The news and herald. (Winnsboro, S.C.) 1877-1900, September 10, 1895, Image 1

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TR I-WEEKLY EDITION. WINNSBORO, S. C., SEPTEMBER 10, 1895. ESTABLISHED 1844. DEFERRED, NOT DENIED. JUSTICE IN THE COLUMB l3IA CLUB RAID CASES. Some Questions of Fact to Be Settled. I After That, the Judgment. GREENVILLE, Sept. 4.--The hearing in the contempt cases instituted by the Messrs. Gonzales against Commissioner Mixon, ex-Police Sergeant Morehead and Officer Strickland and State Con stables Speed, Davis and LaFar, as a result of the raid made some time ago on the Columbia Club rooms, took place in the United States Court room at Greenville on Wednesday before Judge Simiot.fn, whose orders the de fendants Pic :ch tid with having held in contemri. The eiurt room was crowded with interueted spectators, but no one was rusred or the sud den ierminatiou of the cases for the time being. So far -s the cases have progi essed, it looks as if Judge Simon ton is not goiug to deal with the club room section of .the dispensar - law, but act upon the .proposition: Who did the seized liqnor 1elong to?. -Was it imported froni outside the State for personal use? Wien the constables seized it did they know it was for per- t] sonal use? 1we tiey any reason to believe that it was- i.'tended for the consumption o any other person than the owners? From Che papers present ed to him to-day, he felt unable to proceed with the case and consequent ly has referred the entire matter to Mr. J.. T. Barron as a special referee to look into the question of fact and report to him what facts he finds along t the lines indieated. Judge S.imonton expects to be in Columbia in about a fortnight, and will probably dispose of i the cases there. i When the case was called this after noon, Mr. H. C. Patton, who appeared I for the Messrs. Got tales, opened the t proceedings by rolihg the complaints and the rules is.' ed upon them. 'IRE POLTENIE/S IFTURN. John P. Thonus, Jr., Esq., then began to read the retorn of the two v policemen to the rule. It submitted: 1. That the men were charged by . the laws of the State and of the ordi nances of the -cty with -the rigid en- o forcement of both. 2. That the citv council has by ordi " nance and other wise. directed that the se 4ispensary law be rigidly enforced; r that these men, with all tbe other city ,offlcers,-had iustruetious to assist the a constables in- imahi raids and pre- b( serving the peace when called upon by i the constables; partienhirly to be around to preserve the peace. 3. That the men were called upon by the constables to acompany them on the raidin questior to preserve the peace; that Morehead took a seat in a chair in tone of the rooms, while m Strickland was sti oned at the door: c that they took no part in the search b and seizures, acting solely as officers t to -reseve the peace; that they did not take or calrry .any the packages ' referred to. 4-. That while 1beytoo no~ pt in. the search andl seizares. those seizures' were jumillied l'y the laws of the State ai and were not ii violation of the orders S othscoontt; that sctionl 2' makes prvision for sueb se:creb.- ad seiz tires U he section isuImoted infull :ihat sectio' 22 of the (hibiepnsu y act. also dl covers the case. 5. That the Legislature ha~d the s~ power to lo~ suoh an auct.; that the act P is not uvico'tnsiu nial this partieu Jar; that the enrforemeut of the see tions of the act mentiount was not an Sattempt to regulate the commerce be tween the Slttes, and m?akes nO dis crimination against the pr:idiets ofU other States. (3. That~i .ludge Simionton's order was not jitended to p.rotect impo-ted Ia liquors ,when ikept rr use in clubi j2 houses. 7. 'That the defe:ndants had no ini- ti' teution whatever 'if violating ihe order of the co;urt. i Nr. 'Thomas also pi .s?'ted the reso- et jutica of the city cou nei! di:rect ing the a enforcement of the dispensary law, and e the miavor's letter of instruetions to w the chief of policc V.rHE oTHERi bFTRiNA l.ljg Townsend, the Assistant At- m tor'!ey General, then proceeded to iead e i the returns of Commission Mixon IP and of the three constables. Mixson'e Ie return denied many of the allegations re in thve complaint in regard to himsell b~ and stated that no demand had been b miade on him for the delivery of thei et liquor. He gave no inst ructions to thc T. constab!es. The rem~ainder of his re turn was in the mai very much the~ ' same as that of the constables, more y full given b~elow.d biasmuch as there wss but one copy of the constatble-C ret' r ua~ aailable it i not given here in lull. The saient fea- t tures were as follows 'rThey "respect- I * fulle~ snumried that the Unix~ted Statec V Circuit Judge was n Bhout jut isdiction and exceeded his authodiv i ttn the order, or so nur-h of it as may be a * void."