor the new air station at Dijon j and has taken over two years to construct. The beam of light thrown from i two groups of lamps has an" inten- j sity of 2,000 000 candle power and j the flash w:J be seen at a distance , of nearly 20<? miles. ] The whole fabric of steel girders ! on concrete piles will ifre transport cd'.to Mount Africa, (1.500 feet) nine miles from Dijon, where it will be set up permanently as a guiding light for the great airways to the I East and South of .Europe. . its cost to the air company which ordered it is estimated at 800,000 i francs. -? Where ignorance is bliss 'tis fol ly %9 be blissful. In a small town, an important citizen is any man who holds a I few mortgages. j We might get over hard times j by, thinking them over. There are a lot of people who | half believe things that they know I aren ot so and still wonder why they don't make much headway in this old world. If Ford makes cars out of our j battleships they might backfire. An expert says the world is 8, 000,000 year old. That's how many hard winters we have had. Grass-widows are not green. j The Alano k<aiids ._ I Regarded Hh?: Gibrajta of .the North?To Be Neutralized by Powers London, Nov.' 12? The text of the convention for the neutraliza tion of the Aland Islands, received here, shows that the signatory countries to it> are Denmark, Es thonia. Poland. Finland. France, Germany. Great Britain. Italy, Lithuania and Sweden. ? Besides prohibiting the estab lishment in the islands of any mili tary, nava! or air bases, it also for bids, with certain exceptions, the entrance of war Vessels of any p?wer hi to the waters of the archi 1 >eIago\ except for peacefu I passage through them. Finland, is, how ever, permitted to send, as a tem porary measure, any forces requir ed for the maintenance of order. In time of war, the achipelago is strictly neutralized but in the event of warfare affecting the Baltic, Finland is permitted to lay mines in the waters of the group, pro vided she immediately informs the Council of the League of Nations. For the purpose of giving effect to the convention or meeting any violations of it, the contracting powers agree to have resort to the Council of the League of Nations which shall, in case of need, sum mon a conference of the contract ing powers, whether members of the League or not. Failing unanimity, each and any of the contracting powers are au thorized to take such measures as may be recommended by the Coun cil by a two-thirds majority, the vote of any power accused of the violation of the convention not be ing reckoned. In the event of the neutrality of the Islands being threatened by a sudden c?up de main, Finland is authorized to take the necessary measures in the neutral zone for repelling the aggressor until such time as the contracting powers are ready to intervene fcr the purpose of securing respect for the neu trality of the Islands. The disposition of the Aland Is lands, described as "the Gibraltar of the North," has been the subject of contention since the world war. For centuries they belonged to Sweden through its control of Fin land but they fell into the hands of Russia when Russia absorbed Finland. Sweden then became fear ful of Russia's militarism as con trol of the Aland Islands by Russia rendered Stockholm liable to bom bardment. After the world war Sweden ap pealed to the peace conference at Versailles to have possession of the islands decided on the principle of self-determination and consented to their neutralization. The question was referred to the League of Nations which appoint ed a judicial commission to investi *gate the subject. The commission, recommended . that' the islands be placed under the control of Finland but their neutrality should be guar anteed by the "powers. ?? ? ? ? I-? Lions Occupy Railroad Station in Africa Paris, Nov. 6.?:A "national fuel" for automobiles and internal com bustion engines, "that will make France less dependent upon other countries- for gasoline, :'. is being sought hy government and private laboratories. Many tests with de natured alcohol "and benzol added in small quantities to gasoline have given .good results. A week of competition with va rious formulae will be held at Be ziers in February, 1922. Private interests have contributed 400,000 francs to.the fund for these tests. Another fund of a like amount has been made available by parliament for laboratory, and road tests under the supervision of a parliamentary commission. Alcohol is available in France from sugar beets principally but it is planned to develop other sources of supply. So far it has not been found that there is any great economy in using alcohol but it is believed tha , with increased use, the alcohol in dustry might produce at ' lower prices. The principal advantage sought in the national