Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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THE NEWBERRY SUN. NEWBERRY, S. C. Congress Tackles Labyrinthine Job Marshall Plan Complexities Involve Vast Field of Work By BAUKHAGE News Analyst and Commentator. WASHINGTON.—There never was a better example of the difficulties encountered in a democratic government than those which are being faced as the specially-called short ses sion of the 80th congress carries on its debate today. I doubt if any parliamentary body in the world, or any despotic ruler, for that matter, ever faced a problem more complicated in detail, wider in its scope, or more important in its potential results than the Marshall program for aiding Europe. <t,—— Since the idea of the Marshall plan was first broached, I have had opportunity to Baukhage gain a few short but very intimate glimpses into the machinery which contributed to its completion. Some of us, for exam ple, recently were given a very condensed and revealing personal account of the last, long, earnest sessions in Washington where the repre sentatives of the 16 European countries sat down in the state department to carry on their daily, and sometimes nightly, •eminars with the representatives of our government. These discussions went through three phases. The first phase was a careful expansion of details lacking in the formal report drawn up by the Paris conference. You would be surprised at the number and scope of those details, many of which had to await special memoranda from technical experts in the countries involved. For in stance, we can imagine a conversa tion something like this: “Just a moment,” one of the American officials says, with his pencil poised over the pad in front of him, “Yon say that it will be impossible to increase the output of the mines in Coun try X without additional mining machinery. You gave us the fig ures for the total equip ment estimated, but I wish you would describe specifically the types and the quantity you need.” If the foreign expert had the sta tistics with him, they were checked, and the discussion of that particular item ended. If not, the next point was taken up, awaiting the detailed figures which had to be cabled from Country X However, that phase was con cluded without any serious casual ties. In fact. I understand it gradu ally blended into the third phase, which was a two-sided discussion, bringing out exactly how the Paris report was formulated. Whether, for instance, it was a synthetic combi nation of various separate view points and separate plans, or whether the parts were fitted to gether with due relation to each other so that they could be taken apart and put together again. The Americans took it apart and, we were told, it went together all right. As I say, this was a two-sided dis cussion, and I understand that it developed a common appraisal of the plan. In other words, when it was completed, either American criticism had been satisfied, or the European viewpoint had been suffi ciently altered to achieve harmoni ous agreement. In setting forth their views, cer tain “main factors” were empha sized by the Europeans. In the first place, in normal times. Western Europe traditionally im ported more goods from the western hemisphere than they exported to us. However, this imbalance was compensated for by the trade be tween the Far East and Western Europe. This trade furnished West ern Europe with sufficient dollars to make qp part of the difference. Secondly, in normal times, par ticularly in the case of Great Brit ain, there was the factor of "in visible income.” This “invisible in come" was made up, in part, of in vestments held by individual Brit ons and the British government, of the income in commissions and other fees which the British and other nations earned as a clearing house of merchandise, through the use of shipping facilities and many other services which it was con venient and practical for European nations to provide for the world. But this “invisible income” has largely disappeared now. We asked one of the European representatives what had hap pened to it. The partial answer of course, was obvious: With world trade at a standstill, many of the services no longer are being provided. And as to the personal holdings, one Euro pean representative said: “Be fore the war, I owned 100 shares of A.T.&T., and 20 shares of General Motors. But they had to go long before the war was over —the interruption of my earning power, high taxes and so on.” Still another important factor is the consideration of the normal trade which formerly existed be tween Eastern and Western Europe. It was interesting to note at this point, that considerable optimism was expressed by the Europeans over the possibility of a resumption of this Eastern-Western trade. In the course of this meeting and several others, we have had a chance to learn many more details of this complicated plan and its evo lution that possibly can be reported here. And yet these meetings could reveal only tiny fragments of the tremendous amount of research, analysis, study and discussion which was reduced to a few salient points, and presented to committees of congress in Secretary of State Marshall's final report. Secretary Marshall, himself, had to go through a long period of brief ing. In his last news conference be fore he met with congressional com mitteemen, he had, as he put it, “immense ground to cover.” Marshall Target Of Press Critics I mentioned