Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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The Power of By Margaret Stowe 0OOD advice ca: small if it is no In the case they see they 11 come to resemble That is the r the importance how efficient set home life must : Sng the character of our future meu a; Parents should remember that cb ere than the ear, and the most trifllnj an unconscious look may give a stami A wise man says, "So much do moral atmosphere that is breathed, a: cised by parents over their children ! perhaps the best system of parental these two words, 'Improve thyself.'" We do not think often enough of t a word uttered by a fiumau being but the end of which we may never trace, Kverv ffood word or deed of youi see the fruit it bears, but so will the Setting a good example is a silen least significant person can practice ii twitfc us unconscious influences for go Sir Fowell Buxton speaks with :which he owed to an illiterate man rode and sorted. ' What made hira particularly vai and honor. '*He never said or did a thing in t aroulu have disapproved. "He always held up the highest youthful minds with sentiments as p in the writings of Seneca and Cicero. "Such was my first instructor, ant We are all like children and are m than the ear. Whatever is seen mak that is merely read or heard. Parents should strive both for tl latter may be able to say as Pope die yty, "I think it enough that my pare blush, and that their sod, such as b A How Thomas Doj By Noah Brooks it was, nobody c purchase of Louisi Jefferson was unt ments concluding ? \ IW* The treaty of cessic it was placed bef word to Washiugt before closing the " ?? thirty days to cros each other too thickly to veuture on ( sale of the French province to a powei deed was done. Jefferson, delighted beyond measi puzzled to discover ways and means to r- their action. He had offered to buy a ? place of deposit. He was to have hi extent to many principalities. He ha m- in a needed purchase: he found himsel n his part 115.000.000. A strict consl cue purcnase 01 ioreign lerruuiy part, be found himself bound in bono double the area of the United States. L At this time the Federalist party > tlonists. Their only distinct policy, proposed by the "Republicans. Their Jefferson did was not right. The eh fk Jefferson's agents In Paris had bong 1 digious. It was asserted that the pui i ' new confederacy which should includ lands lying immediately east thereof. 6* derisively, who is to be emperor of 1 . above all. the cost of this vast region L Billions for a worthless wilderness! How We Bought the Great West," i I' - * & * ' Education and g U By C. O. Witter H. ^e knows enough t< t \ ^ often repeated about I 1 age when he should If cocma tn luk rwim ?* MM M much to farm, and V that vocation who v KV i' M it from the atandpoii farmer afford to l>e ? * farmers of to-day V was a successful farmer, but he had 1 Secretary Wilson is another example But even in ordinary farm life th r %e overlooked. The time is soon com | Cerstacd the value and proper use o1 t . aoll. will be a failure as a farmer. ' college graduate, with a kuowledge o >: How many farmers are killiujr, du 5.! acreecb owls, as well as other birds w insect pects which devour their cror ut of their cherry tree when it is tl I fruit? Multitudes of fanners are doi aiess and neglect, many because thoy I & & Pensions For A ? By Wilbur F. Copelam ^ married women render S they should have recogj rommou heritage of hun # ** ? kind? I-'. ??>?> .. There is one legitim It' This excuse is that she Wlty for the future of the race bv ha I possible equipment and inspiration tor A woman who does that deserves tl ought to have the highest rate of wag< But who is to pay her? Probably h lively insignificant occupation and car she can have anything like a reasonal community. In common decency, men and wor that they can accord to the woman wh *ace such a share in the common cari ?u<l do anything she pleases to raise u 'for her own and her children's suppori Society should f?e told plainly that i f attrvice of women in giving their lives 1 permitting them to share generously in Every married woman who does h Intelligence ought to be on the payroll raiment. No kind of work is more importan nrages than the work of a mother wbos the community. Ha Example ries weight, but its influence i> eerj t accompanied by good example. ' of children, for instance, whatever mconsciously imitate. They insensiblj those who are about them, eason that so much stress is laid upor of domestic training. For no matter tools may be, the examples sot in the always be of greater influence in form- , ad women. iidreu learn move quick-y through the E acts of carelessness, a tuute action or > to the charaeter that is never effaced, es the moral health depend upon the I rwl e/. i>roni ic th?. influence djlllv MPf- I by living a life before their eyes. th:it I iustruetion might be summed up in he fact that there is not an aet done or carries with it a train