Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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SUFI Good Heads. U.K.G. in Farm News. In a circular, No. issued from the department of agriculture, Washington, I). C., there is published a paper by (J. L. Whittle, "on the forces which operate to destroy roads with notes on road stones," etc. The author classifies the destructive forces as physical. dvnaminul m?.l ical. Under each head, he in cidentully presents the different kiuds of roads building ruck in use, and suggests the best means of reducing the effects of the destructive agencies to a mini-! in u ni. The physical forces enumerated ! are: Frosts, the transporting effects of winds, the weakening of i fects of rains and gravity. The dynamical uguncies are friction and impacts under the action of loaded wheels and the hoofs of animals and "the disrup- J tive effects of roots." The chemical are decomposition and solution, under the influence of mineral and organic acids in combination with water. The destructive effects of all these are not speciafically in their place. The author, in the meantime, enters upon the discussion of road stones or road metals. Mr. Whittle soon conies to the oone.lnsimi that ?? ? f"1"" ? ? v..v.v viiv/ ti c*p|/oau 1 rocks including diarites and I diabases are altogether the best rocks for road making. Other writers place among the good road material, granites and syeuites. Our author places these latter among the poorer material, which he associates with limestones and marbles, which, (V his opinion are the most objection* ble of all rocks for road making. Material If ot Uniform in Structure As traps are not always of the same composition, and not equally tough, and are unequal in cementingqualitieR, they themselves do not otfer a constant resistance to the destructive forces, and as granites and syenitesare very variable, there must, of necessity, be a selection among these best of rocks for road pur puoon There is, however, much more variation in the qualities of the limestones throughout the country when viewed as road malum; material, than in either the traps or the granites or syenites, although these latter may become almost worthless. It is, therefore, due to the lime-1 stones, before rejecting them as a class for road making, to note their differences in composition and structure, as well as to observe some special properties,! which some ol iheiu possess in a high degree, which are of great value u> the construction ol * smooth and solid roads. These will he noted in their place. ( ciieral of ICoatl IIultiiii; .41 it l?* rial. If t rap pea n rocks were as abundant a- lltnesti lies,and were as easy of access, win-re roads are to be III o|, , then thel'H WOllel be apparent l> , no need to ex inline further. When, however, it is lv iiii vv 11 t 11 i I 1 l *? 11 1*1 w? L* w -i rn / in liiw-d to a ft*a ior.ilitic8 and tli -mo of comparatively sin ill or as in this wide country, where rntd l>nI l<lIn&r has scarcely commenced, It |s evi lent that other rocks must he taken mitt consideration. It is tine that I lie Ira p> .< re found in ahiindaiiee in the -m ill states ot New Rutland, in New .1 r.?ev, Marylnnl and Virginia. Yet in the I.truer areas of the valleys of these latter states, they are hut sparsely scattered; and in all the stales west of the Aft palaeln io mount.tins and east of the Rockies they are almost en JL.E]VIE]VT tirely absent. With this limited ] area for traps, it will he seen that they cannot be Counted on for road making in the large and important st ttes of the Mississippi valley. The .Malerlnl Here I'oiiimI for I'm>. Limestones, drift and stream1 gravels, constitute the principal ! road material in this broad agricultural region. These must be used if the roads here now calling ' for repairs and construction, are J to be made worthy of theoiviliza tion and wealth of the great states including in this area. Fortunately, many of these states lie wholly or in part, in fhe area of the northern drift, and can hence utilize the gravels left by the receeding ice. i These gravels, although not all i equally valuable, vet, if well selected, do make, as do the i r . i iirnv?'is 01 me srrpams a valuable road covering, which is hard and smooth especiallv when they are tolled to a smooth surface upon a well constructed road bed, and with care and the use of the |: roller, thev can he without much expense, kept in a fail Iv go'"l i condition. Hut the chief depeu- j dence for the material to supplv' the many miles of road here soon h to be built, must, be upon the limestones so abundantly found i in this vallv. Nelectlon* ^ecoiN>rr. I These limestones are of many i grades, and the best must be selected. Their resistance lo i fracture under a crushing forco ; < their toughness and cementing i qualities, which they otten pos < sess 111 a remarkable degree, are the qualities to be sought. Limestones contain many im- I purities, some of which increase I their value for road purposes. Iron is frequently found in the i limestones of the coal measures, and when in proper quantities assists with other impurities in forming a cement to hold the larger h^keu fragments in place. But the substance most common with lime in the rocks called limestones, is magnesia. Limestone rocks are in some localities composed almost equally of carbonates of lime and magnesi.t; < they are. then technically called ] dolomites, although commonly ( called limestones. Many of the layers of the Niagas group have ' this character, and when of this i composition, the more compact j of them offer great resistance to crushing, and when used for roads ' and well broken and rolled with ! heavy rollers constitute a firm . and well cemented road. For tlinatelv th#??? imnnp? itrklrwm i loo are rather abundant and easy of ' access; many heavy beds lying I contiguous to railroads on which j they can be moved easily to wide areas where roads are to e made. ' These peculiar limestones will i prove to be very valuable for , road material ov?