Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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SSC?BING BETTER COTTOIS THROUGH SEED SELECTION ' {Manufacturer's Uecord) . .: - XPaper read at 1\>U?jj Con gress by E. C. Eving, Scott, Miss.) In discussing some of the result: thai, that have been accomplished it the improvement of cotton and sour v. of 'he* problems involved in securinj better cotton through seed selection, all deal with American conditions Problems of other counirics are. o course, different in many ways and re quire familiarity with local condition;. Their solution necessarily demon* two Understanding of those peculia renditions' as thoroughly as v-ossibie a?d then the application.; of funda memta! biological principles. Thcs< are practically the same everywhere The problems which I shall d;~cus.< may, therefore, be regarded as typical in a sense, of what may be encoun <wtid in any country. < . 'Before diseussing present-day prob Icfua cotton jjgapi*ovem?"3.v, it maj be u?te*estHvg to reeall some, of/th( aeliie\^emer>ts that have already .beer secured. . The classic example in An j erica li that' of sea island, cotton. From a tropical i^ant bearing j int. which ''vpto&a only ? be cyjas-MWe.d mediocre bj compar^n with the best modern ??ta pl?s. sea-island- growers Itaw. de vWp??d. t*eir.-.cpMon .to. the press n. I standard of excellence. The pro&uc: tipn of the finest staple became spe cialized to the islands off . lom c^ist oi 'Sojttijb .Carolina a?d for ye,?rs .their coti-Vn, ranging in length of stapie frirm two to two. and onc-rhaif iuehes, was recogjjized as the linest . cotton " lRjer grown anywhere. The famous crop lots, the cream of the island pro duct, have long come from planta tions where -seed selection aimed at the finest and longest staple has. been ; practiced for generations. The-. liber lias.. not been, the only feature to.which the sea,-island br^ed . ver. h,as had to give, his attention. To 1?egin with. . .wh.cn -sea'island cotton yras first ^introduced- to.. t]v; United States from the West. In dies aboirt i.7&5, 'be plant was pjercnuial ,f?nd pniite different from its present habit N and form. By persistent selection of . the;, earliest, most com pact, and pro ductive types that appeared, the an ^nual. habit was established and th.e productiveness and the quality cn Another requirement that had to 'be' met by the sea-island breeders was. that of securing resistance to the : co\to-n-w:;t disease. The leader . in ?he establishment of wilt-resistant drains was Col. E. L. Pavers of James Island, lie developed a splen did "type that was almost immune to the disease and which bore cxce>leo: lint. / * In the Salt Tth-er aj*d Imperial Y--^ ley of Ar?zoi*a and California wo. u??v p "liaye a well established cotton-grow ing industry ba^d directly ^ the sue t<l <?ecsfulresults - of se^d selection-. i# those regions there are now growing... thousands, of .acres..of Egyptian .-cot ton, 'planed with varieties? develop, j i in America a#pro^m;ate.iy within the last decade. In. I?W2 experiments were begun by the^ITnited -Siases Departmeat of Ag -jriculture in the growing of Egyptian cotton in Arizona., The results .were rather uaproniising at first, mainly because :thev;iniported -varieties of ; * E?ypijkitn-.cotttN^..a? gjro>-n,,iR t-fce nex .vr?{gjojiVw. ftKV&i.??s^ii^jfi^ryi.., Jm_<l. ;* |A# a\hew.;t>^'.Mja# syiaa*?satcd fro^t o.ihr v-cr'^^ectkuvs which h^. since J^ccoiRe. :^thc b^sis #1 '.the- iKgyptian cotton .Ut:; ? >?tfizslry ,in "the' .Southwest. This .nj?JV, ?*-?va?cty.' which .originated frow a so;-.. v#le pjahi of Mif'A?fi, Egyptian, nain f. ;cd Yuma. vas a distinct improvement, j*n:.tlK,imported variety. It was par-: '?,iier, more productive and. uniform; the staple was longer and more reg: ? ^u-ar. Xot until"1912, when a supply ?" of seed of this new variety sufficient Ydo plant about .200' acres .bad ..b^n^ produced and its' merit", had bft< -T .^proved.' wa3 the commercial rul.to-re Vof Egyptian .qotton recoxnm'cndc^ by -the "Deuartment of Agrk-uHure. Ln pejc the Pirna variety wr?:-: isolated bv ?.selection from the yuma and is an ?nprovemcnt over the-latter: Th.es^ -. hpNO varieties developed by Mr. Kear ??ey and his associates of the Depart ement of Agriculture, constitute jirac / ticaliy ihe , entire .American-13ej?p tinn pic^p.^ T15>,e production .'U.uoujit/- jl ;lo over te?&xJnt, j$JL?.,.'h" prcftpects. are..that the .ensure., of this cotton will 'be 'considerably .ext^nd-d. I In the testing ef the^c new va.rie '* ties, tifilfy. trials , were supplementcl I t>y >p?nning tests and the superiority 5 of thf* new sorts both from th agri ; cultural and the manufacturing stand ? l^oints W;is iisc'-rtaim-d. - -From the agricultur.