of consequences. rs will live, even though you may not bad. t teaching which even the poorest and a his daily life and we are all carrying od or evil. so much gratitude of 1he obligations a samekecper with whom lie played. luahle were his principles of integrityhe absence of my mother of which she standards of integrity and filled our ure and as generous as could be found 1. I must add. my best." lore or less apt to learn through the eye es a far deep impression than anything aemselves and their children that the 1 in reply to the sarcasm of Lord Hernts. such as they were, never cost uic e i?. never cost them a tear." Jefferson i ibled Our Area ould have foreseen what a turmoil the iana would cause in the United States, loubtedl.v dazed when the three doeu- [ and sealing that purchase reached hint. >n was already nearly a mouth old when ore him. There was no time to send on from Paris and ask for instruetions < bargain. Although it required about i s the ocean, events were crowding ujton a delay so great before concluding the 1 on the western side of the ocean. The 1 ire at the success of his envoys, was consummate their purchase and legalize , few hundred acres for a dockyard and i mded over to him a territory equal in d been authorized to expend S2,000.000 f Involved In a transaction that required | tructionist. and believing as he did that ! tuld be an unconstitutional act on his < r to consummate a bargain that would lind become merely a party of obstruc- , apparently, was to oppose everything , cardinal principle was That whatever imor raised by the announcement that j lit the Province of Louisiana was prophase contemplated the formation of a e the valley of the Mississippi and the ; Uat'in.* lvoiinrlif un untniro thor ucL'Ofl WUhUt oil nujfui., %ui,? :he newly acquired domain? The cost, was regarded as monumental. Fifteen The bare idea was preposterous.?From ' n Scribuer's. ( & the Farmer ) farm." I have heard the above words ] some young man who had reached ihe i enter the high school or the academy. ] liar idea that one docs not need to know < there are some individuals who follow rould confirm this idea; but looking at J it of the twentieth century, can even a , uneducated? Who are the sooeessful j Former Governor Mount, of Indiana, lis college diploma hanging on the wall. | of the educated farmer. < e advantages of an education must not I iug when the farmer who does not un- 1 ' fertilizers, and the composition of his ! Hie future successful farmer will be a , f chemistry and biology. iy after day, the harmless snake, toads, \ ho are their best protection against the < >s? How many shoot the woodpecker 1 worm ihe bird is after, and not the I ag these things. sonic through careless know not what they do. i r &r larried Women d i any service to the hniuan race for which < tition and be permitted to share in the lanity and the common earnings of man- , . . i ate excuse for a woman to he married. ^ wants to assume her share of rcponslivinp children and giving them the best : a useful life. le best that the world can give her. She ' es that is paid to anybody. 1 er husband is engaged in some eosupnra- I inot share with her in such a way that lie compensation for iicr services to the , ccn should be so organized industrially io is renderinp the highest service to the lings that she can buy her own clothes p new men and women without exnense ' ; t is dishonest to accept the results of the !o raise up new men and women without ' i the common heritage of the race. 1 er duty with conscience and ability art* : I on some organized department of gov 1 < t or more worthy of the highest rate oi 1 ro sou ?.nu daughters become a. cred?' '.o < i MAKES AN ATTACK.] Russian P^pcr Neutrality Has Been ! Violated SEVERELY ARRAIGNS UNCLE SAM , ["he Two Countries Drifting ApartPopular Feeling in Russia Stirred up By ueriain r>cw.?p?p.-n, St Petersburg, By Cable?The Bours* Gazette makes a Washington dispatch ] ?aying the United States has under- , taken to lay a submarine cable from ( the Philippine Islands to Japan, to ' f/revent the latter's isolation in case < the Russians cut the Shanghai cable, j the subject of a bitter attack upon the i government at Washington, "for this :ew evidence of its breach of neutrally," claiming that th? contention of 1 he United States "that the laying of j the chble will be undertaken for the j mproverr.ent of trade relations." does . tot clear America's skirts, and inquirng "what the Americans would say if < iJermany had run a cable from Kioa i ilhou to Port Arthur or Viadivostock." The attitude of the United States is i subject of constant discussion in even the highest circles here, where, with .he greatest regret, the fear is expressed that the two countries, with- ( lut excuse, so far as Russia is con- , rerned, seemed to be drifting apart, j rhe recently reported cancellation of | American contracts indicates how the resentment of America's supposed hostility has invaded business affairs. Pop- 1 alar feeling is, of course, to be largely Jttrlbuted to certain of the Russian , newspapers, which have suddenly turn- ( sd their batteries from Great Britain to the United States and have seized fvery rumor to place the worst possible interpretation upon it. Gives Payne Credit. Washington Special.?The President Saturday sent the following let- I ter to Postmaster General Payne: I "White House, Washington. D. C.. Februry 27. 