Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

Below is the OCR text representation for this newspapers page. It is also available as plain text as well as XML.

THE CHANGING BATTLE LINE IN THE EAST Q IMdcmz iL rfu*-* ftV. VBSi KEY ?r^ntaaaiwri ? ? ? Ort l *? - ? Hum oca ? ? Dec 1 mm ? ? Jan 1 +44 ? ? Mat i ? -is?' \ Ta? <*?ra>aaa mm ?in hmrm penetrated 'Sir* mark. Um ?fei?* ?Ue" of last ?utu. as eloso to Warsaw as the star FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR IN THE EAST Ths Brat twelvemonth of fighting Wtwwa the Russians on one tide and Hm Austriant and Germans on [IM other la a story of great changes of fortune, both combatants being ro toatedly driven back only to show greatest resiliency In defeat and to resume tho offensive In a most Ising manner. 11m and of the year, however, finds pendulum swinging strongly the csar. He may recover take agftua the roads to Cracow, and Berlin, but Just at pres? se Is on the whole In worse plight In any hour since the war s losses to the first year of are not approached by those any nation In any war of history, ordlng to reliable estimates, eho hod between 2.50OJ?0O and 4.000. men killed, injured* and oaptnrod. plte these horrible gaps made In ranks, she still has millions in field, and her groat reservoir of el does not show signs of ex ustion. It Is not men 4he lacks, but s, shells and brains* Slow to Mobilize. On August 1, 1914, Germany de? clared war en Russia. Almost Imme? diately the Germans crossed the fron I tier at Thorn and the. Austrian** south of Lublin. They were practically un i Bppoeed because of the slowness of mobilization In Russia. Tho Grand .Duke Nicholas XlcnolaJevttch was MOroed to gather his main armies well I to the rear of the lino of great fort fresaes running through Kovno, Orod Kb? Ossowetz. Novo Georgtevsk, War taw and I van gor od. On account of his desire to do all he could to relieve the French, who were being driven from northern Prance by tho amaglng German rush through Detgtum, Nicholas attacked sooner thsn hs otherwise would have done. As a result, lie met two disas? ters. Ho tent Oeaeral Samsonoff Into Kajt Prussia from the south and General Rennenkampf into East Prus? sia from the oast, the latter winning the first large engagement of the war ta tho Bast at Gumblnim At this moment the Germsns. bo Having that the French Were well in ?and and about to be surrounded on their eastern frontier, quickly with? drew 230.000 men from Fronen aud hurled them by rail Into Hast Prun eta. where they fell upon Samaonoff with crushing force In the great <;. r man victory of Tanneiiberg (Aug. It), Meanwhile, the Atwtrlans, leaving osuy s few troops in Oallcia to hoM book the Russlana advancing from Taruopol on the lln??#of the QftUa Mpa. , ttruck the Itus?lans'en masse at Kras alk and routed them to Lublin Most Bloody Orive of Wsr. With two armies In difficulty, the grand duke dedd*d to abandon one to Its fste and save the other. Ho threw re-enforcements into Lublin and ordered the line of the (inlla Llpa river be forced at any cost. In on'* of the most Moody driven of the war the Ruasians advanced into east? ern Gallcta and occupied Lemberg. The Russians then advanced to Rawa Ruska and took the Antritt armies In Poland in the rear. ( Utting them up frightfully. Meanwhile Von Htnd??nhurg had completed his victory over Samsonoff by turning on Kennonkampf ami ? Inn? ing Kant Prussia of Muscovites. Hut though Ue^nenkampf h?d h??n de? feated and Samsonoff almost anni? hilated, the Germans. The Russians wero now an far went as Tarnow in Oallcia. while their Coenaeka wnrn able to make raids Into tlui.gary farther south 11 ludcnhurt; concentrated a great force suddenly In Silesia and began a drive, from tho west against Warsaw and Ivan gored. The Sib. iur corps arrived In the nick of time to save Warsaw from the enemy High Tin> of Russlsn Invasion. Illndenburg then drew off ihr north? ern section of his army In Poland to Ui- north, thinking to take the purBU ing Russians In flank with too south? ern section. But tho Austrlans were too slow to carry out the field mar? shal's plans and tho Russians, slip ping Into a gap In the lines between the Germans and their allies, slaugh tered the latter. The result was the high tide of Russian Invasion. The Austrian* withdrew over the Carpa? thians