The sun. [volume] (Newberry, S.C.) 1937-1972, May 09, 1957, Image 3
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THURSDAY, MAY 9, 1957
FEDERAL AID TO EDUCATION
LONG-TIME CONCERN
One of the subjects which has
been of most serious concern to
me, since I came to the Senate
and for years before that, is the
subject of federal aid to educa
tion.
The bill pending ip the House
Education Committee at this time
would provide 400 million dollars
a year in federal funds, each
year for five years, to construct
school buildings. This would total
two billion dollars in five years.
ADVOCATES CLAIM
EMERGENCY
It has been proclaimed by its
backers as an “emergency” plan
to relieve what has been repre
sented as a dire shortage of
school rooms. The impression
they wish to give is that once the
so-called emergency has passed
that federal aid would be stopped.
Anybody who has had any ex
perience with federal aid knows
that history does not bear out the
claim. Once the foot of federal aid
has been thrust into the door of a
State, there is seldom any chance
to cut it off.
BOUND TO LEAD TO
CONTROL
Even more serious is the fact
that federal aid is bound to lead
to federal control. It is argued
that the pending bill is designed
to prevent federal control.
Nonetheless, it is true that fed
eral control would result from
federal aid to our schools. When
the Smith-Hughes Act was passed
in 1917 to provide federal aid tc
vocational education, it was said
that no federal control would fol
low. But today it takes a book
of 108 pages to contain all the
regulations which must be met by
the States to receive the Smith-
Hughes funds.
Last year when the Federal
Highway Act was passed, it con
tained a provision which requires
the Secretary of Labor to set the
wage scales to be paid for work
done on construction of the high
ways. That provision was in
cluded despite the fact that work
is to be done under contracts let
by State Highway Departments.
Many other examples could be
mentioned.
HARD TO STOP A FOOT
IN THE DOOR
You can imagine without any
trouble what the result would be
of letting the Federal Govern
ment get its foot in the door of
our public schools at this time.
Once it had the excuse to exert
control over the schools in any
way, it could expand that author
ity t* exert control in any direc
tion.
You don’t want the Federal
Government using its power to
tell you what school your children
have to attend and with whom
they must attend.
GOVERNMENT CAN CONTROL
WHAT IT SUBSIDIZES
There is no doubt that the Gov
ernment could control that which
it paid for because there is a'
court decision on the very point.
In a case decided by the Supreme
Court in 1942, Wickard v. Filburn,
the Court stated:
“It is hardly lack of due process
for government to regulate that
which it subsidizes.” That simply
means if the Federal Government
helped to build a school, it could
also issue regulations concerning
use of the school.
Strom j lurmond
RLE
PROMISES TO KEEP UP
FIGHT
I shall fight against any such
control of our schools. To fight
against control, I must first fight
against federal aid so as to keep
the Government from having an
excuse to seize control of our
schools.
Even if all the States needed
help to meet their need for funds
to build schools, and even if fed
eral control would not follow fed
eral aid, it would be unconstitu
tional for the Federal Government
to provide aid.
CONSTITUTION LEAVES EDU
CATION TO STATES
The Constitution is the basic
law of the land. Through it cer
tain powers and responsibilities
are delegated to the Federal Gov
ernment by the States which
created the Federal Union.
Education or the public schools
is not mentioned in the Constitu
tion. Therefore, the Federal Gov
ernment does not have responsi
bility in the field of education. It
does not have power to regulate
the public schools. For the Federal
Government to hold such power
or such responsibility, there would
have to be a specific provision in
the constitution. There is none.
What the Constitution does say
is that “powers not delegated to
the United States by the Constitu
tion, nor prohibited by it to the
States, are reserved to the States
respectively or to the people.”
STATES DOING FINE JOB
There are many other reasons
the Federal Government should
stay out of the field of education.
The States are doing a fine job
of meeting their needs and wiping
out the back-log need of the war
years for school rooms.
I shall continue to fight against
this attempted federal encroach
ment on the rights of the people
and I am confident it can be pre
vented.