fuel, how ever, is independence Of foreign oil supplies. During the war there were at times dangerous shortages of, fuel for airplanes and auto mobiles. I One of the problems to be solved is the effect of any new mixture on engines and their lubrication. An other difficulty is the necessity of some redesigning in motor con struction to get easy starting and the greatest efficiency. Methodists Raise Large Sums for Missions. New York. Nov. 28.?Almost five and one-half millions dollars were received by the Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal chart L during the fiscal year of 1921, according to the report of the Treasurer, Dr. George M. Fowles, of New York at the an naul n.eeting of the Board here today. Dr. Fowles in his report stated that the total'receipts for the fiscal year 1921 wo-e $5,409,912.31; that the Centenary funds amounted to $5.233.052.19 and that in addition the Board /has received from annuity gifts, legacies, interests in permanent funds and other miscel laneous sources $156,860.02. The report calls attention to the fact that the total receipts for the fiscal year 1920 were $6,166.989.73 thus showing a decrease in 1921 <>:" $757.077.54. ' For 1921, the Board made direct appropriations of $5, 228.20? to the Missionary field. Dr. Fowles reported that there were now 1173 annuity agreements, which had not matured, totaling $2.131.666.00. The report also stated that $4 71. 177.99 was received through the Board of Foreign Missions for the relief of the China famine. After 600 Years The Greeks Occupy Brusa in Asia Minor i - Brusa, Asiatic Turkey, Xov. 10.? j After 6<?<> years of Turkish occu pation, Brusa is again under the do | minion of its ancient owners, the Greeks. Within sight of the tombs of the first six sovereigns of the ! Osmanli dynasty, thousands of j Greek trops are quartered, and tin* ! old capital of Bythinia has ever/ appearance of a great modern mili tary base. Trade is flourishing. The hotels are crowded with business men. Li ; ving is cheap. The Greek occupa j tion has brought about a distinct ! revival of local commerce. The Turkish merchants find the i Greek soldiers good customers, and they are waxing rich on them, j They have also found the Greek j government good buyers. Some of ! them have closed large contracts j foi the feeding and equipment of : King Constantino's Anatolian army. ! Others may he glad to see the j Greeks go, but not Brusa's trad-S I people. They have enjoyed no such I properity in years. ? Brusa lies on the slopes of ver ! dant Mount Olympus. 50 nuh s southeast of Constantinople. is considered the most beautiful as well as the most healthful city hi the Turkish Empire. King Con stantine -of Grecce selected it as his home during his roc. nt \ isJt to Asia Minor. It is noted for its mineral baths and its silk products. .According to popular belki. it has a mosque and a promenade for : every day in the year, so that one I need pray or walk in the same I place only once a year, j The city's peculation, which I numbers about 100,000, is a be j wildering mixture of Asiatic and i European nationalities. One sees ? in the public square and the nar ! row cobbled streets, groups vf <.om j mercial travelers, tourist*, holy I men, scholars, dervishes, janissaries, J eunuchs, veiled women, princes and I paupers, millionares and mendi I cants, soldiers and spies. j ' The market-place is a babel of j tongues. Gentile and Jew, Moslem i and Greek, Levantine and Euro pean rub elbows and speak each other's languages. They care little whether the .Greek army or the ; Turkish army occupies the town; j they want to be left in peace and I allowed to pursue their wonted call ; ings. 4 j The port of Brusa is Mudania. I on the Sea of Marmora< an hour's ' ride by narrow-guage railroad j from Brusa. Mudania is'.an im ? portant military base for the I Greeks. Scores of army trans ? ports with men, munitions and sup plies arrive weekly for the Anatol | ian front. During the recent ope ! rations near Angora, Mudania was I the main artery of supply for the i Greek troops. Thousands of Greek and Armenian refugees, fearing j Turkish Nationalist reprisals, have j sought shelter within the city of i Brusa. j ?. . . . i Wages and Living Good in Germany ______ i Coblenz. Germany, Nov. 10? j Workmen in most parts of Germany j arc said no\\ to be receiving better I wages, everything considered, than I prior to the wa-r. and working j shorter hours. This is particularly ! true of the occupied area, accord ? ing> to American army officers who i in their line 'of duty have come in ; : contact with the German working j ; classes. ? That the workman is able to j live better under present conditions j j is due, in a large measure, to the '? fact that the strict regulations of ? food prices has been enforced by ? German