again, leaving Przemysl to be besieged a second time. The Ger? man-* withdrew to Silesia and the Rus? sians, following closely, were able for a brief moment to raid this rich province at Pieschen. At the same time they entered East Prussia again. But again the German strategic railways proved their undoing. Hin denburg concentrated at Thorn and drove into the light flank of th I Rus? sian mnln forces, throwing them ' ck on Lodz. He advanced too far, however, and when he had the Russian forces near? ly surrounded, he suddenly found Rus? sians in hit own rear. In this ex? tremity, the Russians say, he tele? graphed for re-en fo/cements. But before the re enforcements sent from Flanders arrived the Ger? mans had managed at frightful cost to hack their way to safety. This was the bloody battle of Lodz. Wine Second Victory. With stronger German forces oppos? ing them the Russians withdrew to the line of Bzura, Rawa and Nida rivers. At the same time the Aus? trlans, attempting to debouch from the Carpathian passes, were driven back everywhere, leavlug 60,000 pris? oners. With January Hlndenburg made a third desperate attack on Warsaw. For ten days, both night and day, the (iermans came on. Then, having lost probably 30.000 men and the Russ.ans nearly as many, they gave It up. Unable to reach Warsaw, Hindenburg concentrated twice Slever's force in East Prussia, and won his second overwhelming victory there. Enor moua captures of Russians wore made and the fortress of Gradno was at? tacked farther west, from Ossowetz to Puitusk. The Germans retreated to Mlawa and then tried to flank the Russians at Przasnysz, which city they took. But the Russians again flanked the flanking party, as they had done at Lodi and won an important success (February 22-28). In March and April, the Russians pressed through the western Carpa? thian passes and entered Hungary, lust when their futuro seemed bright? est, the Germans broke tho Russian linn in West Gallcia and let through enormous forces. Pressing westward irresistibly, they took the Russian Carpathian armies in the rent- The hitter Mied to retreat, but vast numbers wer? captured. Przemysl, which had succumbed to tho Russian besiegers March 22, fell again into tho hands of the Austro* (iermans. Great German Maneuver. From Przemysl Von Mackensen drovo east through Mosciska and Grodck and captured Lemberg, tho Gallclan capital. Then he turned north and marched upon tho Warsaw Ivangorod - Prcst - Lltovsk triangle from tho south. At tho same ttmo tho Russians in southern Galieia, putting up a desper? ate resistance were driven by Von Llnsingen first to the lino of the Dn ter and then across the Gnlla Llpe to tho lino of the Zlotn Llpa. Keuching tho vicinity of Krasnlk In their drive to Warsaw from tho >uth. the Austrlans sustained a so ( vcte check in the scene of their tri? umph of the previous summer. Held r?i. this line the Germans attacked hot? ly from the north and took tho town of Pi WSnjei (July 14). The German:', tiow began the grand? est maneuver ever seen in tho history el human warfare. l'rorn the Windau river in the Hal tic provinces all the way along the herd- r nl Baet Prussia and in a gigan? tic ?weep through the vicinity of Ua lorn, ereet ot the Vistula, and ? line DVtll of the Lublin < holm railway the) delivered rmashlng hlovs ;inu ggYt reached the very gates of War saw. FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR ON THE SEA At the end of the ?rat year of war not. a German lighting craft, except submarines, is known to be at large outside the Haltic sea. The Austrian warships are confined to the up? per Adriatic and the Turkish fleet to the Sea of Marmora and adjacent straits. The mer? chant marine of the central European powers has disap? peared utterly from the ocean highways. Sixty million dol? lars' worth of German shipping lies idle In the docks of New York, while several times as much is bottled up elsewhere. At the same time the German submarines have inflicted enor? mous losses of allied shipping. While both sides have prob? ably concealed many losses, the following Is a fairly accu date summary of the number of craft which have been de? stroyed: Entente Alllea. Brit- Rus ish French sian Battleships ..10 2 Cruisers .12 1 2 Submarines ..4 3 Auxil. cruisers 5 ?? 1 Gunboats, de? stroyers, and torpedo boats 4 ? 