-! .-.i.u^h^oiut 1 h?|^j!jjas -:h*?cii ^<^^fof?r*>t <?sh?u*. \ during th> )" or l'i vears <n ?.iv ? . s . ? :." - ?''"? 4^if f ;f V $3.50 per hush el SEED WHEAT Fulghram & Texas ??1 Two and three Pound Bagging Ducker & Bultman \ 905-906 f character of the cotton " jdanted 'throughout the South. ii Formerly, only a'small portion of jthc cotton acreage was plante'l, with [seed <>f recognised variety; tiy: bulk ;Of the crop was just cotton. Xo\v the . reverse is true. A number of.?ij}K'?d or varieties have b**en devolepcd and. as a part: of the general improvement L; in farming in*.thuds. <hc ?extensiv*' 1 adopt'in of better varieties has. uc !' cur rod. ? Still a great many of the varieies 1 grown are inferior. Variety tests ;- made by the experiment station .in. * each State through a series of years " have demonstrated that many kinds of cotton ordinarily considered good 5 are much Jess productive than. some r of the really superior varieties avail ?> able. The loss in production from this planting of inferior sorts of cot 5 ton is -immense. Ayers of the Arkan * sas station figures that the general 3 plan ting, of good varjeti.es would in crease the value of the cotton crop " .of the South by i230;000.OO0 annually. !.. Sonn: of the best, varieties hayC " been found adapted to the wide ..areas * of-culture. In .Texas and. OkktlK-raa. -''it-he Triumph variety, developed bj ljMr. A. D. Mebine, a Texas farmer, jhas prcbably been the leading variety * I in the last \ ten. years. Lone Star. L [which :is a more, recent variety and 1 ;of the same big boll, stormproof type, rj was.-originated by Mr. D. A. Saun "jders of the Department of Agricul jture, and is also very popular in the ' same territory. These two varieties "iare exceedingly well adapted to the ; western portion ?f the cotton belt and : - in that territory are perhaps gro^vn ?.more generally;than all other kindc' ? of cotton combined.. > .} ,In the / States east of vthe Missis '"? :-sippi: >lliver the AVamvamaker-Clcve. \land< variety' Ls now probably more ; extensively grown that any other one 1 cotton. This is'a very productive short staple variety which has been ! developed in the past few years by approved. .^systematic m.\hods of j breeding. . j: ...Exceedingly- valuable results have/ iheen achieved, -in. selecting ?otton re fsistant to the it4.lt disease. I-n e?irta iaa ?j~secti?*w*. particularly in th-o sandy j.soih; of the Southeastern? Stages, ih^s {.disease- has become so s*rious: .thai !ordinary varieties of cotton could, uvt ^profitably he -grown here. Throus-h . I selection -of ? the jaozt. resistant...plah-tc. I growing in wilt-iafected fields, ?t/ine jvesy valuable .varieties have been. de^. j ve^oped . by. experts . of the Fedcra 1 , Detriment of Agr.'culture ahd.,of the j State of "Georgia. In addition, to be r; in^ h^ht-:. resistant-to disease, some jof/^hsso new .^vArif-tics .ace xatlwr pearly and., prodtictlve. ' Their ..iiiiro-. Jd u .e a j o ahas?:madeJ.it possible to :co:> Jtinue cotton, ctwturc in a considerable * ariiu. ,where..ariihout wilier osistarit vir \ \riei*e*rl ^o o. t o a-..growing ^vouid .neccs .jsarjty Jaav<j -been ^baudoued'. \ l j_ ?This type has received more atten- i pfio? ha the matter of seed selcctioii ; j.thau short' staple. The pioneer -'in the. development of. ^superior ^<?tE of;..upland Jong staple;, ? cotton, w&s, the -late j. B.. Allen, of .Pom. C>.bson, Miss.,. originator of the j <\d:i\ limgi staple, variety. Mr.. Allen isiar.ed \>yith a y?tocl; of cotto-i u ii eh . [fae ?^ritfinaliy obtained' in Lou'Staea. ITli."./.stapleof. IJus cotton was about, lone sand o^c-fourth inches. By se- : i lection .ho;produced., about. l-H550, the ; f well-known, APenx cotton, fwhich fro- 1 jquently >uiled and one-h>tlf inch jes or better. 5 variety vvasi . jioundation irtacK of practfca% all .of. hhe;?..'extra stabig cnttons,..-whieh; wcre ' f-grc*wn exteasiw^.H^vovghf?.ut' fb?? tsea } 1 ^ord'eriix he -M issis?ippi: >tK-er, i [until a few vi;ir-s;%o, wltrv. a combi kwtlitrn of boll;'W*??Jvil--d',-pr<nl^tl<>n and ?wDonUc e<>ndltjboAs practically caused : the abnn.donm^ri\Of thj.s class of cot "?ton./ **: ' The culture of. lorn/ sJ.iple upland ; cotton .in. the Sou ihea stern State*?, p.ar jticuiarly South Carolina, is based on. 'varieties developed in. that territory fbv scientific methods of selection.; ; Th<--- first of these cottons was 'Colum- i ?ibia. .originated about i-Sk*2;. by Dr. M. 1 ;.T. Webber.'at that time.of the Depart- ! jmeiitiof Agriculture. Webber^cottony: j which- wat- deniveil' later from the. Cor | lumbia and introduced by Mr. D. K. : Coker. was an improvement uv. r the : latter variety. It became v*ry popt: ! liar in ceriaiu sections of the South-., I eastern ? States and. to some - extent,.; ! in the Delta as well. ? Tho Cokers. by . ! introducing the. :.t\"cbbcr. 