authorities and has pre ! vented shopkeepers from boosting ! the cost of the necessities of life, i despite depreciation in the value of j the mark. These regulations apply ; chiefly to house rent, meat, pota toes and other staples produced j j within the country. Many luxuries have increased in [ price, especially within the last few I weeks when the mark took a turn ? ble; but the currency fluctuation j has not materially affected food in \ ! the markets patronized by the i working classes. j One hundred marks a day is con \ side-red a fair wage for the aver age working man. skilled workmen and miners receiving considerably! more, some as high as 200 marks a i j day, while the common laborer I makes but 50 or 60 marks for e;ght i j hours. j j Professors in the universities | i and school teachers maintain that j they have not fared so well as the working man, receiving on an av j erage of less than 30 marks a day. ? Since the wan, the Germans do j ; not eat as much meat as formerly. i potatoes forming the principle ar I ticle of food. Dark bread in three , i pound loaves is sold for 7 marks, j ; this being a mixture resembling | I rye bread as made in America It is j I considered very wholesome and it is j j eaten by mat" Americans, among j I them Major General Henry T. Al len, commander of the American | forces in Germany, who has it on ! his table at home at every meal, j ? ? m>' Ergbcrgcr'8 Daughter Takes Veil Berlin. Nov. 10.?^Maria Erzber : ger, the daughter of the recently j J murdered German Minister of Fi- j ! nance, Mathias Erzberger, has ta- j ken the veil of the nunnery of Echt j In Southern Holland. m> ?? The banks won't i lose for a 10-j year naval holiday. ? ? ?? ? Some t?v;n are so honest their arms never steal around a girl. A rushing business is always headed by a man who does th-- j same, The biggest autos don't always stop at the happiest bonus. Bankers predict seven years of prosperity. Seven come eleven. "Back to nature" is a movement. I not a fashion. Looters Looted j Dishonest Guards Stole Goods I Bolshivists Took From I Better Class ! Moscow. Nov. 4.? (By a Staff : Correspondent of The Associated ; Press).?Goods acquired by the : government when it took over all j property have been dissipated to a very great extent and probably ' constitute a considerable part of i the material offered on the local ' street markets. j The Bolshevists confiscated the i stoeks of merchants and the con | tents of offices and residences and ! stored them in government houses ; which have been named '"loot ', houses" by the non-Communist j public*. These stocks were drawn on very neavily by the army and for other government purposes. But they also proved a gold mine for dis | honest othVials, and the dearth of lall sorts of small articles in these ! houses indicates that pilfering has ? been pretty general. j Concert pianos, gigantic divans. I immense bedroom suites and ward j robes abound, but fiat silver, table j linen, small rugs and other house i hold articles which guards could I carry are lacking. When the j American Relief Administration J opened up the houses where its ' personnel lives the government was to supply all furnishings under ihe ? food agreement. j It was with greatest difficulty ! that enough dishes were found in ! the "loot houses" for the use of j the Americans and, although as i suranees were given that the gov ernment stores would yield plenty of table silver, the relief workers were obliged to use tinned iron spoons. Repeated searches were made in warehouses where silver was listed, but it was always miss ing. Many of the b'etter pictures from j private houses have been put into | I galleries in Moscow and Petrograd. J Old furniture and tapestries have j j also been saved for museums in j j many cases, but the great mass of j confiscated furniture and carpets; has gone into government offices or 'residences of government officials. j The property of foreigners was ! j ti-eated the same as that of Rur- j sians. -? ? ? Education Will Combine People, i San Francisco. Nov. 29.?Educa tion alone will bind together the j peoples of the Pacific, it was de- j cided at a series of conferences ; j held recently under the auspices of the Pan Pacific Union in Honolulu, the cross,reads of the Pacific, ac- i cording to Alexander Hume Ford, i secretary-director of the Union. | I Leading scientists, educators and j editors of Pacific lands attended the meetings. Summing up the work-of the con- ! ference, Mr> Ford, while here re- i j cently, said it was decided that the I press was the surest medium of i I educating the peoples of the Pacif- I I is as to each other's true aims and j I ambitions and in bringing them, in- j ; to better understanding. I "Through the Pan Pacific Union, j I which is hnow supported by all the j j