2 Total Japanese and Italian losses, seven vessels of all classes. Teutonic Allies. Ger- Aus many tria Hattleships . 1 Cruisers .18 2 Submarines . 9 1 Auxiliary cruisers ....19 Gunboats, destroyers, and torpedo boats ...20 1 Total Turkish losses of ves? sels of all classes, four. Total tonnage en? tente allies .376,770 Total tonnage, Teutonic allies.224,746 BIG EVENTS IN FIRST YEAR OF THE WORLD WAR fur 2H? Archduke and Arehdncheaa I min is of Austria slain by Serbina aaaasslns. August I?(iormuny declares war on Russia. AuguMt 2?German forces enter Luxem? burg* Germany demands . passage, through Belgium. August 5?England announces atate of war wltb Germany. Auauat 7?French Invade aouthern Al? sace. August s? iiritUh troops land In France and Belgium. Auauat II?-Germans paas Liege forts. August 13? ting-land and France do* dare war on Austria. August IS?AuNtrlans Invade Serbia In force. August 17?-Beginning of live days' bat? tle between Serbians and Auntrlans on the Jadar, ending In Austrian rout. AuguMt 20? Germans enter Druaaela. August 23?Geriuuns enter Namur and attack Mods. Austria announces vic? tory over Ilusalans at Krasnlk. Japan declares war* August 24?Drltlsh begin retreat from Mona. August 25?French evacuate Muelhau sen. Auguat 27?Louvaln burned by * Ger? mane. August 2?? Ilnttle off Helgoland, sev eral German warships sunk. August 20? Rnsslatos crushed la three days* bnttle near Tnnnenbcrg. September a? Russians occupy Lem? berg. September 5?Bnttle of the Marne be? gins. German right wing defeated and retrent beglna. September 7?Mnubeuge falla. September 12?German retreat halta on the Alane. September 20 ? Germans bombard Relina and Injure the fnmona cathe? dral. Octoher 9?Antwerp occupied by the Germans. Sctoher 12?liner revolt atarta. einher 14? Allies occupy Yprea. Bnt? tle beglna on Vlatulu. October 15?Ostend occupied by the Germans. Oetober 10? First battle of Ypres be? glna. October 24?Ten dnys' bnttle before VYursnw ends In German retirement. October 27?Hussions rcoccupy Lods and Hndora. October 20?Turkey begins war on Rus? sia. November 3? Cierman squadron bom? bards British const. November 5? Dardanelles forts bom burded. November O?Tslngtnu surrenders. November 12? llnwsluns defeated at Llpno and Kutns?. November 1.%? Ruaslans defeated nt Vlotslnvek. November 17?Austrian victory over Serbinns nt Vuljcvo nanouneed. December 2?Austrlans occupy Bel? grade. December S?Scrblnna defeat Austrluns in three (lays' bnttle. Past Sahst 0?Germans occupy Lodz. December 1.1?Austrlans evacuute Bel grndc. December 10? German cruisers bom? bard Scarborough nad Ilartlepool, ISO elvlllans killed. December 2U-2H? Severe flghtlng on the Hue of the Bzurn river. January a, 1015? French udvance ncroas Alane north of SolNnona. January It?French driven back across Alane river. Jannury 21?Navsl battle la North sen. German armored cruiser Bluecher Nii nk. January :iO? BuN?lnas occupy Tnhrls. Februury 0?Failure of German nttucks went of Warsaw. Fehruur> K? llegliiiilug of bnttle In Fast 1'ruwNln, ending In RumnIuu de feut. I'ebruary IK?t.crmnn formal suhmu rlnc "hlocktidc" on Greut Ilrltalu be? gins. February 21?llumNlnnK driven from llukow liut. March 10?IlrltlNh make advance at Neuve < hnpellc. Mnreh 21?/.cppcl Inw bomhard |*arls. March 22?s u rrcu de r of Praomyal to BunmIiibs. Mareli :tl?RuNNlniiN iienetrute Dukln |i 11 *4m imil ruler liuuurnry. Iprll II?l'rcnch hei;luM violent uttuck* on Mihlcl Niilleut. \prll 1 I?KiiMHlniiH nt Sxtrnpko, 20 uilleM tnHlile Hiingnry. April is??Ruaslaaa avacuata Tarnaw. April 22?Second brittle of YprrN be SJtsa, \prll 2%?\llle? leave flalltpsll peiiln ?iitln, suffering feiirful Iohmcn. April 2h? \llles announce recapture of l.tzcruc Hal Sum mid llitrtiuniiiiSMcllcr Kspffi Maj 15?Berlin report** iiipturo of ,10. nen Huaalaa prisoners in ?vr*t flail* ein nuil Selaura mi three tlllngcN nenr TpVHh Ma| 0?litiMsiaaM f ill buck from Dakla SJfJSjSJ, Ma> 7?Berllu reportM citpture of tin low with many Husslan prisoners. May M?German submarine sinks the I.n-.lt-,iiin, mure than 1,150 loat. Rua alnua In full retreat fron? Cnrpa thlauH. May w?UermnuM capture 1,1 bau Ualtlc port. May 12?French capture Ceremony, north of Arrns, at great coat. May 14?tmerlcun flrnt submarine note mtule public. vi> 21?Italy declares war on Aus trlu. May 20?Italians