The Darlington news. (Darlington, S.C.) 1875-1909, November 25, 1886, Image 1
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THE DARLINGTON NEWS,
P OBUSK*I> 1VBBTTHURSDAY MORNING
henry tTThowpson.
PROPRIETOR.
tBB K9..$S L**** ,n AdTa,, « e -
On* bwertion. fl.OO
One SquAM, ••oond mwition .60
g»try »ubMq*nt iM*rtiqn 60
Coatnot ad»«rtiB«menU inserted upoa the
most reesonsble terns.
MerriMO Notice# and Obituaries, not
exceeding six lines, inserted free.
DARLINGTON
1
“FOR U8 PRINCIPLE IS PRINCIPLE—RIGHT IS RIGHT—YESTERDAY, TO-DAY. TO-MORROW, FOREVER.”
VOL. m NO 47.
DARLINGTON, S. C.. THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 25, 1886.
WHOLE NO 620.
Our job departmeut issupplicd witherer^
feciliijr ueceseury to enable us toconpr'p
both as toprlce anil quality of work, with e,*^
those ot the cities, and we guarantee satis,
factum in every particularer charge nothing
for our work. We are always prepared tp
fill onlers at short notice for Blanks, Bij
Heads, Letter Heads, Cards, Hand Bills
Posters. Circulars, Pamphlets, &c.
All job work must be paid for
Cash on Delivery-
A Kiss—by Mistake,
Upon the railway train ws mat—
She had the softeet. bluest eyes,
A face yea nevtr could forget—
“Sixteen,” with all that that implies.
| knew her once, a little girl.
And meeting now a mutual friend,
Onr thoughts and hearts got in a whirl;
We talked for miles without much end.
| threw ny am around the seat
Where, just in front, she sideways sat,
Mer melting syos and fhee to moot,
(And no one wondered much at that,)
Nor soon the station whore she left
Would on the sorrowing vision rise,
And I at least should fool bereft ;
I thought a tear stood in hsr eyes.
She was bat kith, not kin, of mine—
Ton years had passed since last ws mot;
And whea, in going, she did inolin#
Her face, ’twaa natural to forgot,
£t seemed sc like the child I knew ,
I met her half-way fer that aake ;
And eomingnear those eyes ef bins,
She gently kissed me—Ay mitt akt;
She saw her error, and straightway ran
With fir ring blushes, rosy i ed ;
I should not ho ons-half a man
If thanght of wrong same in my head :
fu fact, I’d take that very train
And travel daily for her sake,
ft she would only, eome again
Aid gently kl W me—Ay mitlakt!
Jotl Benton, in Jlarper'e Magaiint.
Carolina’s Legislature.
(Ger. Augusta Chronicle.)
The next South Carolina Legis
fature will cootaiu a great mauy of
what is oommooly known as “wild
members.” They are the members
who will be serving their first terms,
sms ‘♦fresh from the people,”
thoroughly imbued with a patriotic
desire to do something for some-
body. Their intentions will be good,
and they will strive to promote the
public welfare. They will not be
♦♦rotten saturated or permeated with
poUUos,” but will be chock fall of
Ideas concerning everything, and
jn endeavoring to carry them into
effect, they become “wild.” They
are, however, all South Carolinians,
consequently, conservative, just
and true to the best interests of the
State, and in the end will act wise
ly and well. Many measures of im
portance will come up for considera
tion. Among these the establish
ment ot onr Agriculture College,
the reorganisation of the Depart
ment ot Agriculture, the repeal of
the Lien laws, and the calling of a
Dtate Constitutional Convention
Jt is too early to predict what may
be done with any of these matters.
It is the general opinion however,
In well informed circles that the de
pressed condition of the agricul
tnrists, and the great loss of prop
erty in Charleston, will operate to
deteat the Agricultural College and
defer, for a time at least, the Con
stitutional Convention. The Lien
laws have been practically repeal
ed, so far as the merchants are con
cerned. The land owners (and that
term is synonomons with iarmera)
having a prior Hen upon the crops
of tenants, pats this whole matter
back in the hands of themselves
And as they are more interested in
tbs question than any other class,
except the tenants, and they bays
little to say in the matter of legis-
lation, it may be considered that
the Lien law is a dead issue. It
has been proposed to reorganize
the Department ef Agriculture by
increasing the number on the Board
and having the members elected by
agricultural societies sod conven
tions. Tbs wildest member ot the
Legislature will hardly favor this
proposition.