1904. "My dear Postmaster General: "While all the work of the Postof- < flee Department and the Department 1 of Justice in connection with the pos- 1 tal frauds is not yet over, there is al- ( ready to the credit of the departments, and therefore primarily to . your credit, such an amount of sub- ( sta?itivc achievement, that I take this opportunity to congratulate you upon ' it. It is impossible to expect that i corruption will not occasionally occur ] In any government: the vital point is the energy, the fearlessness, and the efficiency with which such corrup- 1 tion is cut and the corruptions pun- 1 !shed. The success of the prosecu tions in this case as compared with , previous experiences in prosecuting government officialr who have been guilty of malfeasance or misfeasance ' is as noteworthy as it is gratifying, ' and must be. a source of encourage- i rnent to all men who believe in de- , cency and honesty ir. public me. What has been accomplished by you, ' by those who worked under rou in ' your department, and by the Depart- i nient of Justice, redounds to the credit of our whole people, and is a sing- , ular triumph for the cause of popular government. If corruption goes un- ; punished in popular government, then ' government by the people will ulti- ] mately fail: and they are the best , friends of the people who make it evident that whoever in public office sins against the fundamental laws- i of civic and social life, will be pun- < islied. ] "Sincerely yours. , "THEODORE ROOSEVELT. ; 'Hon. H. C. Payne. Postmaster Gen- , eral." E. F, Abell Dead. Baltimore. Special.?Edwin Frank- , lin Abell. president of the A. S. Abell Company, publishers of The Sun news- j paper of this city, died at his resi- j jenoe Sunday, aged 04 years. Mr. ] Abell was born in Baltimore and was j the oldest of eleven children of the i late Arunab S. Abell. founder of The i Sun. and by his death the last of the founder's sons has passed away. ( Upon finishing his school studies at , the age of 1?, Mr. Abell entered the , counting room of The Sun office. Although he always was identified with ] the publishing of The Sun. he had ( jiven his attention more closely to the management of his father's estate , ind not until the death of George W. , Abell did he assume direct control of , the paper. Since the death of his broth- \ sr he has been the directing head of , the paper's policies and vi jwg on na- | tional questions and natlo lal affairs, j As director of his paper .t was his Hxed policy to keep his personal iden- j ty from the puDHC ga*e. ana ne achieved a notable success. i Plans for Fighting Yellow Fever. Mexico City, Special.?A omprehen-.ixe plan for suppressing and preventing yellow fever in cities and towns of northeastern Mexico has been devised by Mr. Lyega. chairman of the , superior board of ?.ealth. The plan is to follow the course the board took j last summer and take rapid action should the fever again show itself. Mosquitoes will be thoroughly destroyed. The board proposes to work ; in entire harmony with the health authorities in the United States and , Texas. The remarkame exemption of i this citv from typhoid fever this year is due to improved sanitation. The Cloth Market Quiet. Manchester, By Cable.?The cloth market has been quiet this week. The large Eastern distributing outlets 1 furnished few orders. Neither Calcutta nor China is disposed to buy good 1 shirtings at quotations. Prints and fancies have been more favorably juoteci and a fair week's work has jeen done. Purchasers of standard qualities for South America have been made. PROSPERITY IS REAL1 j Southern Development No Longer a Matter of Prophecy c A MOST INTERESTING REVIEW ?? The Southern Hanker* Furnish the nanufacturers' Record With Facts and Hgures. Baltimore. Special.?The value of th? past season's cotton crop, about $650.>00.000. as compared with the value, '325.000.000. of the crap of the season 3f 1S9S-99. added to the large g.ain crop | In the South, has placed that section In better financial snapc* than ever bercre. it now has agricultural prosperlty in ?crnertien with flourishing industrial !nf"resis. This is reflected in a mass of letter? from Southern banker.