luinde Austria. May 28?Itulluna tnke Grodno. Runalana check Germans at Slennwa. May 31?Flrat German note on aubma rlae reaehea Washing-ton. Zeppellaa drop bombs In London. June 3?I'raewysl falls to Anatro-Ger mans. .tune 10?Germaaa capture Stnntalau. June 11?Second V. S. aubmnrine note to Germany made public. Italluna take Monfalcone. June 12? Italians take Gradlaca. June IB?Auatro-Germaus occupy Tor nogrod. Jane 22f? French take Metseral. June 23? French unnounce oi-cupntlon of the "Labyrinth," north of Arras. June 2-1?Auatro-Germans capture Lem? berg. June 2M?Auatrlana croaa the Dnleater at Halles. June 29*? Halles falla. July 2? Russians defeat German at? tempt to land at WIndaa. July 3?Rnsso-Gsrman naval battle of Gottland. July 4?Italians take Tot ml no. July r> ?Merlin announces gains la the Argonne forest. July 16?Germans take Prsnanyas, 60 mllea north of Warsaw. July 10?Germans advance at many points In nuaaln, taking Windau, Tu kum. Blonde and Grobee. July 20?Russian* report sinking of 50 Turkish nailing vessels. German guns reach outer forts of Warsaw and damage the Lublln-Cholm rail? way. July 21? Third U. S. submarine note goea to Germany. July 22?Tnrktak-Gerrann expedition landed In Tripoli. July 24 German take two forts aear Warsaw. July 20?Russians repulse Austrlans in Gallola. CAMPAIGNS OUTSIDE BIG WAR THEATERS In a score of regions there has been fighting which would have held worldwide attention were it not for the mighty battle lines in Franco and Poland. . Scrvia's own war was a greater trial to her than either of the two preced? ing Dalkan struggles. Assisted by Montenegro, the little Slavic nation twice threw the hosts of Franz Josef beyond her borders and inflicted losses of about 330,000 men, but she Buffered severely herself. The Austrians invaded Serbia in groat force about August 15 and pene? trated to the Jadnr river, where a threat five-day battle ended in the rout of the Teutons. The. Austrians returned Boon In stronger force than ever. They reached Valjevo, where On November 17 the Serbians met a defeat. With their supply of artillery am? munition exhausted, the Serbians now had to retreat. The Austrians, be? lieving them crushed, withdrew six army corps for re-enforcements against the victorious Russians in Ga? lle i a. r#1 Shells and English tara with naval guns reached the Serbians, and on December 5 they turned on the Aus? trians and cut them to pieces. The entry of Turkey into the war was marked by a brave, but foolhardy attempt to invade Egypt. Great Brit? ain's Indian ajjd colonial troops threw the invaders back with heavy losses. British and Japanese troops invest? ed the fortified German port of Tsing tau, China, and after a siege of a few weeks the defenders gave up the hope? less struggle. A section of the Boer population of South "Africa revolted. The revolt was put down by a Boer, Premier Botha. He then Invaded German Southwest Africa, and after a long campaign in the waterless deserts captured the greatly outnumbered Germans (July 8). After taking three-quarters of a year to arm herself to the teeth, Italy at? tacked Austria this spring. The effect of the entry of Italy upon the arena has not yet been marked. **************** ********** FIRST YEAR COST OF I WAR IN MEN AND MONEY 1 Only approximately accurate tables of the killed, wounded and missing in the first year of the war are possible, because France and Russia and Austria Hungary do not give out their figures, while Germany has changed her policy recently to 4? one of secrecy. Great Britain *! still tells her losses from h month to month. \ , The following estimates are jj believed to give a fairly cor .. rect idea of the casualties: |J Teutonic Allies. 0 Germany .2,300,000 |J Austria-Hungary .1,900,000 Turkey . 230,000 * _ JTotal .4,430,000 Entente Allies. * France .1,700,000 ? Hussia (Including pris * oners, 1.175,000) _3,500,000 1 Great Britain . 480,000 J Belgium . !'<>0.000 * Scrvia. ^40,000 * Japan . 1,210 Italy (no reports of losses . 75,000 Portugal (lighting in colonies) .(minor) Montenegro . 30.000 San Marino . (?) Total.6,286,210 % The first year of the war'has % cost the belligerent govern- t mentl about 116,600,000,000 in 2 direct expenditure! for mill* 2 tar> purposes. The war is now costing about $46,000,000 a day. 4? $2,000,000 an hour and $30,000 J a mfeutt. + * * * * * ??