Some of the members of the Leg
islature may favor enlarging the
Board, bat they will never consent
to give ap the power of electing
S et Board themselves. The Legis-
tors is aooonntable to the people
for its nations, agricultural dabs
am aooonntable to no one. The
fionth Carolina Legislature always
contains a majority of farmers, and
jan election by it is equivalent to an
election by a responsible agricultur
al convention.
It .If vary probable that there will
heaaoftest for the Speakership
pt the Boose, ft Is said that Dr.
B- Pope, of Mewbeiry, will oppose
Bon. James Simons, of Charleston.
Dr. Pope was an active member of
the fast Boose, and will doubtless
have a good following. Mr. Simons
has filled the Speaker’s chair for
two terms, and is recognised as a
fine parliamentarian. Dol. John C
Haskell will no doubt retain the
(Chairmanship of tbs Ways and
Means Committee. It will be a dif
ficult patter to find a successor to
<Ool. 0. H. Simooton as Chairman ot
the Judiciary Committee. He was,
during fiis satire service in the
House, the recognised leader of the
body, ft has boon saggeffod that
aa Jndge Bipoaton will be bolding
court <uufng the session of the Leg
islators, that he should adjourn
court and help the legislature to
organise its work. Seriously, be
will be greatly misled, bat the man
la always ready for every occasion
jaad he wiU not ba lacking this
itims. Ooh W. ti. Parker, of Abbe
*Uls, might be the man if he did
not have the judicial bee lu bis
bonnet. Evidently ha will prefer
.expounding the laws to making
CANDIDATE FOR CLKBR.
It is believed that Hon. H. A.
Gaillard, of Fairfield, will be elec-
t Mi Clerk of the Senate. Colonel
Jno. T. Sloan, the veteran Clerk of
the House will, in all probability be
complimented with a unanimous
vote. There are no indications of
a contest for any other subordinate
positions. Capt. John D. Brown,
of Barnwell, who was the gallant
tyler of the Wallace House, and
who has been Sergeaut-at Arms
ever since, will no doubt be re elec
ted by acclamation. Apparently
very few young men have been re
elected to tbe Legislature. Two of
the most useful and progressive
yonng men of the last House, G.
W. Brown, of Darlington, and Stan-
yarne Wilson, of Spartanburg,
were defeated. Two others, how
ever, of equal ability—0. G. Dant-
zler and T. M. liaysor, of Orange
burg, were re elected. The great
majority ot yonng-sters will remain
at home this time, and the older
men will manipulate matters.
Among the young men who return
after the absence of the one term,
ie Hon. E. B. Murry, of Anderson,
who will represent his county in the
Senate. Major Murray is aggres
sive, alert and level headed. A
good Representative in either
House. Among tbe veterans who
have been prpmoted, may be men
tioned Gen. R. R. Hemphill, of the
Abbeville Medium. He is a veteran,
not in years but in public service.
He also goes Irom tbe House to the
Senate, having been promoted b.\
tbe unanimous vote ot bis people.
Aiken County sends a splendid del
egation, among them one who has
served her well for several terms—
Hon. James Aldrich. He would
make au excellent head for the
Judiciary Committee, being fully
qaalifieo for the position by exten
sive practice at the bar and long
service in the House. Jjarewell
sends to tbe Honae, Jndge Maher,
a fine orator, a polished gentleman,
au able lawyer. Several of tbe
best men in tbe Senate are “holding
over” members. Hon. L. W. You-
mans, the Senator Irom Barnwell,
is one of the ablest men of that
body. Senator Bell, of Aiken, is a
‘‘progressive’’ Democrat, one who
favors the development ot the re
sources of tbe State, and tbe en
couragement and promotion of all
worthy public enterprises. But
the list of distinguished members
is too long to enumerate. On the
whole, it is quite possible that the
Legislature of 18SG will compare
favorably in all respects with any
similar body that has assemb ed
since 1876.