governments about the greatest of j ioceaivovthe scientists are arranging j j to study the scientific problems of I the Pacific and to seek their proper I j solutions," Mr. Ford said. "Al- j j ready they have found the remedy | i for leprosy, which is now being I j wiped out. They are taking up the I j study of fish food supply of the ! I Pacific with the assurance that with ! i scientific propagation and protec- 1 ! tion of fish in Pacific waters the ! I Pacific Ocean will supply sufficient i fish food, preserved, to feed the i world. Th< problem of saturation, i or the knowledge of just how. many people a country may naturally support, is to be taken up by the ! Pan Pacific Union and a conference j will be called to discuss the subject. I Two thirds of the world's popula- j tion live adjacent to Pacific lands j and the immigration problem has ?become an acute one. Japan al- j lows but 1,500 Chinese to migrate! to her shores annually and'Califor- | nia does not wish this many Jap'a- j nese, while Hawaii cries for !hou- i sands more Oriental laborers for ! her sugar cane fields. "It has been pointed out by some j Pacific scientists that the United States cannot support a population Of more than a quarter of a billion ! living according to the standard of the Anglo Saxon, while she might easily support a billion population j living according to the standards | of the Japanese and twice as many if the Chinese standard of living is adopted. Science steps in and says that perhaps means may be found to make the roil tw: e as product ive as it is at present, which would, of course, solve tlie Japanese immi gration problem for another gene- j ration and banish famine and star- i vation from China for some time to i come. They point out that Java, with a population of six millions a century ago. suffered from famine and overpopulation. The Dutch stepped in with scientific methods | of agriculture, with the result that today Java, with a population of thirty-six millions, is threatened with a serious shortage of labor. "These are some of the problems j discussed at the Pan Pacific Unien Conferences. The heads of all Pa- j cific countries are otI\cers of the ; union and it is even hoped that i next summer a conference may be j held in Honolulu of the presi- ! dents and premiers of Pacific lands, j "A Pa)i Pacific school of journal ism, located at the ocean's cross roads, is one of the recommenda tions of the Press Congress and this i may be established to train men ! of all languages of the ocean in modern newspaper methods." A New York woman says her'. husband slaps her very day. This is "entirely too often. When a man leaves his wife, he doesn't leave her much. ? ? ? If only the grocer would feel con lent when we "recognize" our d?-i>t i to him. Mexico Under President Obregon | A Resume of One Year- of Obregon's Presidency Mexico City. Nov. i .?The first year of General Alvaro Obregon's ! administration as ])resident of Mex , h-o which ends November 30th, has ' been one essentially of rec?nstruc ! tion and reorganization. He became ' the head of a republic torn and j worn by revolution, split by faction j al strife, its finances a wreck and its ! rehabilitation an almost superhu ; man task. A new cabinet post, secretary of education, has been added during : the year and its head. Jose Yas concelos, has been promised ade quate financial means to carry out an ambitious program of education ' which, President Obregon says is the nation's greatest, problem. Tlie federal-owned railroads have been completely reorganized : in the managerial departments and ! some progress is being made toward ; their rehabilitation. Rolling stock ; has been acquired and an alarming I port congestion which threatened j bankruptcy to many interior mer chants who were unable to obtain : shipments of goods, has been ap j preciably relieved. The agrarian question still vexes. ! although the administration claims that its program in regard to lands , is on the road to completion. Un \ der the direction of the National Agrarian Commission, several hun ; erred thousand acres of land have ; been expropriated from the large i haciendas and delivered to the ; peasants. Protests have flowed I into government offices here and charges of bald confiscation have been openly made. The Obregon government has been charged with a trend toward I radicalism. Various state govern ! mcnts, notably those of Vera Cruz and Puebla, have enacted laws that are regarded here as radical and pleas for federal intervention to prevent their enforcement have been met with the official state ment that the chief executive will not encroach upon the sovereignty of the states. There are frequent sanguinary clashes in the states of I Yucatan and Michoacan between radicals and conservatives with the former still