1 fartsvih'o- i jatjd. other ?oug .;,:.apP^er>ttons. and by i ! main lain in;.* a giit -xdged. ?Si?Wfelt-| iinent for supplying pure seed of their ::ir;etjes.. have rendered splendid -s*-r j.viee tp- the c?'tt?M: industry. Th'dr ef ?forts for inJlucnce have .greatly pro I motcd the d<-v<^opments of the ne^v ilong-staple cotton culture in the.: I Southeastern States, i The boll weevil has had the gr^a: |est influence on and has supplied the. ^principal motive for cotton breeding Twork in the last 10 or 15 years.. This iipfst h^s especially emphasises fire mnp?rtahee of earliness;in..-cotto'u. As ,5Sa rule, the number ' of . oVftn ils if '.^ina-J* in eaciy suminer, at the .begjiv [yiing of the ti'"''hi;; se-isoru In the ^g?sual vourse Of events they increase in l^iumbers i?o^*c or less rapidly as th?* Reason advancts. but with tlv rate of /increase depending largely on weath er conditions. At first the: amount <?? jrNf?*station is not- su/fieioatly .^fjreat to ^?l ii-v Prions da-majsc.. LaJLe.vin: sum-' Ijier or in early fall the .weevils. may. pwamc so thick, that J.heir depreda ?tions t>rev"0t any 'farth-yr; rte.tiin^.'oC fruit on the .plant: Tk*- r'^j.'H is thai ?lx- w*,-.--, ;! :-p<;t-i<?jis the <:f?<-efiv<i frujt-. i>eas?jfii of.ib'- cwliOH plan;. Tlo .ti';-iJO})?*ri:tJU ix-i|.aii'enjent th?:n is. ^y. tkV%?- U<*- er.-n? ki as if bort Ihne a: 4>?'svj.5>?". t/V tjO as PWJcb fiui; ?:';, ?'on ;Jn- pj:inl as possible early ill U.e fruitwg season,.b.-f??re- we evils b?;.eonv' K"ry numerous. While there .is .still .room fur im provement, of our upland short staple .cottop. -the refji)ii:ements liave been, muob,. rn.ej.-e effectively m^t in jh-Iy ,e;.-e<:-i than, in \\y). l'Ujger s!a;d?' e:.:^ 'Altbougp. sho;:-. slapP-. ;u.d;jinl vplfon ivnstitutt^; Juore .thUIl ip'. iM-i". e<#-nt ??:' *the l?r? Sf.-nt proiluct ilien'e i? no ::r'-.,! C'-ncrn over the Question of s.uppj?r intr satisfactory short staj>]<- v:\rieti? mod.itie.-i 1 i ?e.s required in short staj>Je types have not, boon gre-?,t ;is in the ease of the long staple vm ! <-T.i.-s. In fact, fairly .^.ni.;f *e ?"?. >hort staple varieties have already jbeen in existence for some time, and havx> been adopted . in l>i>l! we.-v.il I t'-rritovy. The problem ??!' inipmylt^; I 1 lie* Other ?" ]?er- ee):l u>- }l? \,a- ,-?.,.| j ??? the crop, which must by ?i/*i?..*j/.l....i s'upi*iy Lhe u-.ii- vvitti cuitO-i rai'igirig iv"tn aai inch and uu eighth i . 3 upwards, is distinctly more yicuto. j * The older long staple varieties' jhjke the Allen and the old "Bender" cbt itoris of about an inch and an eighth in ere too. slow in" fruiting and too late % in . maturing for successful eul M#rc under b.oJ.l weevil conditions. Al jthough formerly grown extensively; in j the Delta, or. alluvial region along j the . Mississippi River, these late types :-liavc been practically discarded in all sections where the boll weevil has to be reckoned with. There is an ur gent demand for satisfactory new va rieties with at least a moderate I length of staple to take the place of : those types wb-ich have been dis carded. j ? The question . of improving long Jstaple cotton is much more.compli cated than in the case of short cottO?. Tri the latter instance the problems 'are principally agricultural and are ; centered almost entirely on improving 'characters which promote produc tiveness. So long as the stapl'c does not fall below a minimum length of about seven-eights to one inch, the J primary markets for upland short staple, .as .a-rule, pay no regard-to the ?Vaality of tbJint. The. attention of : one -, who is trying.-'to . H%prov&, short 'staple cot?' irs, therefore, may be; ce'n jtered pi ^narily*. upon qualities .which i promote high; yield per acre. .. In: long staple work, on the- contrary, .the length; and character of the' lint ;must be as. fully taken into, account as the question,of yieid. - The prob lem is complicated to that extent,, but is. none >rne less interesting. My own experiments in .seed seiVe Itioa, which are being conducted >?* the M^in'^Lppi Delta, as well, as the iefforus of the .Mississippi, 'e^pe^imejat station, are Ivtng directed principally .