It seems to be pretty well settled
tbat Elliott has been elected to
Congress from tbe Black District of
Sontb Carolina, This gives tbe
State a solid Democratic delega
tion, and sweeps away tbe lost rem
nant of Republicanism in South
Carolina. Now for tbe Indepen
dents two years. The Democratic
majority is too big altogether, and
the people too apothetic. This
means disorganization and iude-
pendeutistu. Tbe signs are already
visible.
An Agricultural College.
[CorrespcnJeat News and Courier.]
The late Farmers’ Con van t ion
urged the establishment in South
Carolina of “a real agricultural col
lege, moulded after those of Missis
sippi and Michigan,” and the leader
of the “farmers’ movement express
ed the opinion that such a college
could be supported by the privi-
jege tax on commercial fertilizers,
(say about $25,000 annually,) and
the interest on the land scrip fund,
about $5,700, making a total of $30,
700 annually.
’ As the proposed college is to be
moulded after that of Mississippi,
let us see whether or not it could
be supported as Capt. Tillman says.
I have the report of that college for
1884 5, probably the latest issaed,
aufl let it tell the cost of that insti-
tntion.
In tbe “general summary” of ex
penses (pages 18 and 19 ot the re
port slluded to) \ t j is shown that
there was drawn from the State
treasury in two years $72,746.81
and received from other sources
|16,861 60, inakiug a total of $89,-
608.31, or au annual expenditure of
$44,04.20. A couple of items in
these expenses will be interesting
to taxpayers : Salaries $40,658.26,
and student labor $10,199.61. (See
page 18 of the report.) This is said
to be a thoroughly equipped insti
tution. On page 18 it will be seen
that $12,279.33 was expended for
“equipments, incidentals, repairs
and insurance.” These are very
general terms to explain so large an
expenditure.
On page 5 it is stated that the
valneof the college property is
$203,401.84. On page 7 the amount
paid in salaries each year is stated
at $24 045, exclusive of salary to
professor of dairy husbandry “not
fixed.” On the same page Geu. Lee
recommends additional appropria
tions for the several departments
aggregating $32.10. On page 9 the
president as$8 for 100 “stand of
arms,” worth say $2,000. On page
12 he urges the establishment of a
I chair ot veterinary science, coat
$5,000. On page 15 he ask for a
“small printing press,” sav this will
cost $500. On page 14 he boasts of
his college library, wbicli has al
ready cost $2,044, and asks for $5,-
000 more to make it wbat it should
be. On page 15 he asks the Legis
lature to “provide a scientific build-
ing for tbe department of biology,
agricultnre and horticulture wi h
dairy, library and armory rooms.”
“This building,” he says ‘ is abso
lutely necessary for the preserva
tion of propeity, and to meet the
very large attendance of students.”
As the library alone is to cost about
$8,000, it will uot bo a high esti
mate to say tbat a building to con
tain these books, and to be used for
tbe other pnrposes mentioned, will
cost at least $10,000.
Tbe professors follow their presi
dent in asking for appropriations.
Prof. Phares, in charge of the de
partment ol biology, (on page 23,)
says: “Yet very many additiou-tl
appliances and facilities are much
needed for rendering instruction in
tbe subjects confided to this de
partment as efficient and complete
as it should be.” This gentleman
almost makes it appear, in his re
commendations, that be has abso
lutely nothing to work witb in this
department after five years of prac
tice.
Prof A. Gulley, says: “Experimen
tal stock teeding, to give good re
sults tbat are rei iable and of practical
value, calls for a large amount of
skilled labor and special equipment
of stables, scales, cooking appara
tus, &o The necessary outfit has
been beyond my iqeans until the
past year, and as yet we are bnt
poorly equipped to give such work
tbe attention it should receive at
this college.” Judging from his ex-
periments reported he needs very
considerable appropriation to make
bis experiments of any value.