-r the great Mississippi valley, and may yet prove to be the very material needed i for the constructing of the prin | cipal roadways. Limestones, and , especially these magnesian limestones, have never yet had a snf : licient test to determine their ! I real value. Whatever they have been subjected To a crushing test,! thev have surprised the experimenters bv their power of re 1 sistance, and tlieir toughness, i j Since the steam roller of fifteen i or twentv t"?ns weight, has been brought into u?e in producing a 1 compact and even surface, as the stones are spread over the tied, ( these limestones have come into gn-.it favor, because thev pack 1 well, and \vh"n they have re i reived on t e- surface, the smaller , broken stones with frequent | rollings with the application of water, thev form in a lew days, a h ird covering impervious to rain ml strong to resist the wear of wheels and hoofs. More expcri meriting may lead to vet better | ' suits hi the future. A* present. |< flic limestone foundation, with i mii addition of either select trravel or line I r.?k ii stone as a top covering. ???ems to furnish the host material, tor the rouls hnilt in the hroard prairies and fertile valleys of the states lying between the Appalarhian nioiintains on the east, and the Kooky mountains on the west. This i? , the region of our country which 1 TO THEE must profit more than any other by the construction of good roads. Tli??ir CwiiMfriictlou. A word may be said in conclusion in regard to the manner of const notion. In this region of "section lines'' and already partially traveled "section roads," the better roads to come will be generally laid out on straight lines, and when the lands are without hills this can easily be done; but where an ascent of more than I or 5 per cent can tie avoided bv going around a hill without too great an increase in the distance it will bo better to go around. VVlion the road is located the thing of lir>t importance is to secure a road he 1'his must be (lone by proper drainage either :it the road, or of need he, by till ing under the middle of the road, with necessary side outlets. If the road is over low ground, the road bed una! be elevated above the drains at the sides so that no water can reach it from either side. The roller must he used to compress and harden the ground upon which the road is to he built before any foundation of 'tones can tie laid. A good engineer should lie employed when a road is to he built, and his skill and the common sense of those having the work in charge will soon direct what should be done to secure a well rolled and well drained road tied. It will genreally be found that the use of the ather labor saving machines for road building, will be the most economical and shortest way of securing a good road If the best, material which can be secured is well used, a satisfactory road will be the result. A good road will soon pay for itielf, whatever mav have been the necessary cost of its construction. AN UNEXPECTED RESULT. A lliircrlar SecnreMR RnnL Reforms Him. ^ A peculiar and touching incident in real ITTS has just -come to light through an advertisement in the Chicago Record. Early in the year a lady well known ffor missionary and church work in Indiana published a book intended to teach a better way ot living. Several copies were distributed among friends, one to a Dr. Idaldwin, whose four-year old boy, Kussel, took a fancy to the book and went to bed holding it. in hia hands. On the day following the most diligent search failed to reveal its whereabouts and it was never found. A lew days ago the author was in Am boy with a letter that she had received from Chicago. The writer did not reveal his name or uldress, but went on to explain I hat he was a professional housebreaker: that he had been trained lo it, and had never known any ?ther life. His manner o! workin; was to uo into small towns, locate a favorable house and at uiirhl rob it. In April last he was in A111 hoy as a street lakir. In entering I >r. lialdwin's house 1 hat niiiht, he stated that in one room he ton nd a woman and lulil i*deop. Till' chilli hi'hl ;i hook in iilii* hand, which was dippini: I'rom it- nra>p, and lor loii r 111 11 11 initrlii I' ll I and li^ turh tin' mother. ho took I ho hook ami placed it in his pocket. The innocence ot the child and *h i Id hood memories haunted him ind ho lett the house, takimr a midniirht train to ('hicairo. There the hook was read, and in it. he says, he received his lirsl lesson in (rood morals. So impressed was he with this, that he resolved to abandon his evil habits and asked the lady to apprise him of the receipt of the letter through an advertisement,which wa- done. E3XTTERFI When to Use Phosphates. The tendency of phosphates t< revert to insoluble forms whet , j brought in contact with dry earl I makes it necessary to use then only in plaices and at times wlioi | plenty of rains will supply tin moisture to keep the plant foo< in condition for