-.toward the development of satisfac .tory cottons with some.length of- sta : 2>Ip for culture imder boll weevil, con ditions. We'are interested in J^ne cot tons of all lengths, but the. most ur gent iveed in our sec:ion?is for a sat . isfactoryx -cotton ,ttf:.vo.no and one eighth to one A.an.d ;thre^-sixtccntha [inch staple.. O.ur...principal efforts are being put on that class of cotton, and Tiavo beep, seo?iied. We are '#ot eh i tirely ( neglecting7 the. extra staples nor Seven short staple gotten, however, i For ihe past few years the-demand I for . sU pies ut-one .'and'on eighth to lone and three-sixteenths . has been ? fairly well supplied in the Deita/prin jicipaliy by the planting of Express co< ? ton. This striking ..new type was pro Ipa'ea.tcd frum. an': individual: -plant sc ; lected Myrii^.-i:by Dr. IK N.!-Stooemuker jof'-trhe ?parti?e.nt..o? Agriculture., in N^.i.Vdx? Texas?;-.tKherc;<t originated .^ntf. j w:*sr iV* ii? .se.yoral '.yea 1^5 % .-was Livoit"^ nil lSJfUh. The.'.variety.Av.is-d.is : carded, by .the. D^partcientrO* .Agrlcu-l" ? ture, and barely m;?jsed .being exdnct ? Sus^ce?j^ tbi^/typte of "cofton niigJUt Ifrxv .t-runsiderablc.hi^vit' in -^be I M'iMis^tpi-.JP^.Kar r'i secured, about ./me j pec^ or "seed rof the.4isdarded,, variqtyl, j wh ich .w a I. planted:. at. the, >l.ississjjR<??. ;.Bel;ia branch,.-expcrlnient.^stuUoh r(a.. . 19. H. This- cotton proved very .pro.ut - ising. at . once,,., and .efforts to ^t?ce: dqw.n n\ere seed f^r.pjn several haV-1 which iifaj beert growh. m.Texas tin previous season. P^O.Y<rd .-futile.. All -of , the ?? /Express ;> cotton subsequently, planted on- humlreda of thousands .of acres .ctrihe frorri chat peck of r^ed. !'Express came nearer than any oth: er available. ? variety ctoward mating the demand for a:. long, staple er.tf'or.. wii;eb could ? jt*e dejv-t?d*.-d" qn t_o,/;i*y ?:nee :v\fair ?jWt.tJw. v. '<. coRdi*-ions. >Jt has.$inee--i??-^/ri? i*.-:.^ pofol^r. and within tH?>Jast y*sar .or. su ? Isja:^><?hapii-.;poeii .grown .nw?re-.f*x t?-nsivi.lv.. than ;?n>* inher .variety in. the X^'i.Ut region of Mfssifaiippi. if. perltajs. we iuctudc the extreme northern end, of that territory. In spite of/its popularity, the. Ecc VVfG&i ?variety.. J^-us so?>)e .,si,<;l,ods de feq's. Wh?le the plant .ga-uw*j well in th<- Delta region, it. is not aufllotrrlfly. produetiv.?:. We have been comparing^ different vnrietn-s of cotK?n as to-yi-ohf am' value j.ier-'ac5i' for a. number oi years. As a 'result of these variety tests ye find that; through a series n* years, >ho biest -short -stajV- u.#w h'. give .'us a larger profit .per acr Jixpress or any ^rinrr lo*ig .staple vn ? riety. Long staple -cottons., u* ti?.. de pendably prontablt . year after . year, [sheiildi he more' of a -stapie product. Or else, the premiuin- over short ;<la: Pie.-.prices, to l>e paid for longer cot ton, m'ist .be ? stabilised at .a higher. ; average, value, arid...the extrem^ fl,uc tu?tfon? in th*: ampunt of the pre in'iums, JUUii be^ayoidtHl. Tlic latter prcjbleni: is. a .commercial one, which has-djeen prescjat 'fw: ^a iQi.ig .tinu?, but on.- which th? tra.de. Iv^s made, no. im ? ; pr :#<;/>n. -...The other alternative, that U??. .iwc.rt-asinjg; tji<' productiveheBs' of J longer./cot Ion relative to short sta)>!e i.coitom is a task" to be. undertaken I through seed selection. I In our. experimental work >ye have i attacked the problem in two. differ-; ' ent 'ways. In each case Express rjofc j tou. which- has about the' right .length ; of staple for our needs, .has-heen used as a ha^is' for our'wtor-R.:,. lu ^;>eaking of seyefal;2orts of cot:. '?. ton J-^hax-t;. already sjated .i/i .eaeJ; I easy - ..tliat ? t be .jm.'W . varie^X: rh-&s '1'-'" '. scwided <-froni .a single exceptional ; i>la?a.t discovered;, in' the t;eld and iso j lated. . from thej .general. population ! Th?d-. has 'b<.-eh' the ?modo' of - orig'bi lot:.practicaJly all of the ^ommerchi* j vaVi;:ties of cojt??. m This/lp.etiio'd. has 'been fe;npioyed; Wjth .>X>mv-ss eot'o.n '?.atu) i.''y. ? soleeJt-hig, am? -o-sting' hum*;';'' ;ou,s rather distinct i,5;P<*,,<. veral. iw-;v \ strhins of .^ixpn^s h?*?ve? be>-u eVtabJish reel nnd .iretro<3.need/ Tbet.:cv?.**w siraiMo have shown-improye-meftt in ??rte w;.v>* ! or.ynoibvv; oV?-r.'the:-origltvi,l variety, ?but tb" advaptaee has not b-en SUfiS ?n?'dtly great a>?d We,, have nod bt en fBtircly sali.Si'ied with the ...result:-." Still a not her method of ? iuiprove ' m/. nL \yas. op.-n to us. The applica tien of mudeivu i>dnciples of. -heredity I to practical work has helped to ex : piain nnd hv.a simplified many of.the ?breeder's problems./ *?: ? basis of ith'-k'- prinripj^s .we-have.croii*? at our Icotton breeding problems by crossin" icertain varieties, each separ^fely po> ?'???ssing desirable qualities which were lacking in. Lhe other, but wiueh e.v ? wished to .combine in a new typ Tb-- K.\pr>'ss variety- cai'rylng staple, h*** becai ,ns^?J as .one \niv 'at several er??ssys.. . . " ;,. As I have /ilr? ody staled, Iii? chi? ? d'i'vi l ;vit h i'x;>r< w ^Oitcn.is, the Joy; yie.'