Secretary of State Marshall and his last news confer ence before meeting with the con gressional committees. There has been growing criticism of Mr. Mar shall here in Washington. It took form after the conference and has appeared in editorials. One Washington editorialist complained that Marshall won’t talk, that the newsmen at the conference drew a blank be cause Marshall was uncommu nicative. The Wedemeyer ques tion came up, for example. Mar shall would say nothing. He add ed, not petulantly, but in a tone that forbade further question ing: “Furthermore, I don’t feel obliged to report on every con versation I have with the Presi dent.” Period. That was quite true. He doesn’t and shouldn’t. Any secretary of state who did feel obliged to import all information exchanged with the chief would not long hold his job. But! In a democracy, if you are an official, you have to live in a goldfish bowl. The editorialist quoted the late Clinton Gilbert on Secretary of State, later Chief Jus- FNION STORE . . . Customers line up for their turn to buy at the Pittsburgh district’s first labor-sponsored cooperative grocery store in McKeesport, Pa.^CIO united steel workers union operates the shop on a no-profit cash-and-carry basis. NEWS REVIEW Aid Deadline Requested; U. S. Corn Yield Down Marshall and the Press tice Charles Evans Hughes. Gilbert, speaking of Hughes, said: “He talks to the country daily. He takes the people into his confidence, telling all that can be told, and as soon as it can be told. He makes no step without carrying the country with him . ... that is democratic control of foreign relations.” Well, that is not State Secretary Marshall’s way. Many of the traits that make a man a splendid leader of ar mies, a strategist, likewise make it impossible for him to cater to a public which reacts only to emotions—not as armor plate reacts to shellfire. You cannot land a million men on a foreign beachhead, nor feed and clothe and care for them so they can carry out their gigantic mission, with a glib tongue, a charming smile or a keen sense of publicity that gets your cam paign on the first pages. Secretary of State Marshall is a great planner and an excellent ex ecutor of plans. It is up to someone else to “sell” those plans. DEADLINE: December 1 Apparently feeling that congres sional approval of his request for 597 million dollars in stop-gap aid for France, Italy and Austria was assured, U. S. Secretary of State George Marshall sounded a new keynote—speed. He suggested to the house foreign affairs committee that a deadline of December 1 be established for emergency relief to the three hard- pressed nations, and looked ahead to an early March deadline for his four-year, 20-billion-dollar plan for eventual European recovery. State department witnesses backed up Marshall’s plea for speed. They testified present funds would carry France and Italy only through December, beyond which looms the brink of chaos and confusion—po litical, moral and economic—unless additional help is rushed across the sea. Also testifying before the house foreign group, Lewis Douglas, U. S. ambassador to England, offered a brief, pointed summary of the whole issue of immediate foreign aid: There can be no guarantee that the aid program will succeed, but it would be more risky to deny Europe financial help and watch despair and pandemonium spread across the continent. Finally, It was the opinion of Sec retary of Commerce Averell Harri- man that emergency European re lief “can be substantially met,” de spite supply problems in this coun try. China, Too Virtually forgotten under the press of urgent affairs in Europe is the problem of China — ravaged, still contorted in war, constantly back sliding into greater political and eco nomic corruption. As a modicum of aid and com fort to that Eastern nation. Secre tary Marshall has proposed a 300- million-dollar aid program to be ad ministered in conjunction with the European phase of the Marshall plan. At the same time, Marshall held to his stand that the suppressed re port of Lt. Gen. Albert Wedemeyer on conditions in China would not be made public. He intimated that it drew such a dismal picture that to release the report would be harm ful both to the United States and to China. CORN DOWN: Semi-Finals There was a smattering of bad news in the agriculture department’s semi-final crop report of the year. It had to do with corn and winter wheat. The 1947 U. S. corn crop now stands at an estimated 2,447,422,000 bushels, a decrease of 11,252,000 bushels from a forecast made a month ago. That is slightly below the 10-year (1936-45) average of 2,- 639,102,000, and far under last year’s record yield of more than 3.2 billion bushels. Hopes for another bumper wheat crop next year received a thorough dampening with the department's announcement that about 25 per cent of the intended winter wheat acre age in the important great plains Gown of the Year This is an artist’s conception (front elevation) of the wedding gown worn by Princess Elizabeth on November 20 for her marriage to Lt. Phillip Monntbatten. On the right is one of the bridesmaids' dresses. The wedding gown, upon which such adjectives as glorious, exquisite and ethereal have been lavished, was of ivory duchess satin, strategically embellished with seed pearls, crystal and hand-embroidered designs based on paintings by Botticelli. Tbe train of transparent ivory silk tulle was 15 feet long. area had not been seeded by No vember I because of