*- published in last week's issue of Tlie Manufacturers' Record in reply to inquiries made o? them for their i tews: (1) i the general Southern business situation present and prospective. i?) On the improvement in agrkulhral conditions as tending to place the farming interests of the South on i volid basis for general prosperity, lessening their dependence upon nop Ikns In making the coming crops and resulting in a decrease of farmers' indebtedness on personal credit and mortgage?. The responses v.er prompt and grat- , Ifying, Their genetal tenor is of a decidedly positive character. There is agreement of opinion that finances in the South are upon a most healthy and ?ubstantlal basis. Increased oanking capital is recorded, larger deposits than ever before arc shown in national. ?tate and savings banks and. at the same Mme. much local money is going Into new industrial enterprises or into the enlargement of existing ones. Many municipalities have been infused with the spirit cf prozressiveness able to find expression in the general financial prosperity and on many sides are definite plans for the betterment of L'JIV |l|L"|iri lies i'.uu llIU UU>llUfCiuvuv or streets. schools and roadways. Prosperity in the South is 110 longer a matter of prophecy, writes one banker. It is an existing condition which one may see and feel on every side and it is attributed immediately to the high price for cotton received by the producer ana to the immense gains made by the actual holders of spot cotton. Back of it all. though, is the wisdom gained by the farmers in the situation five or six years ago when much c otton was raised at a ioss. Then the farmers were compelled to practice economy of the strictest sort in all their methods and to turn their attention to diversified crops. Compulsion in many instances had become choice, and, consequently, the opening of the season found many farmers ready to take the best advantage of the high prices of cotton. Now they are paying cash for their supplies instead of subjecting themselves to lien merchants, they have relieved themselves from their indebtedness or have reduced it to a marked degree, they are swelling the bank deposits and in some communities the dependence upon crop liens and mortgages to make the c oming crop will be confined almost entirely to the negroes and to the less thrifty class of small white farmers. A note of caution, however, is sounded here and ihere in reference to the terdeney to spend the surplus earnings of the year in greater quantities of fertilizers and a larger number of mules, indicating the planting of a more extensive acreage, in spite of the hard lessons of adversity. But the general situation seems to be well summed up in a letter from a banker of the Middle South, who writes: "Municipal improvements in the way of electric* lights, water-worlcs and schools are increasing in all directions, and planters and others who wete willing a few years ago to live in houses without any comforts, now require all modem conveniences .such as water, gas. electric lights, musical instruments and infact. everything that money and culture will demand. This applies to people In all walks of life, of course; however, it is In proportion to their mean? that these comforts are Indulged In Comparing the price of cotton in 1898?$20 to $23 per bale? with the average price received by the planter this year?not less than $63 per bale on an average?cotton seed bringing $4 to $6 per ton more than it aia a year ago. I think you can set it down ftiet tne soutn win realize ivi uc. i-uitoi crop and by-products, not counting the large number of bales manufactured into doth and yarns, at least |7?>0,000.00C. It is not only cotton that we realize upon now. but every manufacturing interest that can be thought of is at present in the South and the number is being increased almost daily, giving employment to all kinds of labor. Many of these industries are carried on by families. The South has b>en very free from strikes and this fact commends it to those seeking new homes. Our schools are on a good basis, our people law-abiding and the right hand of fellowship is extenneu to every one who locates among us. with or without money, who shows a disposition to work and help build up this part of our great republic." Roosevelt Endorsed. Roanoke, Va., Special.?The Re- J publicans of the Fifth Congressional ! district met in convention at Martinsville Friday. The Henry county delegation was contested, as there were two factions, led by G. P. Smith and J. B. Anglin. Smith stood for the ! State organization and was seated. Delegates were elected t< the nation al convention, and were instructed to vote for Roosevelt. EVENTS IN FAR EAST Effort to Blockade Port Arthur Proved Ineffectual. London. By Cable.?War correspondents and Europeans in Japan comment in amazement upon the success of Japanese officials in preserving secrecy regarding all the operations of war, and declare this conspiracy of silence is not only confined to government and service circles, but that it extends to very section o? the community. All (lasses of people are submitting with marvelous patience to being deprived of news which they recognize is imperative to the succes of the national cause. It is undoubtedly in pursuance of this policy that no Japanese account of the Port Arthur attacks has yet been