}<>???????????????? * * THE GREAT BATTLE LINES IN THE WEST The first general engagement In the West, aometlmea known as the battle of Mons-Chnrlcrol, atnrted August 20 and resulted In the defeat of the Flench nnd Brltlah. They retrented south of the Marne, where the aeeond general en? gagement atarted September 5. The line of this dnte on the map shows the armies' positions Just before the bat*Ie. The German right wing wna broken up nnd forced back, bringing about a retirement of the whole line. The Gei-man poaltlons on Septamher P. la the midst of their retreat, are shown on the map by a serlea of light rectangles, while a row of darkened rectangles Indicates the carefully prepared trench line of the Alane where they stopped and were attneked by the allies Septem? ber 13. lloth sides now extended their lines toward the coast. Light square* show the approximate position assumed September 30. By October 10 the siege line was complete from the Alps to the sea. The ltn* of September 30 also shows the Germans' great drive Into the French line across the Meuae at St. Mlhlel. Crossed aworda mark the spots of the entrenched siege lino where the greatest struggle* have taken plnce since October 19. FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR IN THE WEST The first month and a half of tho western campaign was made up of startling, swift moves. On September 12, after the defeat on the Marne, the Germans took up defensive positions along the Aisno river. The ten and a half months since then have seen a long deadlock. The battle line of the Aisne and the Oise quickly extended northeast to the Sea. Fighting has been continuous, with tremendous losses. The general situation has remained unchanged, gains of a few miles for one side at ono point offset by minor gains for tho enemy In other sectors. At the beginning of August the kaiser took possession of the little state of Luxemburg and demanded passage through Belgium to the Fran? co-Belgian frontier. Permission to pass denied, Von Einem attacked 1 iege (August 4), while other German armies passed around the city and swept over the level Belgian roads at a terrific rate. The little Belgian army yielded Brus? sels ard fell back to Antwerp and Ghent. First Big Engagement. Not until the Germans had almost reached the French border did the first important engagement take place This is generally known as the battle of Mons-Charleroi (about August 20 28), but at the same time there was severe fghting along the whole line through Thionville in Lorraine and along the Vosges in upper Alsace, which the French had invaded with temporary success. This battle resulted in defeat for the French and English. While obtaining some successes in counter-attacks on the advancing Ger? mans at Peronne and at Guise, the French were obliged to fall back rap? idly to the line of the River Marne. On the left the French had with? drawn to below Paris and the western? most German army, under Von Kluck, followed. The garrison of Paris was put in thousands of motor cars and hurled on Vqjl Kluck's flank. The latter was not ta??V entirely unawares* a.nd met the attack strongly, hut at the same time the army of General Foch attacked the German army on Von Kluck's left and drove it back. Driven Rack From Paris. The Germans had begun the battle with five armies in line. The with? drawal of the two farthest west now caused the retreat of the third, fourth and fifth in that order, each in turn finding its flank exposed by the with? drawal of the troops on its right. At the same time the movement on the east end of the German lino was ac? celerated by a strong attack from- the French fortified zone of Verdun. The German retreat was as orderly as that of the French and English had been. The invaders took up an ad? mirable defensive position. It ran just north of the Aisne river, on a series of bluffs, then just north of Chalons and through the wooded, rough regions of the Argonno and the Woevre, joining hands here with the troops besieging Verdun. The allies have tried this line in vain ever since. Both combatants now tried to turn the west flank. Enormous bodies of cavalry. On tho part of the French Flanders. On the part of the French there was largely the desire to link up with the Belgians, now being attacked in Antwerp. The