/l of Jim. This, lu.w yi di\ l& du ? principally n? a Jow percentage * lint. . Th.i: tb?-. rari??..c^f lii^ to .;;>?<?<: f?>!t.'?.'i !"-,\>. . As ?. imi pared .'?' ?'?;v; ! . 'ht* .l.tri;^ ^.!<t id..-. ,.ut?? >?.;i. mVJ>iiiil>Pj fcjlV? * \>>\\+l- \Uil i?<r?V4i:t aft?^ and.. the rector principally. ac c?unU for. their- .relatively small j .yield. But the Express Variety possesses' certain very v.UuaW<- qualities. In a-d- ! dition tu the length, of staple, it is ' early, it fruits rapidly, producing i .many' flowera and setting many bolls j ;,withiu a .given period during the j [fruiting suason. In this respect it is' La good variety from, the boll weevd : [standpoint. The problem then v/as! I to produce a type with larger bpllsj jaud with a higher lint percentage. ! ; For the other pareait pertain,short sta- j iple varieties, having these qualities in ; ia high degree as ?well as having other j (desirable- character vwere crossed with ; [Express.. Subsequently we haw. fc.o-.-j { lated some very promising types from j 'the mixed populations which required j Ifrom the crosses. Through sr?}??ction ! and testing,;, these; hybrid strain.-; ?*ve., proved fixed, in type and their merit..; as compared *v.-ifh standard varieties, lias been demonstrated. It ? has not been . possible,. of rc^urse, to achieve the ideal result of transferring, anal-; tered. the best qualities of each par ent to the new type and of completely i excluding the undesirable features. ! For instance, it will never perhaps be J possible to develop by hybridization! a tyjpe with very long staple and aj high percentage of lint. But this cor- j relation 'can be and in our experi- j [mentis has been broken to some ex- ! tent ? l- ? . -Wc have produced, two or -three] j types which have nearly, .if not quite,.1 jas long lint as the-Express parent, but Uvith very- much higher lint percent- ' { ages, though not as-high as the short j siapie parent.. What \yV- have losi in lint percentage, as compared, with the j short parent, however,' has been offset j [ by'.a gain in thej, number of b.oijs. The j lint, yields of. the new hybrid f?nns i proved last year to be practically as good as the lint yield of-the short sta ple parent, At the'iiarce time,, the length of sta - {pie of the longer new types is nearly, [if not fully, as good as the Express parent and/.naturally, worth .several cents a noun/l inore. than, a short staple.a . * j .. . When a certain combination of characters js desired-in a new type the most favorable r-1 'aod for/secur? j ing the combination iS "by- hybridiza- { tibn-; of vh'tictios ; which possess. the ; characters .. separately. The " surest j method.-is. to- flg*uro the .pr.obk-nv out:{ in advance on rhe" b?sis of ge^tl'il principles and then, work the plan, .ti' J we depend entirely on the. selection j of .variations which appear hi exact ing varieties, then we mu*?. de'pend?on j nature to produce the. desired herit^] Lu'bfc variation ahcl tile, -selector? must i [chance to discover/ it. The" odds are ! too' s:rong .-against. 'the-.; Ia:ee^.-;.i of - 1 .such an-.undertak.ng \iheie; the- i-e ? sought is a radical/departure. from I any' available type already in exist ence:. Jt is true that . most of 'our cernmseircipl- varieties:',have originated ?in; this'-v.'.a>\i , Most of 'them, have bc-h introduced by/.farmers, .-in the. .;;?t of short staple varieties, ho'-wrever ' .-.with few exceptions, fih*?. r;.-- ?:.< ?..';??*-; ' .ei:??..<?. ^.y-fhin ar;. '"-lyir.^ gr/?a;< oor.t v?;ry\,d:ff'' r- z-.... ., ? ? Jtlost Of the progress7'in the . im Jp^GVQrnent of cotton in the f?Utr'e < sj^.o?ld,' be expected , to come ; from ?jspecialists workifiig ^ite.Kiatically at. Ithe probiem in State and :Government [institutions: or working through pn~ ivate. agehfcies/ .^h \dj3l-.sjjt:ier. ?.m-r/dy-'-.i in .the .de"-'; *vfckiW?^j- ? yyrj.tU^.--.;:ve >iu- j ?merous, agd, progr-&s ';i->. u-. e:^:-; -. fsipw./, jrhere^ is so much ?.'?-.thai we j j woniW hke^to.hftve jn a new variety of j jjeei'.Osi, that- a great-.many-^ factors ; must receive aHeniion. .For example., j If we are working with long siapie [cotton, the negative- correlation be 'ttyeen length of the . staple and, per-, [centage of lint which T Jaave. already j mentioned is sur" to complicate niat ,'tera for the breeder,.. . No matter j whether we .are\working On long or snort staple-cotjon .a certain degree of j resistance to pjapt . diseases,, .particu larly, cotton wilt and bo 11 -rot- diseases. 