I REMEMBER'
BY THE 01B TIMERS
From Robert D. Owen, White
City, Kansas: I wonder how many
old-timers can remember the
steam thresher days, when the old
steam engine would pull into a
farmer’s lot or field pulling a big
clumsy separator, followed by a
wagon pulled by a team of mules
with a half barrel or tank full of
water, then a wagon with coal on
it.
The threshing crews were com
posed of 4 to 5 men, 2 feeders, en
gine fireman, and water hauler.
They would set the separator with
the wind and put the straw into a
rack or stack it out in the field.
The straw was stacked by hand.
Two men stood on each side of the
separator and, as the workers
pitched bundles in front of the cut
ters, they would cut the bands of
straw or twine on each bundle. A
“feeder” stood on a foot board
facing the front of the separator
and pushed the grain into the ma
chine. The grain was shaken loose
and as the straw passed through
the separator, “stackers” would
make stacks of it.
Farmers often traded work in
threshing and the women would
help in the kitchen, cooking and
waiting on tables, brushing flies.
Two or three ladies, each armed
with leafy branch, would brush
away the flies while the men ate
dinner.
BOYS ARE
THAT WAY
By J. M. ELEAZER
Aa Old Timer from the Dutch
Fork recently wrote and asked
how I ever happened to go to
Clemson. Down in there every
thing was Lutheran, few got to
go to college, but those who did
usually went to Newberry.
It happened this way. O. M,
Clark, from our community,
went to Clemson. He starred
there in both scholarship and
the military. I saw him at
church one Sunday in his white
uniform, with shiny brass but
tons, golden epaulets, and state
ly bearing. I thought he was
the finest looking man I had
ever seen. I daydreamed then
and there, seeing myself bask
ing in such glory.
The thought lingered with me.
I was determined to go to Clem-'
son if I could, and I did.
Yes, I barely did. For then
we had to take entrance exami
nations. And from a 4 to 6
months’ one-teacher country
school that was hard. I failed 3
of the 5 subjects there at the
county seat. But they must
have needed students, for they
let me in conditionally. That
condition was that I study up
and take those 3 over when I
got to Clemson.
Well, I barely passed ’em
there. Very soon I got so home
sick I wished I hadn’t. The
thought plagued me night and
day for weeks. Just to think, I
could have flunked those things
so easily, “and I could be at
home right now if I had.”
But that same fine man, O. M.
Clark, was teaching at Clemson
then. And so was Henry Barre
from Lexington, who had a
brother in my class. These two
gave me a link with home and I
stuck it out. But I’d have never
stayed if my folks hadn’t made
me. More about this next week.
Missionaries On
Visit Here
Bishop and Mrs. Arthur F. Wes
ley and young daughters, Betty,
Bernice and Ruth of Santiago,
Chile, South America, were guests
last week of Miss Rose Hamm.
While here, Bishop Wesley was
very much in demand as a speak
er, appearing at the Newberry
County Education Association
meeting, where he conducted de
votions; at Central Methodist
Church and at Newberry High
School, where he spoke to the 12th
grade Spanish Class. He visited
Silverstreet Elementary school,
speaking at assembly last Thurs
day.
Mrs. Wesley, a native of Beu-
nos Aires, Argentina, appeared
before the 8th grade Spanish Class
at Newberry High School Thurs
day morning, speaking in her na
tive tongue. The twins, Betty and
Bernice were born in Beunos
Aires. The younger daughter,
Ruth was born in Santiago.
Bishop Wesley is a native of
Michigan, a graduate of Albion
College 'where Miss Hamm earn
ed her Master’s degree. She lived
with the wesleys for three months
during this time.
Bishop Wesley has been in
South America for 39 years, serv
ing as Bishop of the Methodist
Church in Argentina for 31 years
and for the past eight years, a
missionary of the Methodist
Church in Santiago.
The Wesleys will have pastoral
charge of the 14th Avenue Meth
odist Church in Detroit after
June 15.
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THE NEWBERRY SUN
PAGE THREE
SPECTATOR — Week of May 2
By SPECTATOR
Our foreign policy seems to me
both provocative and mischiev
ous. Why must we try to circum
vent Russia ? Why not develop
our own strength and striking
power instead of being always
worried about Russia? In throw
ing money away all over the
world are we building strength ?