retaining their power. The war department announces that [progress is being made in the reduction of the federal army to j 50,000 men, entailing the dismissal of many score generals and other high officers. The dismissed sol diers are being given an oppor tunity to colonize. President Obregon has been un able to secure recognition of his government by the United States, Great Britain and France. To many observers, this failure is the greatest deterrent, to stability and prosperity now confronting the chief executive. The United States has said that the Mexican president must sign a treaty of amity and j commerce us a prior act to recog- ? nition and this President Obregon has steadfastly declined to do,' as { serting such action would be neith ; er legal nor within the dignity or I pride of the nation. A deadlock on i recognition now exists. I Last May President Obregon ! placed an export tax on oil ship ; ments from Mexico and a loud pro | test went up from American pro ; ducers. Production and develop I ment shut down and shipments ceased. They were resumed early in September after an agreement as to taxes between, the oil men and Secretary de la Huerta. The financial rehabilitation of Mexico is still a subject for study and the only definite information on that subject is the official assur ance i at the government wishes to arrange its debts. Claims against the government I for damages suft'ered by foreign ers during revolutionary periods are to be treated by a mixed claims i commission, according to President i Obregon's suggestion, but thus far there is no intimation that such a commission has been established. A year, then, of Obregon finds a nation more united and outwardly peaceful than in years: still strug gling to arrange its finances but handicapped by lack of recognition by three great powers; a nation making some progress along the lines of reconstruction and reor- i ganizaticn. | President Obregon. enjoying bet ter health today than he did a year | ago. is optimistic and says that the j sun is slowly but surely breaking ; through the clouds. Russian Rubles and U. S. Dollars, j Moscow, Nov. 1.?The Moscow j City Soviet (corresponding to an American city council) has decided i that the city must be self-sup- | porting and has published a sched ule of new taxes for revenue pur poses. Among them are: For marriage applications, 15, 000 rubles: divorce applications, j 20.dOO rubles: change of name, | lOO.OOd rubles: application for Rus- j sian citizenship. 10.000 rubles: ap- ! plication for, fortign citizenship. '. 100.000 rubles: permission to change residence. 1.000 rubles; tax j on concerts or lectures maintain- . ing buffet. .".0,000 rubles; tax on \ rubber stamps used by business firms, 100,000 rubles. As the official exchange rate, on i the day these taxes were decreed. \ was 100,000 rubles to the dollar, an American in Moscow, armed with a j S". I.ill. could ?ot married, be di vorced, change his name, change , his residence a few times, lecture < on his honeymoon experiences, change bis citizenship and own at : least one rubber stamp without ; breaking another bank note. The Russian Central Executive committee has ordered the Commis- ; sariat of Finance to arrange, with in a fortnight, a budget showing the revenue obtained from taxation j throughout Russia together with a' statement of the loss incurred from ' pi inting paper money. They are called capital ships be cause it takes i: to l.uilU one. Intelligence, Cours Needed B: Clemson College, Dec. 5.?Tn spite ! of the efforts of scientists employ j ed by the various southern states : and the United States department '? of agriculture, and in spite of the : various climatic conditions en i countered over the cotton growing j states, the cotton boll weevil has annually extended its operations, i the advance line of this pest hav I ing now moved entirely across [ South Carolina, leaving the state i infested from the mountains to the j coast. Fortunately for the farmers ! of South Carolina, says W. W. Long, j director of the extension service, we ? are able to draw lessons from the I experience of other states over a j period of nearly thirty years, the ! boll weevil having entered Texas in j 1802. This should enable us to ? avoid many of the costly mistakes i that have been made over and ? again by the cotton growers of the j state further west. Clemson Agricultural College and ! the United States department 01 | i agriculture have made special ; studies of the boll weevil problem, i co-operating with every agency in ; terested along this line. At fre j quent intervals reliable information I has been issued with the view of j keeping our people thoroughly in { formed regarding this pest and the ' methods of fighting it. In 191G the ; college was instrumental in organ ' izing