dry weather. Simultaneously it appeared that meat production had started a down ward trend, impelled by the re duced corn crop and higher feed prices. Department of agriculture spokes men estimated that there will be a cattle population of only 77 mil lion on January 1, 1948—8.6 million below the all-time high of 85.6 mil lion on January 1, 1945. As a result, consumers will be eat ing less beef, pork and poultry next year—there just won’t be as much to go around. RED ACTION: Riots, Terror Communist-borne trouble and ter ror was on the increase in France and Italy. Spreading paralysis gripped the French port city of Marseille as workers responded to a general strike call by Communist labor leaders after a day of rioting in which one person was fatally wound ed and six others seriously hurt. In Milan, Italy, Communists sacked an anti-Red newspaper plant and attacked a police station in the course of rioting which gripped the city in a state of near terror. They demanded the immediate suppres sion of newspapers “which incite people to hate and vengeance,” the suppression of “organizations of Fas cist character” and the arrest at once of “all persons suspected for their activity against the Italian republic.” In both Marseille and Milan, the Communists seized upon relatively unimportant incidents and managed to magnify them to a point where they could incite violence. OH, HAPPY UNITED STATES Wild Animals Put Bite on India Do you pity the poor American pedestrian who figures to get his lumps from being booted in the der- riere by a rampaging motorist when he crosses the street? Think noth ing of it. In India red-faced monkeys, sav age tigers, wild elephants, prowling bears and poisonous snakes kill more than a million persons every year. Like the traffic menace in the United States, this situation at last has attracted the attention of the central and provincial governments in India. They have declared the monkeys which invade the Hindu city of Benares and bite pilgrimag ing worshippers to death “one of the greatest menaces of our time from the animal kingdom.” Although a handsome bounty is paid for every monkey’s head—$10 for a male and $6 for a female— efforts to end the monkey menace are up against strong religious sen timent. Hindus consider the mon keys sacred. Yet, in Benares, children are be ing pushed from temple steps to their death by wild monkeys almost daily. Last year monkeys killed 107 persons there. And there are other hazards which nature in the raw hold4 for the In dians. Wild elephants in the prov inces of Assam, to the north, and Mysore, to the south, move in great groups, trampling villages, destroy ing crops and leaving behind a grim toll of human lives. On the slopes of the Himalaya mountains black bears killed more than 3,000 persons in 1945 alone. Spe cial anti-bear squads now have been organized to combat this terror. Just 100 miles from the great me tropolis of Bombay, in western In dia, can be heard the chilling growl of the man-eating tiger. Every year 200,000 Indians fall prey to them. Most dreaded of all, however, is the hooded, glossy king cobra and its smaller brethren. There are an estimated 40 million snakes in India —one for every 10 human beings. And every year they kill 400,000 people. Civilization has quite a ways to g< at that. Distiller's Processed Grain Has Feed Value By-Product Speeds Up Growth off Livesfock By W. J. DRYDEN Leading agricultural colleges have conducted experiments with distil ler’s dried grains and have found that for every bushel of grain milled in a distillery the high protein and vitamin by-products recovered are equal to one and one-seventh bush els of grain in feed value when fed with farm-raised grains. From every bushel of grain proc essed for alcohol in the distillery, 17 to 18 pounds of highly nutritious animal and poultry feeds are re- Weighing and checking periodi cally turkeys fed on stimuflav at Walker poultry farm, Peoria, HI. covered. The present demand for grain makes it advisable for farm ers to substitute distiller’s grain or similar product for part of the ra tion for their turkeys, chickens or livestock. The economy of such a method has resulted in increased growth and production at a low cost. Poul try fed this by-product has shown a gain of one pound over chickens raised on a standard farm ration. Reinforcements Needed To Maintain the Soil Manure is important in furnishing plant food to the soil, adding or ganic matter and rebuilding soil structure. But you cannot maintain your soil simply by feeding crops to livestock and returning the manure to the land. The above chart shows the losses that occur when 1,000 bushels of com are fed to livestock. In making the feed into milk or WHAT HAPPENS TO FEBTIUTV WHEN FED ? tooo BU. CONTAIN: SfrTONS QM 1000 LBS N. 170 LBSl P. 100 UBS. K. ANIMALS USE: 17 TONS 250 LBSi N. 34 LBS R 19 LBS K. RETURNED IN MANURE: II TONS 750 LBS N. 136 LBS P. 171 LBS. K. beef, the animals use up 60 per cent of the original organic matter, 25 per cent of the nitrogen, 20 per cent of the phosphorus and 10 per cent of the potash. With careful handling the manure (liquid and solid) will return to the soil a high percentage of the fertility originally contained in the feed. But under ordinary methods of handling, manure may lose as much as half its fertility and organic matter. In order to main tain and improve the soil, manure should be reinforced by other good management practices. These should include liming, the