use. llenc< phosphate is much more effectiv 11sc?c 1 on la!I grown grain, or 01 the crops planted very early it | spring. It a Ionir spell of dr; weather follows its applicatioi the phosphate will revert so tha water alone will not again dis solve it. Hut in soil- which con tain any organic matter the wate they contain must have an execs of carbonic acid gas. which is de I j rived from the decay of plants It is this carbonic acid gas ii | spring waters that makes then bubble iiv as they come out o the earth and adds greatly t< their palatahleness. In tliei passage through the soil tliesi waters have come in contact will ! much carbonic acid gas. and hav< necessarily absorbed a prat of it Hut on limestone soils this sprin; water has already absorbed ai much lime as it can hold. Both potash and salt are ex cellent for top dressing land 01 [ which phosphate has been drillei with the grain crop. It is no best to try to mix these and dril them together. The superphos phatcs in moist soil will help tin plant best alone. Besides, botl salt and potash draw moistur< from the air so rapidly that whei mixed with phosphate they mak it too wet and sticky to dril evenly. But applied in sprin or fall, pho^)hated winter grain either salt or ashes, will produc a very remarkable effect in en abling both the grain crop an tt?r? irriica ?r plnonr nnn<l i n ? vcaw i?w w v?? V?W ? VI OVV*ll I utilize the phosphate applied th fall before. Salt especially shouh always be used on phosphate* land in the spring. It will be al washed away by winter and sprinj freshets it it is applied in the fall ?Ainerican < 'ultivator. Character Wants Sunlight. Character is like unto a plant Shut up your plants in the cellar and though you give them th right soil, the due amount o moisture and Mitlieient heat, th absence ol the sunlight will tun 1111*111 into a collection of gluj^tpale and colorless caricatures o plants. So if C in 1 he experietrc of the soul. Follow implicill; even rule ol conduct in th llil.le, grimly bend all your pow ors oi' will In the discharge o < 1;iiI v duty. resolutely light againcvciv t in pt:it ion 1 hit besots yon ;iii(l yet without tlio warinlh am > 11111 iiC111 of I hat gr which i I lie vital principle ol I In ivligioi ol Christ your spiritual 111 will sliriv?-i u|* because ol dull ncss and disootir agement. l'ro gre>s in ''hri-lini manhood i determined l?y 'In* measure < obedience to tin1 apostolic in junction: "Keep yourself in ill love of (iod." t >nco fli" yeiiiu 1 i ty ol l'hristiaiiiiy i- [?< ? 1 l? tin- soul striving alter the wliit llower ol holiness, the assuranc ol liiuil victory i- vouchsafed. lb lb*' truth dawns upon the tnin that the very genius ol Christian ity is it- sunny helpfulness.? Kev. 1 >. Sutherland. RISE. J BEHOLD 11 ANOTHER 0000 TIME ! x\f WILL R ( \V A A Excursion i o v Eli rm: 0. R, & C. RAILWAY e AV r row I liiM'ASTHRTOIill'FMiV.S.C. ; T11UI IS 1) AY, 1 October, 21.1897. SjH-rift! Ciii's fur W'/iiti I'm/ile, DrViili'il In/ ii fii tI'i's/l l/itih t s i ( it r. , ? ...... . . . . i urn i iau uiiiiKi* :iuv:mTiig?' ?>i tins opportunity to visit ihi* wiiio awnkt* , and hustling city of t lm Piedmont itelt. Tht* people of this young city arc i warm hearted and courteous to a fault . and will spare no efforts to make the trip a pleasant one. For further in> fomation see hand hills. ' Reaper! fully, 0| F. R. Massey. ^ . . a l iihappiness of Our Own Making. John Bunyan, in his immortal K I "j allegory, brings his Pilgrims to i certain ''Delectable Mountains," which are clad with orchards and * vineyards, with gardens and 11 fountains of water. From these 11 sunny heights they caught some t; glimpses of the Celestial City,and 1 w< re regaled with pleasant fruits. Now there iR no reason why any , of us should be content to live down among the "dumps" of the I low grounds, or in those marshy regions where the malaria of deII spondency prevails. Much of our e unhappiness in this world is of 1 our own making. We might have g a great many more joyous days i, duriug our earthly pilgrimage. e When we have had a conflict with some temptation, and by Christ's imparted h'dp have cono quered it, then Wfe reach a delectable mount, and can sing a psalm P " of gratitude. Every good deed Wrought for the master or our * fcllowmen, every answer ?Jr ' prayer, every new discovery of % Christ's love, every new attain. ment in the spiritual life, carries us up into a higher, purer atmosphere. We can read the eighth ; chapter of Romans up there, and sing the one hundred Psalm.? ' The <'hristian. j (. Riches Have Wings. J "Riches have wings" is a much e 'quoted aphorism. The following cases in point from Chauiicey M. ^ I )epe\v,t he great New York rail road magnate, illustrates the saving. Ile says: I knew haniel Drew when he had and he died in , del>t. I knew a gentleman who 11 , . , .11 win- I 11111 * IliKI .T ' III I the bank who is now naming j about $ I ,'200 a year. I In- + >. OOO.OIMI w;i> in easlt, in aihlition to his invest ments ol various kiinls. I here arc i dozen men in .Now York who i>k me lor oe. rational lo ins ol Irom ."?() eents to $."> who wlnm 1 (ir>t came to Now York wore annum the rich 'I Mien ol I ho town. I lie woman who thinks all men are angels had better remain V single and nurse the delusion. O 'I'lln ft*..til.1<> if* I I li tli/. nil/*. e doesn't know Hiivtliitiir is that he r is always t 111n?i it to others. Even if there iu no place like home that is no reason why a ~ man shouhl loaf around there instead of looking tor work.