the South Carolina Boll Wee ; vil Commission, which went into j the infested states of Louisiana and ! Mississippi and studied the weevil : at first hand under conditions sim I ilar to th^se prevailing in this I state. The report of the commis | sio'ri issued by Clemson in Xovem j her, 1910, as Bulletin 20, contained j practically all the reliable infor : mation of importance that had I been developed regarding the boll ! weevil problem. This report had a ! wide circulation and was consider ed to be so thorough and accurate that the United States senate pub lished it in February, 1917, as a senate document. This document is now available in revised form. Many other bulletins, reports, and special articles dealing with speci fic phases of the problem have been issued from time to time. The ex tension service, through the county I agent system, has kept this infor I mation before the people constant j ly. As a result the average farmer ' of South Carolina was 'Without doubt better informed* in the prac ! tical phases of this subject than i has been the case in any other ! state at the time of the arrival of I the boll weevil. Other states have had this prob lem to face, and while they suf fered severely they have demon strated that there are ways of dealing with the boll weevil prob lem. Cotton is being: srrown in spite of the boll weevil, it will be grown in South Carolina in spite of the boll weevil. This is not the time, therefore, to permit ourselves to become depressed and pessimis Currenc (From the Monthly Lette UROPEAN currencies are-near jP^ ing a stage at which it will be impossible to use them as media ot exchange. There .;s no well ! defined line at the crossing of which I a currency becomes worthless, but evidently it cannot continue to de preciate without reaching in time the ;.x)iht where the public will refuse to gi\e anything for it. W Russia the old unit, the rouble, formerly worth about 51 cents, now nas a value so small that the old de nominations have long since passed mtirely out of use. Even a thou sand rouble note of the new issues ? aill not buy anything. As the de preciation has progressed the denom inations have risen. 10.000. 50.000 and 100.000 rouble notes becoming the common change in use. The Polish rnark. nominally worth 23.8 cents in money of the United States, is quoted at .03 of a cent; the Austrian crown, formerly 20 cents, is ?>nly slightly higher; the crown of Ju.go-Slavia. which corresponds to . he Austrian unit, is worth a Jittle more, about .36 of a cent: the crown of Hungary, of the same crown fam ily, is worth about one-tenth of - a .?ent. and the lei of Rumania, for merly 19.3 cents, is worth .76 of a .rent. These currencies are very near extinction, ana live on only because ?here is nothing to take their places, 'it is difficult to see how'business can Se carried on with them, and par ticularly how any agreements for '?"nture performance can be entered >.v? i:i terms of the:?. Currency Situation in Germany Consider, for example, the situa ;i :-. in Germany, where six months ago the mark was worth V/2 cents, and even three mr.:t!;s ago was worth more than a cent, against a present value >~,i about 35 hundredths of a cent. it is true that the mark has not dc e'incd as rapidly in purchasing power within Germany as in the foreign ex changes. The relationship between internal prices and foreign exchange ? is indirect, but it is close enough to j cause a steady decline in the value of the currency for internal use, result ing in strikes and wagc-advarfccs 'constantly. The most effective in fluence for bringing the internal [value of the mark into line with its lvalue in the exchanges is the cost of I food. Germany is obliged to import grain, meats. Cotton, wool and other necessaries entering into common consumption, and these imports must be paid for at the current rates of exchange. Since trade in these com modities is now free, the portions im ported fix the prices for the home grown supplies, as wclf, and the de BOLL WEEVIL ige and Optimism i Farmers I tic. Instead, we must study the problem thoroughly and learn the methods and practices which en able other farmers to produce cot ton profitably under boll weevil conditions. Before relying upon boll weevil information, we must be sure that, it comes from a source that can and does disseminate reliable in formation. By studying informa tion from reliable sources and adapting it to our particular needs we can adjust ourselves much more quickly and economically to the new conditions enforced by the boll weevil. We can not rely upon in formation based upon one year's experience with the boll weevil. The best information is that based on many years of experience such as the states west of Alabama have had. These states have had time to adjust themselves