growing of deep-rooted legumes in the rota tion to open and ventilate the soil, and the application of commercial fertilizer as needed. Trials Show Efficient Feeding of Molasses Three series of trials using a total of 122 pigs were conducted to deter mine the maximum amount of cane molasses that can be utilized effi ciently by pigs from weaning to a weight of 70 pounds. Rations contain ing levels of 10, 20, 30 and 40 per cent molasses were compared with chepk rations containing no molas ses in these experiments at Univer sity of Hawaii. The results indicate that, with the rations fed, 20 per cenl/is the maxi mum amount that will allow satis factory gains and efficient feed util ization. Above this level of molasses both the rate of gain and efficiency of feed utilization decreases mark edly. Cost of Keeping Rats Runs High on Farms Rats and mice, mankind’s great est animal enemies, cause enormous losses to agricultural crops, root crops, tubers, bulbs, cereals and trees. Rats also transmit such dis eases as typhus and bubonic plague. It costs about two cents a day or $7.30 a year to keep a rat. One rat will eat and destroy from 85 to 100 pounds of feed a year, or as much as is consumed by a laying hen. A cow produces on food of 225 rats. Bromfield A VOICE FROM THE COUNTRY Complex Economy Threatens Small Business Enterprise (Editor’s Note: This is the second in a series of articles on current prob lems by Louis Bromfield, one of America’s leading writers.) By LOUIS BROMFIELD Released by WNU Features. There are times when it seems that the pattern of our agri cultural and business life appears not to have kept pace with the development of industry and technology. The old frontier of the general farm is one case in point. An other is the field of distribution of all goods, but notably of food, and the small enterprise, either retail or industrial. Like the old-fashioned general farm, the small business enterprise has in the past been a great bulwark of Amer ican independence and character, and frequently of our economy as well. The question is whether our pres ent complicated and complex indus trialized economy any longer can af ford these remnants of another day, and whether the propri etors of the general farm and the small business enterprise can survive much longer the econom ic strain placed upon them. Tied in j with the problems of both is the ques tion of distribution, notoriously expensive and ineffi cient, and in the actual process of painfully adjusting itself. It is not only that the world has shrunk immensely In our time but also that the United States has shrunk with it. The problem of ad justing wages and purchasing pow er to the prices of all commodities has become the most urgent one now confronting the free enterprise system. Size, specialization and ef ficiency all have their bearing upon living costs, and notably upon food prices. The old - fashioned general farm is an inefficient unit in our highly complex interrelated pro duction economy. So, too, is the small retail enterprise compet ing with the efficiency, buying and distributing power of the vast, well-integrated chain stores, super-markets and coop eratives. The economic pressures of our century are all toward bigness, effi ciency and low-cost production and distribution, exactly as the rewards of the automobile industry have gone to mass-production, assembly line big companies which produced a commodity of high quality for a low price. In the problem of food costs this efficiency begins at the farm, extends through the old field of distribution to the retail outlet. Cycle of High Costs. The high cost of food begins on the farm through inefficiency and low production per acre, which pro duces high costs per man hour and per commodity unit. It continues through the field of distribution which involves handling — many times — commission merchants, market rigging, and at times a spread of price between producer and consumer of several hundred per cent. The point is that small retailers as well as the great chain stores or cooperatives are a link in this chain, but that the small retailer is largely at the mercy of market rigging, commission merchants, expensive small-lot distribution and multiple distribution agencies (that is, the great wholesale buyers and com mission merchants, the local whole sale distributors, et cetera—each of whom takes a cut eventually paid for by the consumer or in losses by the small retail proprietor). At the same time, the small retailer is a victim of the eco nomic squeeze created by the ability of the chain stores, super-markets and cooperatives to. set low prices because of smaller purchase and distribu tion cost. Rarely, save in deluxe areas like New York’s Madison avenue, can the small unit re tailer set a price higher in his community than that of the big ger organizations, although his costs may be much greater. The economic tendency and pres sures today are certainly all in the direction of low costs, high effi ciency and the bigness which cre ates them. The consumer is con cerned almost wholly with the goal of buying the best quality for the lowest price. Certainly super-mar kets, chain stores and cooperatives are growing and will continue to do so, taxed or tdx-free in the case of big cooperatives, for even with taxes they still can sell at lower prices than the small independent operator. Dollar Value Paramount. All of this, of course, raises the grave question of monopolies, if not nation-wide, at least in certain states and areas. Monopoly, in turn, implies government regulation. But at the moment, at least, the con- "In a sense, the small distributor, as exemplified by the comer grocery store, and the old-fashioned general farmer are, like the horse and bug gy, relics of a former day.” sumer is not concerned with these things. He is concerned solely with making his dollar buy as much as possible, both in quality and quan tity. The fundamental point is that the pressures against the small enter prises are economic and, therefore, extremely powerful. In a sense, the small distributor, as exemplified by the comer grocery store, and the old-fashioned general farmer are, like the horse and buggy, relics of a former day. This was before the world and this nation had shrunk, when the retailer bought his food directly from the farmer, and food commodities were not shipped from rural communities into the cities and then back again to the town in those same rural communities with an enormous distribution markup in between. This markup the big food handlers are able largely to elimi nate by direct mass buying and shipping. Ifie forces of economics and of mass production and distri bution are difficult or impossible to resist. Of course, it would be possible for government to subsidize the small, inefficient, handicapped operator with taxpayers’ money, very largely that is what has happened in the case of the un progressive, inefficient fanner and the absentee-landlord-tenant systems in agriculture. But the consumer takes the beating be cause he continues to pay ’not only high prices but also taxes in the form of subsidies out of the other pocket. It is notable that the National Poultrymen’s association recently urged congress to drop all poultry and egg price-support measures so that the subsidized, inefficient poul try producer would be eliminated and the prices would find a lower level to the consumer, but one still profitable to the efficient producer. Sentimentally, I hate to see the passing of the old-fashioned general farm and the corner grocery store. Both institutions gave me much happiness and friendliness in my youth, but I am afraid there isn’t any longer much place for them in our highly complex, economic civili zation in a shrunken world. In the end, we shall be forced to catch up with our times by the sheer ruthless force of economics and because the consumer no longer can afford either institution. Ex-G.l. Finds Old Army Shirt in Surplus Store HASTINGS, NEB.—When Charles E. Jenkins, a war veteran, was buy ing work clothes in an army-navy store here, a familiar looking khaki shirt caught his eye. It was the shirt he wore through the Solomon islands campaign. He had turned it in when he was grad uated from officers candidate school in 1944. Jenkins’ initials and serial num ber in the shirt were in his own handwriting. When Jenkins submit ted his dogtag as final proof, George Engelbrecht, store manager, gave him the shirt. Free Licenses Give Indians 'Pretty' Cars TALLAHASSEE, FLA.—Florida’s dwindling band of Seminole Indians once again will be able to “dress up their cars and make them look pretty” as a result of a long-stand ing agreement on automobile li cense plates. The Redmen have at least one ad vantage over the “palefaces” in that they don’t have to pay for their li cense plates. The policy was started about 17 years ago by Gov. David Sholtz, who wanted to help the Seminoles with their problems. Sholtz took his entire cabinet of state officials down the Tamiami trail to hold a powwow with the In dians, explaining that Florida want ed to assist the Indians in any way possible. But the Indians turned down his offers, insisting that they didn’t want any help from the pale faces except free licenses to “dress up their cars and make them look pretty.” During the past 30 years, a tor nado has occurred in the United States on an average of every 62 hours; and each killed an average of 1.67 persons and caused some $83,000 worth of property damage. If your pocketbook winces at the mere thought of Christmas—don’t, start scratching names off your list—but decide here and now to give practical, useful gifts. For example, local dealers are featur ing two timely items you can give generously to the smokers on your Christmas list. We refer to Camel Cigarettes and Prince Albert Smoking Tobacco. These popular brands are all dressed up in fes tive wrappings, ready to give. Camel comes in a handsome ten- package carton—contains 200 mild, flavorful Camel cigarettes. And for the pipe smoker, tongue-friend ly Prince Albert is available in Christmasy one-pound tins. Both Camels and Prince Albert have space for a personal “Merryi Christmas” message. Ask your- dealer to put some cartons of I Camels and tins of Prince Albert away for you now.—Adv. Promptly relioves coughs of intHnwHiiK CHEST coins MUSTEROLE RUB ON KIDNEY SUFFERERS! 74% BENEFITED —in clinical test by recognized N. Y. research organization AH patieota were suflehng from burning pee-' ‘ \ were given tablets All p&Uenta were sunenng from bi sages, getting up night*. All were gi' based on newer medical knowledge. T1 ith stimulated kidneys (as do conventional cb- etic pills) and directly soothed irritated bladder \ings (only Foley Pills also soothe). The result both stimulated kidni uretic . lining* _ of teat was 74% were freed of burning tions; only had to get up at night one-third aa many times. 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