1 Jmust be maintained. - Bolls, m.?St be j large and relatively- stormnro f, butj .' easily picked. The^ plant must flower' I rapidly and'the bolls must develop an'dj ' mature in a relatively short period, j j for boll -.weevil conditions, i /Eh^w arc some of the qualitjes .de j sired^ by the grower. Since cotton ia. 'grown .to' be spun, we must consider I the 'qualities which interest the- spihr; j ncr/ especially if we are: dealing with ! long 'staple cotton. In ^addition to the; 1 length of the. staple, tjie spinner j I wants, hi'i,cotton to have certain oth-1 jer qualities-. Any cotton should be ja?-fre*! from'waste, as possible! The ; finer.grades ehoiilfl ,be abP' to. produce j a s*rohg yarn; whatever the. lint quai I itie^ n><iy.-<J>d on-..which strength o? jyarij 'depends. Long .sUipie cotton ! should show .fineness and silkiness. ; arid.above all, the'spinner tella.. Us, it jmust. be'uniform. .' ,: - > j . Of all 'these < qualities, length and j j uniformity.. :of 4 staple are the ?. most ^tangible to the worker In the ?eId.and j in--.the fi^ld laboratory.. ;Uniformity |Of jsoil and purity of tyiie, to \vh!cli ? ' ti?hail refer later, ^are important ?qual iitiw in influencing the regularity' of j the, .staple. Apa.rt t'roni these factors, ! uniformity in the?' length of' fibers- on', [the seed can be intouenced by. seed se Ilection and should always receive the. j cotton', breeder's attention. i ?-. TJiese .and numerous, other conslil' |e;-aiions, rnpny- ?t ,%vhich- are-nipre, Or j 1 ei?^ aiutaesjonisCic-, cdniidicat*;' the' task joC cfevciOidriVr superior now. vicrietiosj *xt - ooiton. Repeated'-. .selection, -ap.d |t<!st:ng ire ncceakafy. . Time is.:.an Im* | portant element." It is' impossible to"j ,ge: ail the goocl. things into one r>a<^-.'? abut-with care and perseverance! diost of them,' in the rlong run, can | .]??? crowded in. . ! <)ne of our problems, when we. are , ?estimp new strains, b> the dimculty ?u* obtaining a satfefactorj- estimate from .the manufacturer's point of ?dew, of the relative value of a new product T'ntil the new strain reach es the stage of quantpy pyoduct'oTj and we are able to s '1 bale -. th'.j marhet we c^mTipt determine C* f hliif.ly.how much be'^er or ?'??'?rvc >h new type is than a standard variet} ?o vhi'di v/e may be comparing it ia tb?! fl'dd. . , ' . : tVe a.eer'-.tin C;;irly ? :r.y in the :'HCe <;i a new strain the relative yi<-'d. |aad other qualities Which determine its merit :'re.m .'In- ::.-->\vr? joint of I view, on die b^sis of our field tests j v.'.; may find i ;.:t :l certain pew co,tton ; r-iiti be depeprled on r., produce, w?^ ?h.--V - <>. r, ib M> per cent ir.^re or ?e?j liu' 'i.er .!? ?'. !ti?n .-4 ?alnWrd ?^.rLvri.. ,11' Um: Vjvi.l Iii U>eC ?EcUt tcC??. out ihr ait;ipic t? lenger' aad more uniform than the cotton commonly grown, then the important question is this: Can the grower* depend' on I receiving from the trade, as much as 5, per/cent, or more in excess r of.khe price of . common .cotton to pay him for, switching to the new variety* If not, it is certain that the gxower will llbver adopt the new variety,; hpsyevAr I excellent the character 'of, the linr. ] because-:the planter can be depended J :on, ecu tunifciy ' co, grow the -fernd .or.] cotton which -will, pay .him : feast. J j.. /t ..W-.imporl^V^fere^ei .to the ! j cotton ;|te^^^!fe^ samples j carefully valued early in .testing" of it j new strain, so that ho may.not; sroate ! I his time. unjH^cessarijy ..long on un- j 'profitable types. ' . ..' j Spinning tests which have been! run '; for its On small' lotsi. of cottons., ; through- the courtesy of certain mills, have not . been entirely, satistuetory,! I because they .have merely given cer tain data', which are'not particularly j intelligible to the agriculturist. .Tifcey < :ht;ve faded. t.? supply the . final co*n>: jpl-no. cstimato ot relative merit, j Likewise the valuations . given * on ! !samples submitted .to cotton factors | or bakers; are nqt always-satisfactory, | (because..they may"not have had.a'i-e-; ^ce'n?.sa.le ?f -the. kind of ' cotton in question; and may not be.: in a posi i ti?n tO .?ive. the desired' information. [-Furthermore, j the cotton cl?sser bases his estimate .of worth mainly on grade i and; staple, and does'-nol consider .tor any gVe?t extent, because they are dif ficuit. to detect, .the' finer points of character which may affect. spirv*i.:.v^ jvahtel' -.' { ' \', ? . . . .. ? Finally the .question of maintaining" !a stg>piy rdare.Si?v-d:of s-jttnerior va rieties, is of /utmost importance.^.This .is opt. strictly1'a; plant-breeding -.prop osition, because the originatibn of, something new is not. invoived. It is a. very yital - and practical question, ?however? of almost equal importance with the problems _ot developing, bet*' jer. varieties. a '?