By no means; more likely we are
preparing foreign nations to be
gobbled up by Russia.
Is France a dependable ally ?
No; France is so unstable that we
should build whatever we build
here, in America, not in France,
Holland, England. Can we rely
on Spain ? That is opento ques
tion. Can we rely on South Am
erica and Mexico? Let us be
strong here.
“President Eisenhower’s for
eign policy planners are quietly
concocting a campaign to outman-
euver the Russians—based on the
belief that for the next couple of
years the Kremlin will be too oc
cupied with troubles at home to
want to start big trouble abroad.
Though this appraisal may
sound optimistic. Uncle Sam’s top
diplomats are sufficiently convinc
ed to base important decisions on
that view. Basically, U. S. poli
cies—some new, some merely old
programs revived or accelerated^—
will aim at taking advantage of
and intensifying Russia’s internal
troubles, but not to the point of
triggering a violent Soviet reac
tion. A key policy ingredient: Give
peoples in Communist countries a
wider view of life outside the Sov
iet orbit.
Among other things, State De
partment plans call for renewed
exchanges of visits by business
and cultural groups across the
Iron Curtain. Such exchanges
with Russia have been cut off
since the Hungarian revolt last
fall. And you can expect to see
the announcement soon of some
U. S. economic aid to the Poles,
though Poland, most independent
of all the satellite nations, won’t
get all it wants.
Inside the Soviet Union, accord
ing to U. S. officials, there are
some food shortages and continued
student demonstrations for more
freedom. And as was shown in
Hungary, student demonstrations
can lead to more widespread dis
turbances.
Perhaps most important, the
recent grandiose reorganization of
the Soviet economic setup is in
terpreted in Washington as be
traying the failure of Russian in
dustrial growth to match Kremlin
plans. The Communist overlords
are said to fear springtime re
volts in Hungary, East Germany
enberg, and bay boy, Parr, S. C.;
<«• other satellites. U. S. diplomats
report a greatly increased yen
for more freedom throughout the
Red realm.
U. S. maneuvering, of course,
will be somewhat delicately de
signed so as not to give the Rus
sians any solid reason for start
ing real trouble. It’s Secretary of
State Dulles’ view that wars are
caused by one country miscalculat
ing what another is ready to do.
He and his aides don’t want to
give the Soviets any cause to mis
calculate U. S. intentions. At the
worst, officials fear, too much
pressure on Russia could panic the
Kremlin leaders into a disastrous
armed attack on the Free World.
‘They may really v believe our
defenses in Europe are meant for
an attack on them,’ worries a U.
S. diplomat.” ,
“Two years ago Eugene W.
Castle wrote an angry book about
foreign aid called ‘Billions, Blun
ders and Baloney.’
Now Mr. Castle has written an
other book on the same subject
and with the same objectives. This
one is called ‘The Great Give
away’—but it is a far different
treatment.
Mr. Castle has no quarrel with
World War II’s Lend Lease, the
original Marshall Plan or the mili-
’tary aid grant of $700 million to
Greece and Turkey that followed
the Truman Doctrine’s pronounce
ment.
Foreign aid, he writes, ‘did get
us through a period when West
ern civilization could have col
lapsed before the Communist
threat. It did rebuild the eco
nomic foundations of a careening
Western Europe. Had it stopped
within the four years and $18 bil
lion originally advocated by the
Marshall Planners, the cost of for
eign aid would not be debated in
these pages.’
It is what has happened since
that bothers Mr. Castle. After its
crisis beginnings, our aid pro
gram ‘all too often has not aided
the foreigner but has actually
harmed him.’ It is like a hot
house operation; ‘it saps the will
to self-help by offering the for
eigner easy exits from his politi
cal and economic dilemmas. It
supplies artificial props and sup
ports to the foreigner’s economy
which keep it in a perpetual state
of false expectation and disloca
tion.’
In Turkey, for example, we
have encouraged ambitious un
dertakings which could not pos
sibly be sustained by the normal
Turkish economy. This misgiving,
to be sure, was borne out by our
Mr. Williamson in his story of the
inflationary effects of American
dollars in Iceland which appeared
in this newspaper on Wednesday.
Aside from the effect on the
pocketbooks of both those who re
ceive and those who give foreign
aid* Mr. Castles sees the program
as dangerous to our foreign pol
icy: ‘It has given us a comfort
able and deceptive belief that
money is a substitute for strength
and firmness in a cold war.’
And there is the foolishness that
irks him: ‘In the name of foreign
aid we are paying for free air
plane excursions for thousands of
Arabs visiting Mecca.’
‘In the Netherlands we paid for
a unique project—social psychol
ogy and human relations practice
—for the purpose of studying the
behavior of the Dutch. They found
to behave very well, indeed.’
‘American tax dollars have pro
vided dress suits for Grecian un
dertakers, public baths for Egyp
tian camel-drivers, and iceboxes
for Eskimos. We have built an
Italian village nobody wanted to
live in, and an Iranian road that
leds to nowhere.’
Well, now, Mr. Castle asks, is
all this spending necessary to
combat Communism? Everyone is
told that unless we do it, the Sov
iet will. But he has a few figures
to offer to squelch that argument.
Russian foreign aid outlays for
the 1955 t 56 period totaled only
$600 million—and they were loans
to other nations at 2 percent or
better. Soviet aid amounted to
only four percent of U. S. out
lays in dollar value terms. Thus
if fear of Russian competition for
the giveaway Grand Prix is only
excuse for foreign aid, our could
be cut 96 percent and we’d still
be neck and neck with them.
Even that, though, doesn’t strike
Mr. Castle as a sound reason for
foreign aid and I agree with him.”
Sen. Byrd came out for a cut
of at least $6.5 billion in new
Government spending authority as
the House Appropriations Com
mittee took another bite out of
President Eisenhower’s proposed
budget.
As Capitol Hill clamored for
more reductions in the Admini
stration’s $71.8 billion spending
program for next fiscal year, the
committee trimmed $118.8 mil
lion from a $2,981,000,000 request
for the Labor Department and the
Department of Health, Education
and Welfare.
The ‘Byrd Budget’ released by
the Senate’s long-tHhe economy
advocate called for big trims in
foreign aid, national security and
other appropriations. The action,
which would chop $6.5 billion
from the $73.3 billion in new
spending authority requested for
fiscal 1958, wao necessary to head
off ‘eventual disaster’, Sen. Byrd
asserted.
Specifically, the Virginia Demo
crat proposed to cut $2 billion
from the foreign aid appropria
tions, $1.5 billion from national
security programs, such as atom
ic energy, stockpiling and de
fense, and $3 billion from remain
ing ‘civilian’ activities.
Sharply attacking the Presi
dent’s budget as ‘the worst yet,’
Mr. Byrd told the Senate:
‘Pass this budget in its present
form and magnitude and it will
grow and grow with eventual dis
aster. Cut it down to proper size
and we will be able to see fair
weather.’
Mr. Byrd said the statement he
presented to the Senate yesterday
merely ‘outlines the framework’
made. More detailed recommenda
tions for reductions will be pre
sented later, he promised. He did
say, however, that his present
proposals were based on an ex
haustive study % of the President’s
budget.
The lawmaker attacked the
President’s budget as ‘dangerous
in the extreme, because it en
trenches wasteful Federal spend
ing and embarks on many new
projects which will compel larger
and larger budgets as the years
go on.*
The new budget, he asserted, ‘is
a complete reversal of the re
trenchment policy to which this
Administration pledged itself.’
Noting that President Eisen
hower cut spending in his first
two years in office, Mr. Byrd
charged: ‘Since that time his bud
gets have been increasing stead
ily, with huge increases in the
domestic-civilian area. This bud
get is the worst yet. It begins
another spending spree which will
continue inflation and increase the
cost of living.
‘To approve the 1958 budget re
quests would mean constantly in
creasing Federal spending based
on the tremendous commitments
proposed.”
Proposals in the budget estab
lishing new programs and expand-
increases in future budgets, Mr.
Byrd warned the Senate. He also
said the proposed budget was in
‘precarious balance*, with a sur
plus depending on Congressional
approval of higher postal rates
and enlarged revenues from stead
ily rising national income. ‘Neith
er is assured,* he cautioned.”
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