The chemist (on page 35) says :
“Onr physical apparatus is less
complete, and should receive a lib
eral appropriation in order to in
crease it at tbu earliest possible mo-
ment.” Cost unknown. He also
wants an anemometer, “costing
about seuenty-five dollars.” He is
very urgent in bis demands, but
furnishes no definite estimate of tbe
amount so necessary to carry them
out.
The acting professor of mathema
tics (on page 58) says: “This is an
agricultural and mechanical college
and yet there is not a tingle means
of illustrating mechanics here
taught, and it is in the college
course.” (Italics the professors not
mine.)
The acting professor of horticul-
culture (on page 63 and 64) says :
“With more capital to invest in a
propagative bouse, nursery, stock,
and proper buildins for keeping
fruits and vegetables, our work
would be much more satisfactory.
The instructor in drawing (on
page 65) says^ “The most urgent
and imperative need of the depart
ment is a large and well-ligb.ed
room to accommodate the iucreas
ed number of students in the junior
and sophomore classes ”
The librarian (on page 67) re
peats Gen. Lee’s recommendation of
an appropriation of $5,000 for the
purchase of books.
The princip il of preparatory de
partment (on page 69) says: “In
order to teach the metric system of
weights and measures successfully
a set of apparatus is necessary, and
I now remind you of this necessity,
hoping that you can make arrange
ments to procure tbe needed appar
atus before the session closes.”
The writing master (on page 70)
asks for a larger and better equip
ped room, and expresses the opin
ion that short hand and type-writ-
ing might be very easily added to
this department with very little ex
pense.”
The surgeon (on page 71) says:
“I am satisfied with the present fa
cilities and the steward (on page
72) says: “My department is in
good working order and well equip
ped.” The doctor and the cook are
all right.
On page 78 the chemist recom
mends tbat he should be paid
“enough to live upon.” His salary
as appears in tbe general summary,
(on page 6,) is, I presume $2,000 a
year.
Here, then, is au .institution tbat
South Carolina is asking to copy
that has already cost abont $300,-
000 ; that is now costing about $45,-
000 annually ; that requires, by tbe
president’s estimates, about $25,000
for special purposes, a id probably
as mneb more if tbe appropriations
required by the prolissors were
granted; and which does not, ac
cording to the reports of the profes
sors, now contain a single properly
equipped department
Give Capt. Tillman tbe college
buildings and tbe lands, the live
stock, tbe orchards and vineyards,
the scientific appar-ttus and tbe va
rious other paraphernalia of au ag
ricultural college, and tbe privilege
tax would not pay tbe salaries of
his professors.
What is the object of tUs Missis
sippi college ! Let one the pro
fessors answer. I*quote bis exact
words, from page 30 of the report:
“Without the student labor the col
lege would simply be au ordinary
literary institution, and there would
be no reason tor its existence.” In
other words, for the privilege of
giving the boys a little manual ex
ercise tbe State has paid about
$300,000, is now paying ont about
$45,000annually, and tbe president
and professors have adopted the
motto: “Tbe old flag and au ap
propriation forever.”
Cost of Agricultural Colleges in Mas
sachusetts and in Kansas.
(Cor. New* and Courier.)
After sending off my letter a few
days concerning tbe expenses
ot the Mississippi Agricultural Col
lege, I glanced over the reports of
tbe Massachusetts and Kansas col
leges and find tbat, financially, they
appear to be in the same condition
as the Mississippi institution.
I have the 17th annua! report of
tbe Massachusetts College and on
page 12 ot tbat report the president
says: “A reference to the sum
mary statement of all expenditures
on account of the college on pa^e
108 shows that the total cost of this
grand experiment in agricultural
education and improvement has
not been less than one million
dollars.” Tbe president of the
college thus, after seven teen
years of work and the expen
diture of one million dollars, admits
that bis college is yet an “experi
ment,” while Gen. Lee claims that
his college is already a success;
and as a matter ot fact the Massa
chusetts College is as far ahead of
the Mississippi institution as au
English university is ahead of a free
colored schoel in South Oaiolina.
To returu to the expense. One
million dollars has been expended
and all through the report addition
al appropriations are requested.