* When a variety; becomes widely cultivated the seed stock 'of the.feg .?rage grower Ab^ sure to become con taminated. T^iii ' contamination. -re> ? suits .partly from cross-pohnatioh ef fected by . insects, , bait the^ principal source ,of the . trouble is. the meeh?ni'-; cal mixing: of seed an.d of seed ^cQt-J ton vat public. gnAieries."; There iViKt tle'hcpe ,of T<3ief;froni this- very* tff<h ? t vent yn ixing of?r?eV*d i stooWs. ??djt tfre m?\sr. suttee lory > reevdy, is . tfie^Yr^j .queui. renewal of tlie seed stock'*' by the-'grower after his. cotton begins to; deteriorate. *'/ ?'' ' - ,...' * ? ; 'Tlie^e. m.ust be aaonrce of pnro s$ed to whic^ 'tnc grower may turn whe^ ip. need of ft '.Mv supply. }?eed sMec? tibn 'Is useful ^ maintaining the pwp i'y Of ;p::.:.f?.:n;:f. ?>..,???; s<6uk3?..;%:ther liie- ;e:-:r.;';^i j -,,..d-: ?,? fglgg. .placed- .by a new 'improved ?st^i'.ni^f, one superior fb the variety/in -?se- ha< been developed, ior .-.al.^'-'a pure stock, of the .old variety mqsi be obtained; -in tjiis c^tinecti.Qn, y&$i ;orr<arr*V; cd and well managed /seed farm".-* ' fv-.rform twid to- stif?* .eWer-t *r> per~" :.aSi'' ? try ??'C^^u-.i.^rvw^ \< < x ih:'. -.i?M-e4 ? fitjun-j to iixakjE .'i.y,-iiabk;". a.ieq-.iate^.?npplio;; of ,pur<-( seed ^hfch. will be fieeded by;farm1 era frotaV time to .i time.'.?:, Th^se seed must 'either bo of hew improved va, rieties .whic^ .have .been deveiop^ed re cently 'orj; in* 'tlieraijs'enc.e /qf^?ch ne% prndn.etir.Hs, th?v UjrP* : lx; rp.-:t?; ;>.rrs_ . > " .^ii^ ispi <j {0 r /. .< .'t'.^r j Tories. Thi^ i,';:.:-i;J.''?iyr; t):; r^:.inKunv(( i by soh;^:j?;g.^d' ii?.-d;mo;i. *f,r?^-?< i.-.-f'.' r e-Vri'/r)^ 'Vo^tTter w].Hh". :-^'rv>r?u-' I lous. cariv in-;ginn'i'tgl''.';Pi>\iv-^' j pe/l; ^eed iafms w itlf' traihodyan^ ex [ pericneed'- ap^-cialisls. and . wif^"'.ad^ IqUate facnitites/ for exp^rtmental work. [ are the .proper ag?nefes to. render this service. "The experiment jStatl^ns "are doing useful work in;. research ?nd,in developing . itiew. varieties, iut ;'tBey , cannot be expected .to supply more than a very limited amount of; seed, The ayeragb. farmer is hot equipped by training por. with facidties for c?n stantlj'. ?? .pr^&ici?g; an a^tmdant su? Pbi.'.Q.f- d/'P^ndable seed. .. ?,' , \-. ?' S.'iiihA ? I, h;tv--.',: JVti&i 10 Y$X, : r:b;;;-f- C.:!u"i>?: ?' '.Kv-'eict .' .vhtcii/ j;:.;..;, l^l-t'? 'baa. V- d- : vd ? t^, ih.e ? vo.i-^.*. ia?:ud.;.P?.'.,. ..i LT?..'?'?.. 1 . ???'??~'' ' ^af^ly 'predict .that from., this (time ?>n still 7nore sub'stantial' ^ehcrtt's may bi. expected from this, class of work. . ??>.?? ... , .y ? The case- of' Aidses <t <.'-j. ???..:;.:.*nsi -the A. C. L. was completed bn t:;es i day in court A .verdict , of $150 for the plaintiff, wag'rendered b\ *h Today thC ease pf. V>. r Segars ! against P.y'num vI4i.tr.her Co. is being tried. % y:-^ . . . .: ? Mr. I^Dnke, JFarnicr, Says-'" ""STcw. Bet Bats Can .Bite Through Meta|.** I "I had feed bins lined with zinc last- year, rats got tbrougn pretty' soon. Was Out $18.., A-. T'l -pkg. or RAT-SNAP' killed .so .many -rats', tha? .I've ne^-er been without it since. \&ir. -collie- deg neyer touched. RAT-SKAP.': Yo?' try " it.J '"Three skres";' 25e, -6 0c, $ 1. "Soh; .and ?guaranteed\by- Sibert's JDrug Siore'. .'DuRnnt Hardware- Company, and 0'DonneH '& Co.?Advt - Oearhig British Vraters of M:nes. '.??-, .* r tvr . ''T'-v,-. .?? Tendon, Oct.',.'.20.?The ./task . o.t clearing the home, waters .of tnpor^tf mines > having - been ^m^ishied; tfie ad miralty has. dir^cW- tlte.-j^le^.iifl^l bur *"n.f>0O.% oineers?' and men who^have been engaged- .. in ?Th.isv >dan^er^us work. /Dttring the * war', the*re j* were" 60/0 officers and li,000 mep engaged in rhe -mm^-Mveepinjgr service.' ' ' ".\'? U Drifting mine's must stljl be expect .,0 it, ' ;ttT;> ^- *\> i-'^^'i; W?fld: will .soon' drift, them into the Hengo ?laed tViJjht. '",? I \ r ?..% ! Airships were use.I for .^spotting'' \'tho moored mines, arid.' the ni^0-6?* I tides ...ere chosen/.for sweeping*, so j that the trawlers "drifted oVer them. I NTO- warship er m.-.rchar.t. veiise" .obev j inc instructions struck, a. rifcot&i i mine in areas lmder British contrA.; but six e?* s^-ven - U : re j mined. > '.James \V?Wi' Sjfca^ "ril' N'V r !->:? get \\T??n Fajher's BU*^ p?l . Cholera/ ; On*? morniug ho foiind 201 liogs'dead and .several srckl " -He. called i.n, the ?Vet. vy-ho after dissecting .a .rat. caugbK = on the.premises^ decided .that the ro , ? dents' had" conveyed germs." " $incV ; then T am n?ver without KAT^Sfci?S. j It's tlie surest, quickest rat. destroyer j T know/' Three sizes./.^Sc, fi?c, $1".00. ;s.,i?.l ^larHhteHff'by" SiVrt's TSr?g" |.->f'iiV: Xmiiuiii Fl?rdVai-* '0<>mbany. '?