to new con ditions and to adopt new farm practices, whereas the newly in fested sections are still floundering around from one thing to another in an eftort to find remedies for the boll weevil. There is no single new crop which promises to take the place of cotton as our money crop. There is no combination of crops which can be recommended as a specific. Experiment has shown that cot ton continues to be grown as the chief money crop in the cotton states already infested by the wee vil. It would be well, therefore, for us to continue to grow, using the best boil weevil control measures, and to undertake the growing of new money crops only on a conser vative scale. We must simply adapt ourselves to the changed aspects of farming and meet new conditions with suitable methods. Extension Bulletin 48, "Farming under Boll Weevil Conditions," lias been published by the Exten sion Service to aid in the fight against the boll weevil. This bulle tin brings together in concise form much of the information that has been developed by the experience with the weevil up to the present time in the various states infested. Copies may be obtained from coun ty agents or from the Extension Service, Clemson College. The re vised edition of the report of the South Carolina Boll Weevil Com mission may be had from the same sources. .o ? ? Governors Welcomed - By Cooper Charleston, Dec. 5.?Governor R. A. Cooper, of South Carolina, wel comed the visiting governors at the opening session of the thirteenth annual governor's conference. Congressman Herrick may be sued for breach of promise; but then, all congressmen may be sued for that. y Inflation ii By GEORGE E. ROBERTS : Issued by The National City Bank o preciation of the mark is soon re flected in the cost of living. The Collapse of Paper Currencies included in the above-named countries is much the greater part of I Europe, and it is important to know what effect further changes in their currencies will have upon their for eign trade and internal life. They apparently have not die resources within themselves to enable them to get out of the fatal cycle of currency inflation and currency depreciation. A government must continue to func tion and must pay its way with some thing. These governments do not seem to be able to increase revenues fast enough to catch up with the de preciation of their currencies and give them a chance to stop the printing presses. It must be recognized also that there is a tendency for revenues to fall off in all ccuntries, owing to business depression. It is a question whether any government in Europe will pay its way out of revenues this year, and not altogether certain that the government of the United States will do it. The war raised the costs of government as well as all indus trial costs, and disorganized the en tire social and industrial system. Inflation in the United States L:ght is_ thrown upon our recent bank credit inflation in the United States by the state of currency ex isting in a large part of Europe, where inflation has continued until the money is practically worthless. Inflation is practically the same in essence and effects whether it comes through paper currency cr credit that passes by means of bank checks. In either case the mischief is done by the increase of circulating credit without relation to the production of commodities entering into trade. Inflation had its start in the United States during the war, when great amounts of bank credit were brought in-\o use for the flotation of govern ment loans and in response to the de mands of business, which was over stimulated. After the war, following five months of slackening demands, business was again ov^r-stimulatcd. 1 he demand for commodities ap peared to exceed the supply, prices rose, more credit was wanted from the banks, and the latter at first thinking it necessary to support the revival of the peace industries re sponded. It soon developed, however, that the increase of bank loans was financing a competitive struggle for labor and goods and forcing both wages and prices higher, in the same manner that issues of paper money would operate. In other words, the increasing amount of purchasing power put into 1 Wants Triple Agreement - Japanese Opposing Party Ex presses Views Washington, Dec. 1.?Interest I was caused in Japanese circles, in i connection with Japan's reported j desire to see come into existence* a triple understanding between Ja j pan. the United States and Great j Britain, if the Anglo-Japanese ai i liance is to he discontinued, by j the issuance tonight of a statement by Representative Kotaro Mochi | zuki, leader of the Japanese oppo j sition, declaring that in view of ! the prohable success of the Wash ? ington conference there was no i need of renewing the alliance. The i statement said in part: ' Let the alliance be effaced and '? let us set up in its place an under standing between Great Britain, the ; L'nited States and Japan on Far J Eastern and Pacific problems. An : understanding?in no matter what form expressed?reaffirming and ! continuing in effect the provisions j of four agreements already exist ! ing. namely, the gentleman's agree I ment of 1908 concerning immigra I tion, the Root-Takahira agreement I concerning China, the Japanese-, j American arbitration treaty of ISO? \ referring controversies to The j Hague tribunal provided they have j no bearing on vital interests, and ' the independence or prestige of the (two powers, and the Ishii-Lansihg agreement of 1917 in which the in terests of Japan and China were recognized, could very well take the place of the outworn Anglo Japanese alliance. I believe that 'open diplomacy' can reach such an u..drestanding." I Representative MochizuKi decl?r ! ed that the chief object of the An glo-Japanese alliance was to pr'e j vent Russian aggrandizement to i wards India. China Korea and the Pacific. Xow that Russia was no longer a cause for anxiety and the Washington conference was about to settle the question of naval bur* dens and questions pertaining to the Far East there seemed to him no longer need of the alliance. Two Electrocutoins for This Week. Columbia, Nov. 30.?Two elec trocutions are scheduled at the state penitentiary for Friday of this week, though one may be postpon ed. Abraham Williams is due to pay the death penalty for attempt ed criminal assault on a young girl, 15 years oil, of Orangeburg coun ty. Williams is a negro, about 55 years old. The trial judge and j nine members of the juryjaave ree> i ommended that the sentence be j committed to life imprisonment He was to have died on October 2%. but a postponement was granted, that the governor might investi gate. He. is still making investi gation and there is probability of another postponement. Tillman Choice, of Spartanburg, will die for the same offense. Count Szechonyi probably refused to come over because our alphat>er is damaged enough already. ? '? + I Talk is cheap because they make 1 it out of nothing. n Europe j f New York for December) ' j .... - .- ? 71 effect by bank loans was depreciating the value of all m^ney, including: gold itself. Under ordinary condi-; tions, with the rest of the world on the gold basis, as before the war,' such an increase of bank-loans in the/ United States, accompanied by risiog: prices, would have turned the trade balance against this country, caused exports of gold, and by the loss of bank reserves compelled a restric tion of lending, but with the trade: balance heavily in pur favor this' steadying influence was not in effect. It has been charged that the Fed-, eral Reserve authorities *and other bankers set out deliberately to deflate' prices, but this is not the case. They set out to check the alarming increase of bank loans and to hold the volume of reserve bank liabilities wrthin th limit fixed by the law. In the fall of 1919 the country was at the parting of the ways. The reserves of the Federal Reserve banks were down practically to the limit set- bv the ? Federal Reserve Act?a firm fixed with careful and unbiased judg ment when the act was passed befo:* the war. The Federal Reserve Ac* provides that the reserve require ments may be suspended for a period of thirty days and that such suspen sion may be renewed for periods not exceeding fifteen days, but*these are clearly emergency provisions. More over, the law provides that a grad uated tax shall be levied upon the amount by which these reserves fall below the regular limit, and also that the rate of the tax shall be added to ' the regular discount rates while the deficiency continues. These pre visions clearly show the purpose and spirit of the law. The banking situation at the close of 1919 had practically reached ihc position where the law required these provisions to become effective, ??'d the steps gradually taken by the Fed eral Reserve banks to increase dis count rates were for that purpose. There was no sudden stop in the in crease of loans; in fact the aggregate j continued to grow until the fail of' 1920. Moreover, the record shows that the prevailing impression that the reserve banks have discriminated against the agricultural sections is not borne out by thevrecord. An analysis of reports from about 9,50$ member banks throughout the coun try has been made by the Federal Reserve Board, which shows that be tween May 4, 1920, and April 2&> 1921, the borrowings from the Fed eral Reserve banks in agricultural counties increased 56.6 per. cent; 4 borrowings by banks in seJm-agH cultural counties remained practic ally stationary; and borrowings bf banks in non-agricultural counties ^ dedined-28.5 per cent_ _^