published and none is expected until Admiral Togo has completed his designs there. In the meantime, if the report from Viu Kow of a Japanese landing near Vladivostok, which at present is based on missionary and native statements, should prove correct, a most important and uew development in the Japanese operations will have been revealed. as it points to an attack on Vladivostok from which Possiet bay is a little over been beaten by the rapidly moving Japanese. The latter are said to have a large enough force to check the Russians, thus insuring the possession of Corea as soon as they are capable of making an aggressive nnrth<rn movement themselves. The small bodies of mounted Russians who were scouting south of the Yalu river speedily withdrew to the northward. Storms are interfering with naval operations. The Yellow sea Is swept by gales, heavy snow is falling and the weather is bitterly cold. The forces of Japanese are going to the front splendidly equipped to withstand the cold, but despite their preparations both sides will suffer much during the next 30 days. Rochester's Elf Fire. Rochester. N. Y? Special.?The sun set Friday night with ten engines pouring streams of water on the ruins of what was practically the retail dry f.oods district of this city, ror three outof live department stores were consumed In the day's disastrous fire, one of which, the Sibley. Lindsay Ac Curr Company was by far the largest establishment of this kind In the city, and the oldest. Insurance men place the loss at $4,000,000. Of this amount $750,000 represents the loss on buildings, and the remainder the loss on stocks of goods and to occupants of offices. It Is estimated that 2.250 people are thrown out o- work by the fire. The burned district lies on the north side of Main street, between St. Paul and Clinton avenue, north, running from St. Paul's street almost the entire length of the block. The fire started in the store of the Rochester Dry Goods Company and worked west, takWashington. Special.?"Guilty as indicted" was the verdict announced by Carl Peterson, the ..foreman of the jury in the now fanqpus postofflce conspiracy trials, shortly after 8 o'clock. Friday night, stating at the same time that this was the verdict as to all four .H'fendants. August W. .\Jachen. late general superintendent of the rural tree delivery division; George E. Lorenz. of Toledo, and Samuel A. and Diler B. Groff, of this city. The jury had been out nine hours, although the verdict was reached in eigffit. hours and twenty-five minutes. An interesting story is told of the ing but one store east of this establishment?that of the Walkover Shoe ComDanv?and was checked in that di reetion. Next west was the store of the Beadle, Sherburne Company, which was destroyed, then the marble block occupied by the Sibley, Lindsay & Curr Company, which was destroyed, and finally the thirteen-story granite building, the lower part of which also was occupied by the Sibley. Lindsay & Curr Company, and the upper part *by offices. Only the front wall erf the Marble building is standing tonight. The shell of the Granite building is intact and the floors are in place, but the building was gutted. The Sibley Lindsay & Curr Company's aix-story wholesale building, together with the stables in the rear, wss destroyed with all its valuable contents, this loss being placed at $1,450,000. There were no casualties and no one was injured, except Chief Frank A. iwnps who was struck by a flying j nozzle and received ?ome bruises. Was a Failure. Yin Kin. By Cable.?Native reports that the Japanese have landed at Pcssiet bay and subsequently undertook operations against Hunchun. and towards Kirin, have received qualified confirmation from English missionary refugees who have arrived at New Chwang. These people say the RussoChinese bank has removed from Kirin to Kwang Chang Tsi where commercial interests are seeking safety and defense. ? hoc n-mtiipprl I nis reporit-u auiauic consternation among the Kupropean civilians residing in the line of march. It is reported also that the Russian government bureau at Vladivostok has withdrawn to Khabarovsk. ' Possiet Bay is in Russian Manchuria, about 70 miles southwest of Vldlvostok. Chunrhun is on the left bank of the Tumen river and about 40 miles to the west of Possiet bay. Kirin is a big Manchurian town and lies about 220 milys inland and to the west of Posset bay. Kwang Cheng Tsi is about 80 miles we3t of Kirin. Khabarovsk is about 400 miles to the north of Vladi\ostok. with which port it is connected by a railroad. > Fire at Newport New*. Newport News, Va.. Special.?Fire of unknown origin broke out In the angle iron shed of the Newport News Shipbuilding Company's big plant Friday and totally destroyed the building. the only frame structure in the ship yeard. The flre-fighting facilities of the yard were sufficient to prevent the flames from spreading to other buildings. The total loss is estimated at $15,000. The loss is covered by insurance. - -.J ^ THEIR RUSE FAILED The Plucky Japs Went Against ttar<T Preposition RECEIVED A STUNNING REPULSE All Does Not Appear to Be Smooth Sailing to the Hopeful Hosts of the Island Kingdom. St. Petersburg. By Cable.?Reports of a Russian victory at Port Arthur were current late Wednesday afternoon ami early in the evening, hut the stories of the dimensions of this victory v.ere most conflicting and confusing in character. The most circumstantial report was that the Japanese had attempted to bottle up Admiral Starks fleet in Port Arthur by sinking two stone laden vesseis at the entrance of the harbor, employing the tactics which were considered, but not executed, by the late Admiral Sampson, U. 3. N., with the Merrimac at Santiago during the Spanish-American war. According to this acount two Japanese ships appeared off the harbor with a Japanese fleet behind them and ostensibly In pursuit. The Russians however, sus- / pected a ruse, and their ships steam- ' ed out, sank the stone-ladened vessels / and engaged and defeated the enemy and drove them off. The reports of the losses inflicted, however, are conflicting. AH the stories include the feature of the vessels iaden with stones, but, according to some versions, the Japanese fleet was convoying the two ships with a purpose of effecting a landing at Pigeon Bay, and with the failure of this prelim lnary maneuvre, the Russians played havoc with both the Japanese warships and the transports, sinking four of the former and two of the latter. One account gives the name of the battleship Retzlvan as the vessel which particularly distinguished herself during the action by ramming and sinking one of the Japanese battleships. Rumors of this victory were spread far and wide over the city during the early part of the evening, and the crowds which gathered in the streets, in spite of the severe cold, to discuss the news, were greatly excited. The news of the victory was accompanied by the two stories, one that after the first decisive Russian \ictory the Em peror would offer peace, and the other that Japan had deposed the Empercr of Corea, and formally arnexed that country. Both these reports are without confirmation, and they are given simply as examples of thevfnrioc xthieh flnateri nhoilt in the ex cited crowds. Instead of diminishing: the crowds at the admiralty and newspaper and telegraph agencies' offices kept increasing, and the excitement attained the fever point when it was definitely known that the Emperor had received a telegram giving more details and showing that the Russian victory w&k even greater than was at first reported. Newspaper messengers waited at the admiralty with fast horses ready to carry away the news white it was being prepared. When the sheets were finally distributed at 2.ZO o'clock this morning a rush was made f for the exits and the assembled off cers cheered wildly and repeatedly. The crowds showed not inclination to disperse, showing that' further news would be received showing the exact extent of the Russian victory. It must be observed that In his dis patch Viceroy AlexiefT does not mention the number of steamers which the Japanese tried to sink, or drive upon the Russian ships, and it is not yet known whether the four vessel* the captain of the Retzhan observed going down were also laden with inflammables or whether they wore warships. The greatest praise Is given to the commander of the Retzivan, and the splendid action of thi3 Amcricfcubttiit vessel places her name foremost on the roll of the Russian navyViceroy AlexiefT's dispatch was an rmpliflcation of a brief telegram received by the Emperor earlier, but which was not given out. Later it was said that Russia sustained no losses in the engagement. It Is evident that Vice Admiral Stark no longer commands the Russian Port Arthur naval forces. Vice toy Ale>lefl mentioning a temporary rommander of the fleet without giving any name. Report of Russian Victory. Paris, By Cable?The Russian embassy here has received a communitation to the effect that a Japanese squadron dining the night of February 21. tried to block the entrance to Pert Arthur harbor, at the same time attacking Russian warships there with torpedo boats and trying to set then? on fire. The battleship Retvizen, supported by the roast batteries, repelled this attack, forced the .Japanese to retire. and succeeded in sinking four or their vessels. The news of this Russian victory was posted in the lobbies of the Chamber of Deputies and the. Senate during- the sitting today and caused great enthusiasm. Have Not Crossed Frontier. Tokio, By Cable.?Reliable reports from northern Korea report that the Russians have not yet crossed the Yau? river. Their scouts have, it is rumored. penetrated into the country south cf Wiju, but the main force still remains north of the river. The Japanese seem to be confident that the Russians are unable to assemble in sufficient force. The Russian strength north of the Yalu is variously estimated from 20,000 to 40,000 men.