Evidently at the date of the report
there was great dissatisfaction with
the college in the Htate, for ibe
president takes up two pages in ex
plaining why the institution should
be supported. This college was
ocated at Amherst because that
town bid for it “and paid her money
on demand,” and the president
urged tbat the State should con
tinue its support as a matter ot good
faith with the town.
The following are the items of
expenditures from 1863 to January
1,1867, given on page 112 ol the
report:
Salaries 4 182.06Q 23
Lands and buildings. 45,499 60
Building fund account. l- r >0,7b0 61
Current expenaa account. ) 18,01166
Farm account. 64,258 94
Bills payable. 56.150 42
Interest account. #,24M
Income of Hill fund expended, 5,1 ^0
Term bill account, 30,257 06
Board of students 47,810 48
Botanical department. 7,673 65
Extra instruction and lectures. 5.248 6?
Grinnell prize fund investment. 1,000 00
Income Gnnnell prize fund ex
pended. 417 00
In;ome prize fund expended. 487 00
Mary Robinson fund invest
ment. 1,000 00
Indebtedness paid in 1876. 8,232 12
Total.
$729.’26 31
The Kansas institution is in a bad
way also for moftey. On pag* 5 of
the report for 1883 84 the value of
the college property is stated at
$145,857 95. From this page on
down to the bottom of page 12 the
president is asking for additional
appropriations, aggregating $34,-
674, for special purposes, exclusive
of regular appropriations for cur
rent expenses.
The running expenses of the col
lege for 1882 ji3 was $48,620 62, and
for 1883 84 the expenditures amoun
ted to $66,378 86. Tbe summary ot
general college inventory June 30,
1885, placed the value of the prop
erty at $182,957 21.
Notwithstanding the enormous
expenditures the reports make it
appear that the college is poorly
equipped, and certainly nothing
more than an experiment.
In view Qt these facts can any
thing be more absurd than Geu.
Lee’s claim that his “college has
passed through that depressing
period of nucertainty which attach
es to all new institutions f” Noth
ing can be more ridicnlons, unless
it is the statement made by Capt.
Tillman tbat such a college can be
run in South Carolina on about
$32,000 aunuallv.
It is very pia>u that tbe advo
cates of tbe “real agricultural col
lege” have finally concluded tbat
the people are unable to give tbe
money necessary to carry oat their
scheme, but they believe that bv
claiming tbat it can be done with
out additional taxation they can in
duce the Legislature to inaugurate
the college and, like they are doing
in Massacbnsetts, Kansas and Mis
sissippi, get all they need after
wards by claiming that the faith of
the State is pledged to tbe scheme.
There is another matter that
should not be forgotten in this con
nection. If the privilege tax is
givsn to a college it will take away
the omy support heretofore given
to the department of agriculture,
and of necessity abolish tbat de
partment, unless other appropria
tions are made from the treasary
for its maiutaiuance. Tbe State
has been for six years establishing
tbat department of the Government,
and its work appears to ha
ceived general oommeudation.
the people cannot afford to throw
away the money already exp ended
on it to try an experiment that, as I
have already shown, is a very ex
pensive and unsatisfactory one.
CITIZEN.
The South Carolina College.
[R. Means Davis, in Neivbarry Observer.]
Mr. Tillman’s recent speech in
Newberry, as reported, abounds in
error regarding the South Carolina
College. Will you permit me to give
some correct information as to its
aims and work f 1 desire to do so
only because those who are better
fitted than myself tor the task are
absent from the State. Absence
from home on my own part is the
cause of this lardy Statement-
First, let me say that the charge
tbat the Professors of the South
Carolina College, or any of them,
inculcate in their students tho idea
tbat labor of any kind, manual or
otherwise, is dishonorable, is not
only unfounded, but so ridicul >us
as to be beneath notice.
In what follows I shall confine
myself to au explanation of the
work of tbe agricultural depart
ment, as the literary departments
were not subjected to criticism.
Although the facilities ot the
College have recently been increas
ed, so as to ensure greater useful
ness, I shall mention only what has
been done ; for the College is cen
sured for its past couduct. Since
1882 tbo College has had the fol
lowing scientific chairs:
1- Agricultural and Rotany.
2. Natural Philosophy, Geology,
Physiology, etc.
3. Mathematics, pure and ap
plied.
4 Chemistry and Mineralogy.
Professors McBride and Wodrow
are esteemed on both sides of the
Atlantic.
Prof. Sloan is a distinguished
graduate of West Point.
Prof. Burney is a Ph. D. of Heid
elberg (under Bunsen); a student
of the University of Paris under
Wurtz, and a fellow of Johns Hop
kins.
Prof. Lou glib ridge and Prof. Me-
Elroy, both thoroughly fitted for
theTr work, have been added re
cently.
There are five four year courses,
amt as many two year courses in
the entire College, lu three of each
the study of agriculture for one
year is compulsory, In most agri
cultural colleges this subject is
taught one year; in the Missi.-sippi
College it is taught for one year
and one third, lu the South Caro
lina College, in the technical agri
cultural course two years in agri
culture and one in agricultural
chemistry are required besides the
other cognate sciences.
Since reorganization in 1882 an
average of 43 students a year have
pursued one year’s course in agri
culture, besides the students in the
technical course, who have done
much more. Yet the public has
been told that only two students
have studied a little agriculture,
which is defined as ugiicultura!
chemistry. Two studios are
entirely distinct.
.What constitutes agriculture as
taught in tbe South Carolina Col
lege 1
During the first year the follow
ing subjects are treated: Soils;
manures, organic and inorganic;
grasses and clovers; meadows and
pastures; crops; rotation ot crops;
weeds, noxious and innocuous; im
provemeut ot soils; farm mple-
meuts and machinery; farm loads
and buildings; domestic animals,
etc This is the course studied by
general students.
Special students during the see-
ond year, having been carefully
grounded in theoretical chemistry,
are put into the laboratory for work.
Lectures are given on the chemical
constituents of manures; theory of
tbe action of manures, and best
methods of application; classifica
tion and improvement of soils;
principles of breeding stock and
feeding; laws ot plant life and
growth ; analysis of soils, fertilizers,
etc. (See catalogue.)
The following are some of the
many concrete examples actually
given to the class :
I. “At the present cost
of cotton seed meal, stable
nitrate of soda, etc., find
cheapest in proportion to tbe amount
of nitrogea supplied.”
II. “The determined value of ni
trogen, phosphoric acid, etc., being
.given, analyze — fertilizer and
determine its market value.”
Ill “A company having offered
to exchange 1,000
seed meal for a ton
determine whetuer
vantageous.”
Similar problems have been giv
en to determine the proportion in
which different kinds of food must
be given to animals at work, at rest
and fattening. Tbe tables by which
these are solved have been verified
by 30 years nctnal test in Germany.
Botany is also thoroa*bly taught.
The last halt of tbe course is prac
tical, and tbe professor lays upon
the desk of each student some un
known plant to analyze and name.
Some students have m ute several
hundred analyses—many outside of
the class-room Some capital bot
per ton
manure,
which is
lbs. of cotton
of cotton seed,
the otter is ad-
anists have been graduated from
the College.
Agricultural students are also
compelled to assort and name mix
ed seeds, to test their germinating
power, ami the amount of adultera
tion, sous to know the quantity
necessary to plant a given area. As
all farmers know, many kinds of
seed are badly adulterated.
When some students have step
ped from the engineering course
into important positions on rail
road surveys, others have been able
to s;ep from the laboratory into the
practical work tequired by tertilizer
companies in the quantitative an
alysis of manures, soils, etc.
Besides this class work in agri
culture, the President has tor three
years past carried on systematical
ly at least 150 lull experiments with
cotton, grasses, etc. These are con
ducted in duplicate, and are so va
ried as to eliminate any difference
in the soil, etc. Publication was
not made for two years, because ac
curacy was desired, and this can
only be secured by a series of ex
periments. The ttrst bulletin, pub
lished this jear, shows, for instance
that a special brand of cottou seed
gives tor every 1,500 pounds ot
seed about forty pounds more ot
lint than any other kind. This
would nuke a difference in 600,000
bales (the crop of the State) of
about <8,000 bales, which at 9cents
woqld increase the crop by over two
million dollars a year. The dupli
cate tests of three years all testify
to this superiority.
It must be remembered that the
Legislature has never given a cent
for experimentation, and in this
way the professor has been ham
pered. Give President McBrjde a
few more thousand dollars, and he
will do work in South Carolina that
will secure as universal attention
as his expcrimeniM in Tennessee did
and will greatly benefit the agricul
ture of the State
The College is anxious for visitors
to inspect its work. It has invited
its critico to make a close and
thorough investigation. So far as
1 know, none have done so. No
wonder they err so widely in their
statements concerning it.
So soon as the College opens I
know that President McBryde and
bis colleagues will be most happy
to receive a delegation I'roui the
Farmers’ Organization of Newberry
Count.!, in order to lot them see
whether or not the Trustees of the
College have so used the agricul
tural fund as to defeat its objects.
Certainly no candid man will
criticise adversely without satislV
iug himself as to the facts
Thoughts tor the Month.
(W. L. Joint*, in 8oulb«ru Gultifaior.)
Iii the southern portion of the
cotton belt, oats and wheat may
still be sown ; in Some sections it is
tbe best time to start these crops.
But in the noi them portions of the
belt, it is too late to sow anything
but wheat, rve and barley—too late
for clover and 4 tbo winter grasses.
Cottou planters delay the sowing oi
wheat, until tbe cotton is picked
out, both because, while that work
is progressing it absorbs all of tbe
available labor, and because wheat
usually follows cotton, aud the
ploughing in cannot be done till
the ottou is out ot the way. This
makes the sowing of w heat come
on a little later than is desirable
Fear of the fly, justifies delay till
after Iros.t, but the sooner after
Irost wheat is sown the better. The
plant needs time while the weal her
is still mild to develop roots and
pu>b them well into the sod aud
get a good strong loolbold. .Some
think that deep covering of grains
makes them stand cold better; our
observations do uot accord with
this belief. Wheat, oats, etc., have
little stem beneath the surface—if
covered deep they soon throw out
a circle of roofo near the surface
aud the part below dies. Bat while
(he stem does uot extend down
wards mneb, the roots may, aud of
tea do. penetrate the soil to a con
siderable depth. This uot only es
tablishes tbe plant firmly, but pots
the ends of the roots (which are
their main food-absorbing part) be
yond tbe re icb of the severest cold.
In our climate the ground is not of
ten frozen more than t^ro or three
inches; only in very extreme cases
does the freezing extend to a ((epth
Of five or six inches. Root growth,
therefore, can go on most of tbe
time during winter; and this it
does, tbongii tbe part above ground
makes little progress The roots
are gatbeiiug materials and laying
the Foundation during winter tor a
vigorous growth ol the plant in tl e
early spring; and this is just what
is needed, in our climate, to hasten
mntnrity aud escape the rust. Tbe
greater yield of fall, as compared
with apring oats.illustrates the ad
vautages of tbit root growth dur
ing the latter part of autumn aud
through tbe winter. The pari above
ground may be sharply cut down
by the cold, but that wbiuh is be*
ueatti and at the sui face goes ou
accumulating, aud storing mate
rial out of which the stalk, blades
nd ear rapidly develop in the
spring; just as tbe dowering stalk
of a turnip shoots up in a few days
tioiu itsenlarged underground root,
in which material tor growth haq
been stored the preceding autumn.
It is gratifying to notuau increas
ing desire and disposition .among
our farmers to raise needed
supplies at home, (trend and meat
head the list of these, and us we
are a wheat-eating people, it u ex
tremely desirable that varieties
adapted to our climate should be;
discov.red or developed. Eveiy
plant we cultivate does, or may ac
quire special adapt atiou to any lo
cality in which it cau ^row at a,l.