-ud- O*x>o.nr?yti ^.-.t>{^^?rjr-*^AAH. State Conierenge f<ar Soc^, \V?irk. The,, ^entii. ?ni^Ssea^?.. of, tb>? : State Conference1 of?$?cW'/^rlc con vencii at" 8 o*clo<A.'^eSdaX eyen3?gifti' the auditorium : of" th>High School with a repi^cnta^iye^:^tcnd i ance of tne\ members of tj&^^gani ^tioh ami other citterns- of the^'tate [who are really interested m_.the\jm ;'provi-i3ifnil and uplift of al! 'ClaS^eif^f I th<* peopJe of South Carolijsa. - i ? i T^e. jneetins. was ..opened ? by^pr.'.S, j H. Edmunds, who, as the representa Itive of Mayor Jennings and the people j of Sumter, welcomed the'.member, of * the conference to Sumter, and *as>" ? ?ure.d them of. our Jiearty syni^athy with and endorsement of yth^ ^?rk/ that they are| 'J^i^^^^V^^ ;th? betterment of tlie Sta% .;' . v - Aftf-r - a piano solo by ^fr; L. XI'. Moise, Dr. BMmtfnds' introduced Br. | A. TV Jamison, pre^dent. of^tbe^ <?6n I ference. Dr.' Jamison jn .bis\>^vsx^aX j r.dd^es^ bfcieny outlined" the wor&yand..; [achievements; of .:. the " 'organization'' I since information at a u^t?--j^ield in Columbia ten- years ago. At the conclusion of bis \ President Jamison introduced^.Dr.| 'John. E. .White,' of Ander^i,t-wh? made tlU formal'opening aa^^ ' White who is one .of the iea^to^fett^7 dants and workers a^ong^so^^Jo|f*cal" lines-of the South, made a thorough ly practical and at thej.sa^me ^time jri^ "' {spiring talk, his general. "theme "T?SiijS"? ithe delusions under which the. 'people j of" the;.Scu.th have labored for niafcy ". J years; which delusions have be"e,n -and <? i are- still the fitters that ^have bef?nd" us as-a people .' nh# thaviv preyeited" \ the progress and .evelopme?f that\we ?should', have /made. He. stressed i. the fax>,t. that v<e need constructive, plain spoken, and" honest".' criticism, "from within. ' and a . tolerant spirit for? in- ? te&gent-and helpful ? criticisnfb. fn>ar' without. The., outstanding point/ Qf his address wias/ that' until 'the.. South, as a ?tvh'ole. th^royrs off its cloak of self satisfactloif, ?djrpits: its faulty ',.^d~ makes a sustained effort to overcome:' them; 'there can be no real uplift' for this-section,-f & ' -V ; . I % fc^rWn$*&sssi<m,] to 'pflock *' I ? '; Session in.X?iarge' cf ^Tosr-pVC. .Lo fga*'.^pf-; rhe'" American X.ii^ft-il -lied . {Gsoas.. .- ? . . ' .V .. '?. ; ; '?XbA Peace program <& -iRed Cross!' ??I&m# ?e*vior-".--Miss Annie TJbty,' ^Horao S'-ervieo l-Superviror, WLnnsfeorO, S.-C.'", ? -'.??? , [? .: ??:? ?? :? : ..;V'>';-; ..?'The ?e.d Cross .Health "i^iter ?Mo,ven)entv ~/c>seph .9. i?$aal?j^ect-r of' CWtifon Relief, ^nthern B^?Eon,. ?AmMcim::lird;'Cr:oss1 Atianta^^a^ j j ~>\iQ$>- Red-; Cross and ?? Pub%/^5lth [Kyrslng/'- Oliss Jrire- .Vau' Tv' ^r^- Je. ji>beHykr: Xnt:.<:n^: -15<'par^r.ea';. Soa^h jerh ?Division', a. H.C ?. ' '?' j . \t? rH?&n Session. OV^oct. J Session in change of W-s^ter-;p.;U*Vi. jbur: Charies t op "Public ''Health' as'-Re^frte'd .to' C? -ren"-r-Mrs. Huth A. T->T<?.' C-Vf-rrxbiaV :.C; .1..' Himn.?:l, CyluiJi^ia. . j vi?Sie P:.:. h.g o;' Ch.iidVen ia Po^r . ?rHome^'^M'.v. W; C Oni.h'e?rr. C'-!- ' iitfnbia. v . ; ?. . '.' Music-by Soys! High School OrCJies tra... ;'' ^ '^ .? ?.; j . .. . **?> ""xJace Rei?iOnships,'---Dr. *;': .f;, ^E. !>re*Crjrorh.. Seer^t'ar:.' ?i&f?ii*&f ^}<.> j-t^ca 1' Cobgre^.v Wa-.isin^a.on'," D::.VC. ^ "Tb- .Chu!\\':.'sv}Ajty to tfs .Country ? IChurV-h- kon^ivrsh^*--h^v;:' W,- if. Dlills, I>. T.): Cjen$^n^i^V; ; '; .,- . j . , -. T^?;^iy^, ^'fmtm^: I ' .'. . "lohUjQ@'^/3sio*ij,.f0 (i?lf#k;. "P^ns and. Program for the ?irls' ndustrial School"?Mrs. Ella C. Perry, Girls' inViustriai. SChb'?k^.^' ? " ; ; :':'Jurerjrile Welfare CommJsi'son of Charlestcfn"??^iiss OJiyia. Conaprr Chariestpiu. I /. * ';;!";'. .*'.-".I--"-'*' ' *The Pacing of M^i'me'd vr: and'Bfs-' abled Soldiers trC.thia Sta^"^^ohn L. Davis,'Columbia. , % % .^??reU.ry,. State .fyyapZ cf ;Cr?ari State Schoo] for the.Feeble. Minded, A K*:t That Didu't SmcU After Beta^. I)ead For 3 Months. . "T rwea?- it. was dead at "least"thr^e months." said James Sykes. Butcher. I Westael<L>N. J. "We saw-this rat; er-; ' ervday.". Put a cake of RAT-SNAP" behind' a barrel. Months later :"my .v'fo as>"ed about >h<* rat. ^R^m^'rn bere<v the barrel, looked . behind - it. There was the raf?dead.' ' not . the slightest odor." Three sizes. 25c; 50c, $1.00. Sold and- guaranteed by Sibert's Drug, Sto'r.e, D?Rant: Hardware <$om>.;v pany and O'Donnfll Vfe' Co.?^Adyrt?? mm r<m* * Buy By M?ll -v , Write F\?t Ovx ?<it<al#$uc. N&?&7 'U ?;?:??''* :-:^'?st : .; I??'??.i-.fi U-v.:. *:t?>r<jN, '?' ? ? wiJU {^avc.-^ca .iji&z&j aoixi saow . otir 5y?;cn; of giviajj an absolute (It aM:sat&^t*fet? r -z-<^* hr GTfeed to K<^ars jPS one: