Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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THE OUTGROWTH OF CONVICT LEASES. il\a<;<;i:i<athi) storils in a northern nhws^rkr WIkU a Conespomlcnt Has Said About the Stockades in An derson County. An Attempt to Revive Sectional Hatreds and Prejudices [Tito Philadelphia North American sont a cone nomlent to Anderson County for the evident purpose of making a sousationul aft'air out of tin' ro> (cut exposures of unlawful conduct at tho convict stockades, and the mission of thy correspondent lias hcon faithfully carried out, us will he seen by the following extracts from his account of the alleged slavery conditions existing tliej^. A careful rending of this correspondence will show that iucls arc Jowly woven with sectional bias and prejudice in order to produce the de sired effect in the North, and these extracts are printed so that our rtadeis may know to what extent this section is being uialigucd.] Couir.Mma, S. 0., Fr1?. 24.?Slavery exists in this Male to- lav and in as barbarous" a form as before the war. Tbo whole Iniquitous system lias been re-established in cerl ?in counties? ovorytlung excepting the -lave market Hut without the market slaves are bought ami sohl ?mono the planters, who place a price upon l.io slave con tract which holds the unfortunate ne. gro in bondage To tbo credit of South Carolina b? it said that the OoVOrnor r the Slate has raised his voice agai st this bai barity. The Judges are aguinst it. most of the Stale ollicials deplore it, and the best citizens generally express their condemnation of the methods em ployed by many planters lo nullify the thirteenth amendment to the United States constitution and to lender void the (emancipation Proclamation. Hut in spite of this sentiment against slavery negroes charged with no crime are shut up in stockades, guarded by ovorseors who frtquontly resort to tbo lae-b , and when the uulortuuatcs escape they are run down by bloodhounds and armed guards. In at least one instance a free negro who had been shut up in one of thoso stockades was shot dow n by the planter wdio owned the conti act simply because the negro desired to escape from the bondage. Theie arc rumors of many other such cases w here negroes have boon killed in attempting to run away. Those who are beta acquainted with affairs in .south Carolina say that this slavery system is the outgrowth of the convict labor law of the Stale. It is within the last live years that slavery has been rcintroduced. Planters secur ed convicts from the Slate penitentiary, und this gave them the privilege to build a stockade. Having the stock ade they secured non-criminal free negroes and shut them up with the con victs, working all alike in the cotton holds. ( Uber planters, envious of those who got cboap labor in this way, built stockades without any convict lease and tilled these prison yards with free negroes. Gradually the system has spread over the Stale, although the Governor and other ollicials say that it exists only in Anderson County. The North American correspondent is in formed that in the adjacent State of Goorgia ncgrm-s are similarly confined, ami worked under labor contracts. In other Southern Slates they have labor Contracts, but are without the stock ades. Probably the planters have succeed ed in placing their nogl'O laborers in slavery because the negro has been practically disfranchised in ibis state. It is said that if the negroes could vole they would be able to cast 10,000 more ballots than the whites in South Caro lina. Hut by providing rigid educa tional and property qualifications for registration, the whites have practically obliterated the negro vole. Only8,500 colored men are qualified voters in South Carolina this year. Since the negro has no longer any political power and is not believed when a witness in the courts, he is un ablo under the laws of the State to protect himself. Colored men arc as helpless in South Carolina now as they wen in the old slavery days, but the force of public sentiment may be abb; to do something without tho interposition of the general gOVOmment. The grand jury in An ileraon County is now investigating the labor and stockade system, and has been charged by Judge W. c. Benotto lind out the true facts and bring in a return showing what planters in that county have been holding the negroes as slaves. The planters themselves do not seem apprehensive, however, as they say the grand jury visited the stockades a year ago and did nothing. While it is true that the planters are not frightened and will not believe that the local authorities really purpose to do away with the new slavery system, they are notwithstanding much annoy ed by the investigation that has been begun. This is because the negroes who have been held in tho stockades and lashed by the brutal guards are now looking forward lo another Kman cipalion Day and running away from the planters, seeking refuge in the towns. In Anderson County, alone in the last week, more than 200 negroes have lied from the cotton fields and re fused to work longer under the. con tracts. This has enraged tho up-to date slave-owners, who threaten ven geance upon the men who, they say, have incited the negroes to leave. There are rumors of massacres to come, und any day there may be a wholesale attack upon the fugitive farm laborers in that county. The exposure .if tho slavery system was brought about inn very peculiar way. There arc in the town of Ander son, the county seat of the county of that name, two trial magistrates. One of these got most of the work connected with the. drawing up and acknowledge ment of 'lie labor contracts, under which the iicgroes are held as slaves; the other magistrate recently weutiuto the newspaper business, and being fa miliar* with tho system in all its details, determined to put a stop to the enslave ment of tbo colored men, if possible, lie published in his paper a carefully worded editorial, which revealed ttic facts in outline. One of the lirstmcn lo build a stock ade in Anderson County was W. A, Xcal, who was afterwards made Su perinteiident of the State penitentiary, fie got his convicts from tho Stall prison at Columbia, and confined then j in a stockade built on bis farm, four 01 ' live miles from Anderson. Vour correspondent was unable to learn whether or not Mr. Xeal placed in his Blockade Willi his convicts ally free negroes. At any rat his OX peri, ence with this kind of che tp labor must have been very salisfacto y, for his ex ample was promptly followed by other planters. .J. 8. Fowler, who owns many farm* in the county, and who now has be twecn four and live hundred liegroe? CI1 these plantations, hurried to I 'oluin bin and got n lease from Ihr. prison * 1 i rectors. He brought back convicts, and soon improved tho system by shut ling up in his stockade other negroes who were not convicts. Mr. Fowler is a model fanner, aud if he had lived in South Carolina be fore the war would have been gener ally admired as a humane and consid erate slave owner. He treats the ne groes well. If they are ill. they arc given the best of medical attention ; tl they are well they get plenty of hearty food, so that every one of them may do a hard day's work. It is true that they are shut up at night in a stockade, or, at least, have been, until the grand jurors began their investigation. It is true that there are bloodhounds around Mr. Fowler's stockade, and true also, that his guards sleep with weapons within reach. But for all that, he is a careful aud kind man to his ucgto laborers. Mr. Fowler it was who originated, with the aid of his lawyers, the con tract ui der which colored men are held in slavery. If he alone had used that contract perhaps it would not have been so bard upon the negroes. Hut other planters got the blanks, induced negroes to sign the agreement, confin ed I hem in the stockades, Burrounded llieni with guards and bloodhounds and abused them shamefully in many other ways. When Mr. Neal secured the appoint ment as Superintendent of the Stale penitentiary, his friends in his home COUIlty prepared lo reap a rich harvest by getting their labor for a mere noth ing and reducing their system of em ployment 10 tho plan ui vogue before the war. Mr. NeaPs nephew, A. L\ Newell, goi a few convicts and built a stockade six miles from Anderson. Mr. Neal'8 cousin, J, Helton Watson, was able to get agroup of convicts aud also built a stockade. Others who benefited by these convict leases weie W. (j. Hammond, Mr. Ncul's bondsman ; 1*. H. Alien, and Julius Miller. Fach of these men erected fctrong stockades, placed their convicts under guard, got other negroes aud placed them also under guard. There is much secrecy concerning the names of the men who, not having convict leases, built stockades and con lined negroes in slavery without even the color of the law. Hut one of (hose illegal stockades has been visited by the grand jury'. It is that of Flias Ma gee, built on his land in Anderson County, near the Georgia line. This man has no convicts, but scores of slaves. He gets his negroes ?most of them imprisoned for debt?in Georgia, taking them out on bond from various Georgia courts and carrying them into another Slato to work on his farms. Persons who ought to be well ac quainted with such matters inform your correspondent that there are scores of less extensive stockades in Anderson County. The reords of the prison at Columbia, however, show that the only persons in that county who are entitled to get State convicts under lease are J, S. Fowler, W. <2. Hammond, 1'. H. Allen, .1. I>. Watson and A. T. Newell. Only a few weeks ago W. S. Newell, brother of the man who has the convict lease with the State board of prison directois, was arraigned in Anderson County court for murder. He had shot down one Will Hull, who had been for months routined in his stockade by vir tue of the terms of the remarkable labor contract originated by Mr. Fow ler. Hull was not a convict and never had been. He was a free negro. New ell secured his hold on the man by buying up a claim for debt against him, and held him in the stockade to work OUt the money it. is alleged Hull owed. According to the negro slaves on No Well's plantation, who weie intei viewed by the correspondent of The North American, Hull wns shot down by Newell without, any real provoca tion. Hull's brother visited the fnnn and delivered a letter to the prisoner. This brother advised Will Hull that ho was wrongfully held a slave and ought to leave the Newell farm. A little later in the afternoon Hull informed young Newell that he was going to leave. Tho negro slaves on the plan tation, convict and free, who witnessed lb :ooting say that Newell replied to thib statement on the negro's part by promptly drawing a gun and shooting down the colored man. There was a brief trial in the court that took two hours to get the jury, hear all tho evidenco and reach a ver dict. Nowell testified that the negro, , Hull, picked up a stone, was. in tho net of throwing it and at the same 'imc opening a knife with his teeth when ho was shot. Precisely similar tcsti i loony was given by tho armed guard, Gray. Tho jury was out ton minutos, ? and .acquitted Nowoll on tt)3 ground . that he shot in self-defense. This W. 8. Newell, who escaped n . murder charge so easily, was seen and : questioned by tho correspondent foi i The North American. He is a well spoken young man, (tin) perfectly can. (lid in talking about his slaves, both COIlvict and free. As might be sup. posed, Mr. Newell is of tin: opinion that the uogro ought lo ho a slave, aud that ho is better so. When Mr. Newell was asked if the Bhoolillg of the free negro had not moved tlie .Judge to charge tin: grand jury and investigate tho modern slave system, and was not really responsible for the public outcry and the excite ment among the planters, the farmer answered : 44 No ; 1 don't think the shooting had anything to do with if. 1 don't mind telling you what I think started all this fuss. I had here on my farm a nigger woman for a cook. She was a nice, likely young woman, and had a hus band am! a boy about 8 years old. One day the husband and the boy were picked up by Quint Hammond and thrown into h'a stockade. Of course, I don't know why Quint look them, but I suppose he might not have been feeling well that day, and perhaps was just a little mad about something. Anyway, Hammond locked up the man aud the boy in his stockade, and kept them there. The woman was naturally a good deal excited about it. She wanted her hoy. I would have liked to have got the family together, but she v is thinking about the boy so much she really couldn't work well ; so I thought I'd try and get the father and the boy from Hammond. I would bave done it, too, but that I learned Hammond asked $1(J() for them. 1 wasn't teady to pay any such price. It was too much. So 1 just dropped the matter. u When the woman found that she couldn't get her boy, aud that I wouldn't pay so much for him, she began to take on at a great r-dc. I understand that she wrote to tho (Jov srnor. If she did I have no doubt that the Governor may have referred Lhe letter to Judge Honet. This, I lake It, is really what started the ex citement over this thing, and what auscd all the trouble to us planters." THE ANDERSON SCANDAL. [f Abuses Exist the Guilty Per sons Will be Punished The Charleston News and Courier ias interviewed Governor M. I). Me* Sweeney in regard to the stockade scan* lal in Anderson County, and he replied is follows : " The matter was first brought to ny attention by an anonymous letter rom Anderson Countv. The letter vas evidently written by some igno anl person. It detailed horrors among lO'Called slaves. I sent tho letter to Solicitor BoggS, With instructions that ie take the matter up at once ami make i thorough investigation. This he is loing. A few days after this the iditorial in the Anderson Mail appcar id. Now I am not in a position to say whether the cditoiial or tho letter laused tho investigation. Hut a fur her investigation is going to be made, lud I believe the proper parties will ie punished. 1 do not know whether he crimes said to exist should really jc charged against the stockade owners >f Anderson County. We must rc nember that there are always two sides oa question and this undoubtedly has wo sides. Our opinions must now, hcrofore, he drawn from ex parle datcmcnls. When lhe trial comes up hose men accused of imprisoning mgroes under warrants of false arrest ,viil employ the best attorneys in the ?hate, and the complexion of the case nay be entirely changed. 1 have every eason to believe that Solicitor Hoggs s going to do his duty, and all tho ?Iber officers, for that matter. If the nnestigalion, however, is not what it diotild be I shall conduct an investi gation myself, paying for it out of the contingent fund. The matter is a lerious one and cannot ho cried down. I look upon it pretty much as I do lynching. I have always used every [lower to protect a man from a mob Mid will continue to do this. The Legislature just closed appropriated ?.'i,MU() for expenses incurred in pro Lectiug negroes from mobs, or moro politely, harm. I am ready to give twice that amount lo protect a man's life. If the men ill Anderson County nre guilty of doing what is charged Against thom they should be hunted down and punished. I believe that some white men work negroes pretty much as railroad contractors work their mules or horses. In Anderson the negroes have been imprisoned and beat, not because they wero negroes, but because they were ignorant. I be lievo that if the thing is not stopped white men will also be imprisoned. " No more convicts, however, will be leased to private parties after De cember 31) I'M)I. In cases of this kind where a person would lease a convict or convicts a contract would be drawn up between tho lesse and the State. Tho lessee would bind himself to treat the convict or convicts hu manely. Hut 1 havo known theso con tracts to bo broken. About two years ago Superintendent Neal, of tho Peni tentiary, reported to me that a convict, who had been h asod to someone in the upper part of tho Sla'e, had returned to Columbia on account of had treat ment. Tho convict was badly bruised and maimed. 44 I believe in exposing crime, hut (here is such a thing as giving too much publicity to matters of this kind. If the conditions are aired too much before tho investigation begins, pre judice may enter and the situation re solve itself, in tho eyes of many, to the view of p. wloto man against a negro. Too often in inch cases justico is not done." The South Carolina Press Associa tion will take a trip to tho l'an-Aiueri Citi Imposition this summer. CASTOR IA For Infants and Children. The Kind You Have Always Bought THIS BETTER WENT OF LABOR Pelzer an Exam le of Improved ConditioiiH in Southern Cotton BfiUs. Mr. Kdward II. Sanborn, general manager of the Naltcua) Association of Manufacturers, has given in tho last issue of tbo Manufacturers* liccord. the results of his examination into the conditions of the cotton mill industry in the South, and in looking over the ground in its many phases he has given a fair review of the situation. His deductions are as follows: 1. Factory employes are alums! ex clusively native-born, and chiefly of what are commonly known as the mountain people. 2. The conditions under which they live in factory vil'ages show a very marked improvement over tho sur roundings of the homes from which they enmc. A comparison hotween the North and the South in the items of wages, hours ol labor and tho em ployment of child labor is apparently to the disadvantage of the South, but the truer basis for such a comparison, namely, the condition of Southern mill employes prior to their engagement in the in ills, as contrasted with ihc condi tions which prevailed in New ICughind at a similar stage of the development of the industry m that bection, is highly creditable to the South. ."!. The relation of the employer to the employe is more paternal in the South than elsewhere, evidencing a genuine desire to provide for the leal welfare ?<f the mill help. 4. Recent factory construction in the South embodies every recognized requirement for the comfort, conve nience and sanitary welfare of the em ployes. r>. The whole influence of the cotton mill in tho South has been beneficial to the population as a whole. It is dis tinctly a marked civilizing agency, as it has given comfortable living and an elevating influence to thousands of families who never before knew any thing better than a cabin in the hack woods. Mr. Sanborn has taken the town of Heizer as an example of the highes! development in the improved condition of the men and women at Iho cotton mills in the South, and his accurate description is herewith appended. The town of 1'elzer, in South Caro lina, where the great mills of the l'el/.cr Manufacturing Co. are located, is a very interesting illustration, and is very instructive to anyone who wishes to study factory conditions in the South. Prior to the building of the drst mill the town of Heizer did not exist. The lirsf mill was built on the banks of the Saliuln river, when there was not a house of any description in sight. There is now n population of about tlOOU people, living in good houses scattered about irregularly over a very picturesque locution. The somewhat brokeu country, an abundance of shade trees and streets which follow the irre gularities of ttie country form rather a radical departure from the usual ar rangement of factory towns, winch are usually laid out upon level silo3 with straight rows of houses and noth ing to break the monotony of ils re gularity. The pay-roll of the Politer Manu facturing Co.^numbers "J.stiO names, al though the actual average number of operatives is only about 240O. This difference points to a somewhat com mon characteristic of the Southern mill help, as it is usually found that tho irregularities of the operatives require the employment of a considerably larger number than is actually required for the operation of tho plant Nearly all of the help employed in Pelzer is from the mountain districts, and this class of operatives can be studied here lo excellent advantage, as the conditions are quite typical. While the town is under the absolute owner ship and control of the corporation, there is no unreasonable or unneces sary restriction of the inhabitants. The sale of liquor is not permitted within the town nor within n radius of three miles of the town limits While the absolute prevention of the uso of intoxicants has never been realized as yet in any locality, this town is about as free from this objectionable feature as would be expected where human naturo has to bo dealt with. Liquor is occasionally obtained surreptitiously beyond tho prescribed limits, and is smuggled into the town, but evidences I of its use arc so rare that it nugbt al most be said to be an unknown clemeut in the village. When a family is employed in the mills and takes up its residence in the town a controct l mst bo signed, by which tho parents bind themselves to send their children uudcr twelvo years of age to the school which tho company provides, and it is similarly agreed that children above the ago of twelve years shall work in tho mills. This compulsoiy educational requirement is supplemented by the offer of a bonus 1 of ten cents per month to each child j regularly attending school during the mouth. How effective this system has proved to bo is shown by tho attendance at tho school, which averagen about I 700 out of tho total population of about (5000. Under these requirements tbo minimum ago for employes in tho mills is twelvo years, and no children are permitted to work who have not reach ed that age. Although the houses are owned by tbo corporation, thoir rental is not a part of the employment contract, as ' wages are paid in full semi-monthly in cash. Tbo store buildings arc owned by the corporation, but ore rented to shopkeepers, and tho oporation of the stores is ontirely independent of the company, Employostnd residents in Ihc village are entirely freo to tiadc wherever they please. There is no store-order evil. Tho wages in these mills average about seventy-six cents per day for all employes. The company maintains a himiii y and reading-room, which con tain about (5000 volumes aad twenty five periodicals, and a handsome build ing is provided for this pttrpoio, which is open during tho evening.* nud on Sundays. In order to encourage savings among the mill hands, tbo company conducts a savings bank, and when the writer recoiltly visited I'el/.er tin; deposits in this bank amounted to 9107,000. This would mean an average of about #.'J8 eaeli for the 2800 names on the pay roll. As it is very doubtful if 1 per COtft. of these operatives ever suc ceeded in laying by such a sum of money prior to their employment in the mills, this is one of the inosi. strik ing evidences of the advancement 'hat lias come to this class of people thro igh the establishment of cotton mill, in the .South. The moral and toligious welfare of the operatives is not forgotten, as IhciO are three churches, Hnplisl, Methodist and I'rcsbyteiian, in the town. This factory settlement is an exceedingly interesting study from many points of view. The conditions which it pre sents may be found elsewhere in the South in varying degrees, but possibly more thought has been given to the welfare of the operatives in Pe'./cr than elsewhere, as ('apt. Ellison A. Smyth, president of the I'el/.er Manu facturing Co., has devoted a great deal of attention to these things, and has always been an enthusiastic advocate of the improvement of the conditions of life in factory towns. The influence of his advanced views and his personal devotion to the interests of the people who work in his mills are manifest on every hand. The study of the conditions in Pel zet ami the numerous other Southern factory villages where the same prin ciples have been applied in varying degree will abundantly substantiate the claim that the inlluouco of the Southern cotton mill and life in the factory villages have been in every way beneficial to the laboring classes. The employment of people who have always lived apart by themselves in remote country regions, and who never before have mid any of the conditions of viilngc life, has brought many pecu liar and often serious problems with winch employers have had to deal, but there seems to have been an honest and very earnest endeavor to solve all these problems, and to make factory life beneficial to the employes, not alone from a purely material stand point, hut also with re&rard to their moral and intellectual welfare. II is not uncommon to llnd that the corporation through its executive of ficer maintains a strict censorship and promptly excludes from the town limits any man or woman of questionable morals who may be discovered. The summary action that is often taken in such cases if quite surprising to those who arc familiar only with factory con ditions in the larger and older centers of the North. It is of interest to note that the help employed in the cotton mills of the South is almost exclusively native-born American. It is a rare thing to lind any foreigners in any of the mills, and the few who are employed are mainly stragglers who have wandered South ward from Northern mill centers, in this respect the cotton-manufacturing industry of the South is in about the same position as that occupied by the industry in New England two genera tions or more ago, when the daughters of farmers and respectable town families thought it no discredit to seek employment in LhO mills. Since those days New England has passed through several changes. first came the1 Kreuch Canadian help, which quickly supplanted the local labor ami took complete possession ol most of the mills. These, in turn, have been dis placed by a great variety of nationali ties. In recent years there has been a continuous exodus of the French Canadians from the New England villages, returning to their homes across the line, and in their places will now be found a great variety of European nationalities, even including Portu guese, Creeks and Armenians. As there is practically no European Immi gration into the Soulh, and as the supply of native-born labor scoms ade quate to last for an indefinite number of years, there seems little prospect of any invasion of the. Southern mills by foreign-born help. Tim.man is IlAPPY.?The Washing Ion Post says that. Senator Tilltnan is happy. The pension bill in which he was interested has been signed by the President. A few days ago Mr. Tillman swore before Almighty Cod that he would not let any pension bills pass the Sen ate until his own particular measure had been acted upon. He had a con stituent down in South Carolina, named Jim Thomas, who fought in the Mexican wni. He was a brave man, beyond a doubt, for he climbed the hill of Chapultepec and helped to pull down the Mexican colors ami raise the Ameiican Hag. In another battle he had his arm shot shot olt. He got his ponsion, but, having in 1801 given his aid and comfort to the Confederate cause, his allowance was cut oil'. The Senate, agreed to re-pension him, but the House held up the hill. That is, the holding up t .ocess lasted until Mr. Tillman delivered his ultimatum, and then the bill was passed. Now pen sion bills go through the Senate as if tluy were greased. It sometimes pays, says Mr. Till man, to show your teeth. But the end is not yet, for the passage of the bill is virtunlly a repeal of the law which dis bars a Mexican veteran from receiv ing a pension because he sympathized with the Confederate cause. And there are thousands of these old veterans in the Soulh. Ono hundred and sixty miles an hour is the speed aimed at by a new electric railway company in Oermany under the direct patronage of the Emperor. Cars with act ommodations for lifly peisons euch arc now being built and will be tried on a thirty kilomett-r track. It is intended to use ; electricity only for the express pas ? sengcr service, as for freight and local I tratllc steam is expected to remain the power for a long time. I l'a.ms never live more than 250 yoars. Ivy has boen known to live 450, chestnut 800, oak 1,000 and yew 2,H80 years. I Be*rt. the _/) Ihe Kind You Have Always Bou#it HI 1,1/ ARP WRITRS VERSES. His Troubles lSegnu When He Wrote Lines in a School Girl's Album. "An album's pages tslJ ol many a friend Lost to the sight, but to the memory dear. ' Those lines are the beginning of SOino verses I wrote in a school girl's album lifty-four years ago. The little book is near me now. 11 is old and war-worn and iL makes me sad 1?? turn its leaves and read the pretty verse* thai adorn its pages. Tbo authors were her best friends ami nil are dead but one the one now writing this letter. " Friend after friend departs -who has not lost a friend?" This album was captured during the uncivil war and carried away to Babylon and kept a prisoner in n strange land for twenty -one years and then was return ed through the mail. It takes con science a long tune to bring repen tance to some people That school ojrl is my wife?she is now sillim; by her window sowing, making a little dress for a grandchild. Will she never stop making little garments ? I asked Jessie last ulghl bow many garments it took for her little Caroline in each and every year, and she count ed them up ei^hi little dresses, ten petticoats, lour pair day diawers, two pair iii^hl drawers and one. cloak?Say twenty-rive garments for winter and as many more for summer, and she makes most of them herself. My wife has done all this for ten children until they weie lifleon years old. Fifty times ten makes?00, and 500 limes 10 makes 7,000 garments and she still keeps working on. But she is not worn out nor thin nor pale nor haggard nor is her eye dimmed when she has on her gold-bound glasses. Oh. these good Old mothers. Mine did the same thing for her llock and my wife's mother the same for hers and BO do th ;y all?ex cept some. 1 h ved my mother dearly, but it grieves tnosometimes that I did not love her better, for 1 did not re alize how much she did for rue and how her very soul was wrapped up in her children, stop young man, stop and think, when you are faraway from home rollicking and frolicking with your gay companions stop sometimes, stop and think ol your good mother and write lo her a loving letter. Hope ful and sail she waits for every mail and never despairs. Hut about albums. A friend lias loft bis with me for persual one of these old time mental photographic albums with about twenty questions to be answered. 1 have seen thciU be fore and was amused at the answers, but this one interested me for its pages contain an autobiography of many noble and notable men. It tells a con densed story of llicir emotional and mental character. When a man of thought is asked to write an answer lo a question he is both cautious and sin cere. He knows that he is making an exhibit of his inner life to every one w ho reads it, This album begins with Alex Steph ens in 1S74 and Iben follows with Robert Toombs, H?rschel V. Johnson, General Kir by Smith, .lames 15. Bau dall, Richard Malcolm Johnson,-L. Q. C. I.amar, Bichard II. Clark, .lohn H. Cordon, Thomas M. Norwood, Bcv. B. M. 1'aimer, Henry s. Foole, Logan 10. Blccklcy, Robert J. Burdelte, Paul 11. Haync, Joel Chandler Harris, Wal lace. P. Becd, Mrs. Oclavia Walton Le Vert, Judge Book, Richard A. Proctor, the great astronomer, and others. Every name is noble and notable, and their answers are indexes to their cha actcts. Stephen s favorite books are Milton, Pope and Shakespeare, his heroine. Rebecca in "?lvanhoe;" his hero Washington ; his occupation read ing, and farming; bis best trail in man is truth and in woman modesty. TOO 1U 1)8' favorites are Shakespeare and Tom Moore, Gibbons and Macau lay; his characters in dot ion Bienzi, in history Socrates; his favorite ?.'e cupation building air castles; best trait in man justice, ill woman charity ; the sum of human happiness is to make others happy. Govornor Johnson likes Pope, Mil ton and It > run and Swedenborg, knows nothing of romance; his best, characters Washington and Jefferson; his uccupa tioil reading and writing; the highest traits Iruth and bcnovoloiico; his watch word duly. Kirby Smith likes Gray. Young and Tennyson, Scott, Irving and Macau ley; his favorite characters Sir Galla had and St. Paul; his favorite occupa tion "making love to my wile;" his best trails in man are truth and honesty, the sum of happiness contentment. James II. Randal likes Shakespeare and Byron, Bulwor, Thackeray and Macaulay; his favorite character in romance is Warington in " Pendcnnis," in history I'cnelon; occupation reading and writing; the highest trait ill man devotion to principles, in woman modesty; the. sum of human happiness is resignation. R. M. Johnson liked Byron, Scott, Keats and Mrs. Hemaiis, Macauley, Bulwor and Goldsmith; historic char acter Aurellus; occupation scribbling; sum of happiness consciousness of God's favor. I.. O. (J. Lamar liked best Byron and Burns, Macaulay, Hulwcr and Plutarch; best characters Orcalhoarl in " Pilgrim's Progress," in history Washington and llnmpdcn, Ids favo rite occupation teaching in collogo; the sum of human happiness the love of (Jod. Bev. B. M. Palmer preferred Shakes peare, Milton and Wordsworth, Bacon, Bulwor, Scott and Goldsmith; best characters William, prince of Orange, Washington und l.ec; bis favorite oc cupation preaching the gospel; best trait truth; sum of human happiness a good conscience. II. .1. Burdelte liked Mrs. Bl'OWIlitlg, CarlylO, Thackeray; his favorite char acters Colonel Newcome and Cromwell; best trait sincerity; sum of happiness a home full of friends. Henry S. Footo liked Shakespeare and Byron, Macaulay and Tacitus; his favorite characters Old Mortality and Washington; the sum of happiness, conjugal felicity. I., v). Blccklcy chose Shakespeare, Byron and Tennyson, Hamilton, Mill and Poscal; his favorite characters Hon (,>uixoic and Marcus Aurelius. J John B. Gordon preferred Shakes pearc, Macaulay and Carlylc; his favo trite characters Washington and Cato; Iiis favorite occupation raising lino stock; bott trail in man, integrity, in woman londcrnoss. T. M. Norwood, Shakespeare and Byron; host trait in man honor. Wallace I'. Heed likes Shakespeare and Macauluy; bc&t character is. Napo leon; best trait, justice; sum of all happiness is a happy homo. Joel Chaudlcr Harris prefers Shakes penre, Scott ami Thackeray; best char acters Jefferson and Lincoln; favorite occupation lookiug after my roses; best trail in man is honesty, in woman modesty; sum of human happiness to be at home. All of these men name, the RWCCtesI words in our language and also Um saddest. Amoug the last are lost forever lost it might have been friendless hopeless forlorn, ami one sa\s most of them begin with the letter 1), as disappointment, dismay, destruc tion, despair, debts, duns, death, dam nation nnd the devil. TheiO are ether w riters in this al bum, but spue forbids. These are OUOUgh for a young man to ehooiO from. From these he can make up a good library, for there is not a ques tionable book umoug thorn. Shakes pcaro aud Macuuloy are in the lead i<> authors and Washington for character, truth for the best trail in man and modesty in woman. About half ihcse men liked the early morn and the OtllOl half the twilight, excopt, bow ever, L. q. ('. Latnar, who says his favorite Hour is 1 o'clock at night. (I never knew beton- that he played poker.) Of these sixteen notable men just half are de.nl. Their record is made up and the hook is closed. Their millionte upon the present generation cannot he estimated nor over-estimat ed. No great or good mil i or woman has an adequate Idea of what he or she is wottb to mankind. Last Sabbath we heard a very grand discourse upon environment from Lev. Mr. Mumford, who has established that industrial school near Macoil for the rejected children of the. State, Ihoso who are under the ban and who nobody wants and nobody cues for the children of drunken or disreputable parents and whom no orphanage. Will receive. The eloquent and enrnusl preacher declared in words that binned: "Men and women are not born, they aro made! Made by their environments, their parents oi their early associates." He is going over the state gatheriugup the friendless and pleading with the good people to give these children a i bailee. 14 (.Jive every friendless child a chance,"' he earnestly exclaimed. His text was "Hour ye one another's burdens and so fulfill the. law of riiust." It is a hardened heart who can listen to him ami not give soinc Ihing, There should be auolhor ques tion in that album, what is the worst und most prevalent trait in mankind ? And 1 would iituwcr, " selfishness." Hill Am?, the TERMS STATED BY CUBA. The Conditions on Which Relations Are to be Had With United Stater The constitutional convention at Havana has completed the work of drawing up the clauses in tho constitu tion referring to ilu- relations between Cuba and the United Slates. The fal lowing relations were adopted: ul. The government of Cuba will not make a treaty or ngrccment with any foreign power which may com promise or limit the independence of (. uba. or which may permit or authorize any power to obtain, by means oi colonization, or for military or naval purposes, or in any oi her maniior, fool hold 01' authority or right over any portion of ('uba. l,2, The government will not permit IIS li rritory tO be used as a base of operations for war ngaiust tho United States, or against any foreign nation. '?:'>. The government of (Una accepts in its entirety the treaty of I'aris, in which arc filllrmcd tho rights of Cuba, to the extent Of the obligations whit h nre explicitly indicated in those, and especially those which the interna tional law imposes for the pr ilection of life and properly, and substitutes itself for the United Stales in tho pledge, which they assumed in Hint sense according to articles 12 and Id ol' the treaty of I'ai is. "?I. (Juh.i recognizes as legally valid all acts of tho military government during the poihxl of occupation, also the rights arising out of them, in con formity with the joint resolution and the Porakor amendment and the exist ing laws of t be country. "?. The governments of ibe United Stale? and Cuba ought to regulate their commercial relations by means oi a treaty based on reciprocity, ami with tendencies toward free- trade in natural and manufactured pioducts, mutually assuming ample special advantages in their lespectivc markets.'1 The scheine, of relations was pub licly approved by the convention. Two hours previous to Ihc public meeting an executive session was held to lll'UW | up a preamble and revise the report i f the special Committee Another volt was then taken on the preamble and the scheint: o( relations, only three dissenting. Sonor (iiberga and Sonor Quelitz favored tllO adoption of the scheme Of relations recommended by the. United states Senate committee. Scnor Cisuoros opposed this, on the ground Hint Cuba was independent ami should not enter into any scheine of relations with tho United Slate. The preamble, which is lengthy, sol forth the receiving of the letter Ironi (Ion. Wood outlining the Wishes of the Washington executive regarding future rolatfcns. It asserts that the conven tion understood the desire of the execu tive to bring about l liest- specified re lations with tho object of preserving tho independence of Cuba, and that the suggestion as to naval stations was made oil thine lines. "But this in itself," the preamble goes on to say, "would militate against tllO independence which both parties desiro to preserve." Regarding the other conditions sug gested for preserving independence, such as raising loans, the preamble points out thai those are fully covered by the constitution, which document in tin: opinion of the convention, atnph protects Independence, Including liber ? al laws as to the rights of foreigner: tp " ^canbc ?grown frj?j without ?<w<'7 Potash. T LgT Supply ^Wi"\IEf enough I'ot ^' : .? W ?ish and your Y "' profits will bo \ V.<:N \> ' large; without . Pot a s h your crop will be '?scrubby.'' Our lx>oks, it lliiiK .iL in i-otii|HiMtimi ol liTtili.-.-rs i .i,l.i|.t.-.l |..: ..II , r0|,S| ,,,.. ,?u|| |,ir?lcls, OKKM \\ K \I i WOK Kit. -,t NasMiuSi.. Now Voifc. and individual lights. Itcgardiug the sanitary question, tho preamble declares thai thu future gov ernment should make satisfactory nr raugcmenls with tho United Statos to protect thai couutry as well as Cuba. The convention clearly implies that its action would n it hind the future government, for the last part of the preamble reads:*1 The convention con siders that relations might exist [f the. first government under' the republic thinks ii advisable." Mits. Nation on Social IOquai.im . The Wichita (Texas) Herald says: " There is something real ironical ill tho career ol Mrs. < arrio Nation, who is just new playing a Btar engagement in blessed Kansas. While in Texas during reconstruction days, she and her husband published a paper in Rich mond, in which they advocated the pious New England doctrine of social and political equality. They were not destined to see Ihc fruition of their dear hopes for Texas, as the people of Ltichmotld, whose minds were probably too dense ami whose souls were loo narrow to see the real beauties of tins advanced doctrine, served some Strange notice on these apostles, and they folded their tents like the Arabs and silently stole olt to Kansas. Here. Mrs. Nation is realizing the dream of her younger days for tho equality of the whites and the blacks. Since she began her role of salo >n smashing, she lias twice been prosecuted by a UCgro assistant county attorney and once has been compelled louccept a negro saloon keeper as her bondsman, or remain in jail. Well, it does .,eeni that one can pretty near get what be wauls in Kansas. * Tin; Sn i.tf. A writer in the Coun try Ucntktnan, comparing English and American mutton, says: "No country ha- mutton like that of Groat Britain, in whose breeds there are heavy, lleshy and excessively fill Lincoln, tho tender Leicester, the solid Shropshire and the high llnvorcd Southdown. We Americans are rapid ly becoming mutton eater-, especially in the North; but in the South it will ho sometime before the slab sided ra zor-back will bo ousted from its fust position by any sheep whatsoever." The reason of this condition in the South is farmers cannot afford lo Keep respectable breeds of sheep on account of the ever-present dog. TeilU08SCe can grow as line a quality of sheep as was ever reared in England, both for million and wool. Practical men know this to bo a fact, but a fact which will nol eventuate so long as the dog is mr lor. ? \u8hvilla American, I?ltOCItKSS <?l S< IKNCH.?The rapid advance of one of our most useful sciences is brought vividly to mind by tho following item which is going tho rounds of the ncWSpapcl'8: " August llrassart, a silversmith, w ho made the plate on which HagUClTC made the fust successful photograph, is living in St. Louis at the age of eighty* one." We are accustomed to regard da guorrco-types as very antiquated pro ducts, and yet only a lit lie more than llfiy years ago not a daguerreotype bad over been made. Out of D.iguorre's ?nvonlioii came modern photography with its many and increasing wonders. The a unco of photography has been 80 rapid in the last few years that th'J old silversmith In St. Louis, who made the plate for the fn-' daguerreotype musl feel that he has bvod lorn; in deed. Soiling grain and bay from Ihc farm in bulk reduces tho prolll in IWO ways, ll is expensive to handle and haul, and it lakes away elements of fertility that shottld 1)0 saved and returned to the soil. l'e ill llOgS, sheep and cat tle, and so market your product ill the nio?i condensed form and ill the easiest way, on tho hool, and keep lip the land while you are cropping It. In 187H l>. Tennyson, a Mar-hall County, Kansas, farmer, built a barn, uid to add to its weigh! so that it would not be blown UW'Vy by a cyclone, is the old one was, be stored twenty tons of clover hay in the loft, where it remained untouched until rccontly. lie is now feeding it to his slock, and it is as bright and w holesome as if ii were out of this year's crop. OASTOniA. doara tho X? ^ K?'.il Kl IUh AiW.iys |; . ! WANTED TO LEASE. A FURNISHED HOTEL In a to*n or city of Soi'tn Carolina. s:?tj num hor of rooms, location of hotel in rela tion to business soction, the length and terms of leaso. Kjforoncos glvon if I required. Address, MIts. E G. P., Rddivllhv N. (!. MONEY TO LOAN I On farming lands, rcasy payments. No , commissions charged. Borrower pays ac i mal cost of perfecting loan. Interest 7 per cent- UP, according to socurity. .i NO. IS, I'AI.MKlt A HON, s Columbia, b- c j