mighty siege guns of the Germans made short work of the Belgian seaport, however, and it fell on October 9. The remnants of the Belgian army retreated along the sea coast and the Germans in a final j rush reached Ostend tOctober 15). Line Extended xo the Sea. The battle line of the Aisne was now extended to the sea. tho Germans hold? ing the important French city of Lille, while the allies kept Yprcs In Belgium and. partly by Hooding the lowlands, held the position of the Yaer river and canal. From October 16 to November 10 was fought the desperato first battle j of Ypres, when the Germans Buffered enormous losses In attempts to break through the line in Flanders and reach Calais. They succeeded in pushing back the allies only a little and the Invasion of Silesia by the CoBsacks finally induced them to desist and send re-enforcements to Russia. The Germans in September had per? formed the feat of pushing a salient into the French line south of Verdun, which terminated on the west bank of the Meuse river at St. Mihiel, while the French had taken the offensive with some success in Champagne at .about the same time. For the rrost part throughout the winter the lighting consisted of regu? lar siege warfare, with heavy artillery combats and mine and counter-mine. The flooding of the River Aisne from winter snows gave the Germans a chance to entrap the French troops on the north side of that river in the vicinity of Solssons for a considerable distance and kill or capture most of them (January 14). Take Offensive in Spring. With the spring, the French and English attempted to take the offensive at several points. Always preparing the way with tens or hundreds of thou shands of shells, they tried Joint after Joint of the German armor. In the Vosges the dominating height of Hartmannsweilerkopf was taken and retaken several times in sanguin? ary charges and finally remained in the hands of the French. The salient of St. Mihiel was also subjected to tremendous French pres? sure on both "legs." The French suc? ceeded in gaining a little ground, but the Germans, despite the apparent weakness of the sharp wedge they had drilln into the French line, could not be dislodged and later succeeded In re? gaining some of the territory they had lost. The British also reported "victories" at Neuve Chapelle and Hill No. 60, in Flanders. Whether these should bo accounted successes for the allies is doubtful. The British suffered enor? mous losses and at Neuve Chapelle bungled affairs to the extent of shell? ing their own men who had taken Ger? man trenches. In other cases they left gallant little parties lodged In enesay's trenches without supports to be annihilated. The next development was the un? expected use of poisonous gas fumes by the Germans in attacks Just north of Ypres. With thiB novel weapon they succeeded in taking several small villages and more than compensating for the British gains south of Ypres. The losses of the French, Canadians and British were Bevere, but they suc? ceeded in stemming the German on? slaught effectively a few miles back from their former position. Begin Series of Attacks. The German line makes a salient at Solssons, though not such a pro? nounced one as at St. Mihiel. The French now began a series of at? tacks on the upper side of this salient, to the north of Arras. Exr^riing hun? dreds of thousands of shells, they time and again blasted away the barbed wire entanglements and concrete trenches, held by Crown Prince Rup precht of Bavaria's men, and then charged across the desolate ground for slight gains. The fighting centered about the su? gar refinery of Souchez and the great German work called the Labyrinth. Fighting went on in cellars and tun? nels below tho earth and tho casual? ties were heavy. The French beut the German lino and captured the Laby? rinth, but whether the gains Justified their sacrifice in human life Is Ques? tionable. In July, Crown Prince Frederick Williams army attacked in the Ar g?nne forest, west of Verdun, and succeeded in gaining several hundred yards of shattered woodland and cap? turing several thousand Frenchmen. There were rumors that the Ger? mans were re-onforcing for another groat drive toward Calais or, Paris, but the Teutonic campaign In the West continued to wait upon the crushing of tho much weaker enomy I in Poland.