Note the varieties ot corn North and
South, the rust proof oat of the
South and the several kinds at tbq
North Rye from the Northwest
fails utterly iu the South, even
though one cannot detect any dif
ference in appearance of seed oc
ether parts of the p.aut. Thu game
holds iu case of Iruiis and vegeta
bles. With these tacts before ns,
is it unreasonab.e to suppose that g
variety or varieties of «beat might
be developed at the South, thor
oughly adapted to its soils aud cli
mates f Why should wheat form
an exception f It has beeu local
ized in other portions of the worla |
the Mediterranean wheats grown
for centuries in aouteru Europe and
iu Egypt, are marked varieties uoiq-
pared with those of northern re
gions. Why may uot the cottoi;
States have corresponding varieties
adapted to them f If farmers would
examine their wheat fields carefully
Indore harvest, and when rust pre
vails, gather the beads of those
stalks which aie entirely free frou;
rust, sow the seed from these by
themselves the next season, and
again select hs before, and continue
doing thus ior a few years, we bavq
Utile doubt a rustproof variety
could be established. Further se-
leoliou of the most prolific stalks
with best developed seed, would
carry the improvement still further.
Time would be saved aud chsuce^
of success increased by starting
with varieties—like tbe Mediteri
ranean—which have already bo-
come accustomed to warm climate^
lu the meantime, those varieties
may be sown which the concurrent
testimony ofa neighborhood sbowg
to have succeeded beat iu it. A^
^Uled before, the seeding down
should bo done as early iu Noveuu
tier as possible. Wheat follows cot.
ton admirably, and the highest,
dryest land should be selectud for
it. The surface soil, to a depth of
three or four inches, should be
brought into tbe finest tilth by plow
lug, rolling and harrowing. What
ever manure is used slionld be thor
oughly incorporated with this sur
face soil. It cotton seed is applied,
ii should bd plowed in witb tbe
wheat. Commercial fertilizers may
be plowed in shallow or harrowed
in. In olden times, fifty bushels of
cotton seed to the acre was regard
ed as a sale guarantee of a good
crop, even ou poor laud. Thirty
bushels ofcot’ou seed and one hun
dred and fifty pounds of acid phos
phate per acre is preferable to fifty
bushels of seed alone. Three buu
dred pounds of cotton seed meal f
about equivalent to thirty bushels
of seed, and may be substituted in
place of them. The above quanti
ties of manure may be applied at
tbe time oi seeding. In the spring
it may sometimes, be desirable and
profitable to give a light top-dress
ing of phosphate, nitrate of mi. $
and kumit or salt- During w nter
it is well to roll wheat with a heavy
roller, after every unusually bard
freeze as soon as the ground is en
tirely Unwed. Tbe freezing, ei«a
when it does uot lift the plant out
of the ground, destr-ys the neces
sary contact ot tbe roots with tbe
soil, aud interferes witb their ab-
sorbtiou of water and food.
If, by proper use of sieves, the
small, imperfect grains are remov
from tbe seed wheat, oue bushel of
seed is enough for au <iere. Well
trained bauds can sow seed very
uuiformly« but as a rule it would
pay a farmer to have a seed sower.
Seme of these are cheap enough to
be within the reach of all, aud the
rapidity and uniformity of sbeir
sowing soon pays for them. Irreg
ular sowing and irregular covering,
so that a part of tb* young plant*
die out from overcrowding, and a
part of the seed never comes up
from being covered with clods or
something else, have caused a great
waste of seed. It is probabls that
from small, defective seed, irregular
sowing and improper covering, one;
fourth or more of the seed sown if
practically lost. After due prepar
ation, sow the heed, plow in lightly
—not more than two inches it nso-
essary harrow —and finish up by
rolling tbe laud.
(coucladed next weefc.)
Cure For Skk Headache.
For proof that Dr. Gunn’s Liver
Pills cares Sick Headache, ask your
Druggist for a fwib trial package.
Only oue forNf -dbo* -.
boxen, 23 wots. Sold by jWTlwifc4
Co. W
^ ^
A 2/(t is folly to neglect a Ough or
l^ttd. Aw expenditure of 25 cents
i for u bottle of Hughes’ Uough Si rup
I will prove a firot-claas investment,
1 Ask your druggist for it.