~ That they ec 'not be punished as far a coutemlpi. and that the pieti- 'f tion should b'e quit sc . in i 'suffi i cicntr That it was ita ibe oisebars:.e o1 d their oficial deties thle: a'.t ed ; th'atihe have not wilfully and defiimntly dis~o beyed the order of injunction~buthave acted conscientiously to the best oi their knowledge and ability, and if there has been any technical violatio nt of the order, it has been the rea'lt of a1 the uncertainty of the order. for which they should not be~ panieh d. especiall' when so dificent ned delicate a dntylv has been imposed upmn I i:n cof deter mining whien lition's C re inatported fur, personial us'e and e ip ti' n. Thie ; .deny that they enn~ 1 -i i:a ::07 cou-i spiracy or~com:d a . '4. iprrs. I The return then desenibes the "bar" A the club and details the objects rouud and seized, and the constabId nwear that Mr. Boyiston and several ;entlemau eame in wNhile they were :bere and asked to be allowed to take drink: that the l:orter put up the lasses and the five gentlemen took a Irink; that Mr. Dovistoi asked the orter "how ini'y" that the porter aid five, and Mr. Boylston threw the noney to pay for the drinks down on he bar. the ptarter dropping it in a A nother paragraph reads this way: 'That they ave not wilfully disobeyed he order of injunction granted by the ourt, but have simply endeavored ditIfully to discharge their duties im >osed upon them 'by the dispensary aw; they niv have seized some liquors o~porte-l into the State for personal se and consumption, but wherever bis has been done it has 'been in the xercise of their best judgment." Mr. Patton then arose and said: "I appose your honor, inasmuch as I uld not: anticipate everything that -ould be alleged in the returns and Prmee is much new matter in them, I -ill be allowed to read two affidavits have here. I don't suppose the At Irney General has any objection." Judge Townsend atonce made a vig rous kick, saying that they had not een sc-rved with them. Mr. Paiton said: "Well, suppose read then? I don't think you will bject so vigorously to that. Judge Sirnonton--Well, gentlemen, iere tire a great many new allegations those returns. I. certainly have to Ave the liglt. from both sides. One Liportant allegation i--, that the Colum la Club is a place where persons are 2rmitted to resort to drink liquor.. I ill either be obliged to have affidavits else refer the case." Mr. Patton-". thought that they ould make some such foolish allega n as that. aud under the circum anees I suppose it would be well either postpone te case or refer Juige Simonton-"I have nothing do with the Columbia Club; nor do care anything about it. In this case e tirst find only question is who did is-liquor belong to; then the second testion is. was it imported from out Ie of the State, and third, when it is -eized did these constable's know .at it was for personal use and have ey any rerson to believe that it was tended fc-r the consumption of any her persons than the owners. After -aring the pa pers read I don't think have sufficient light on all these es ntial questions, and therefore I will fer the case. Mr. R. W. Shand was suggested as :eferee, bit it was stated that he had longed to the club. After a short 1k, Judge Sin3onton appointed Mr. T. Bariron, and the order issued re ires hitm to exainite itilo the facts, O-suse of the grave qiestions having isen,.and to report to the judge facts lie finds them. Judge Sirnonton, during the infor al talk towardsthe close of the pro edings, intimated very clearly that was not golug to pay any attention sections 21 atad 22 of the dispensa act; that is, be does not intend to ing them in te case. Pending the settlemnent of the cases, lge Sitmnton stated that he wished understoodi that there was to be5 an med truce until the case had been ttled. P'RESIDENT (IBBi ArFFDAVIT. The f oll owing is the text of the affi ivit fron the President of the Club, ich the Attorney General was so de rous should not go to J udge Simon itd' Sltt; of Ameri':a. Iuistrict of South Carolina. -In the Ci rcuit Court.-James Donald, ]'laitif1t. vs. J. M. Scott et al., Defendants. (Case 1.) Ex parte N. G. Gonzales. (Case 2.) E x parte A. E. and W. E. Gon zale.. ited Statecs of Anierica. District of South Carolina: eroally comes b)efore me W. H. Gibbes, 'o having been first duly sworn, deposes d save: That he is and has been since the ud of May. 1895. a rnber, aad is now the -eident of the Columbia Club. a corpora n lvl chartered by the Legislature of the ate of'South Carolina for social and liter pu rpIoses; that t he said Club is situated the city of Columbia in said State and oc pies a saite of ien rooms, leased by themi h corner of Main andI Plain streets in i city; that the membership of said Club nsists of residents of the city 'f Columbia, o in addition to an initiation fee pay the onthiy stm of two dollars towards the iutenance of the said Club, and In addi n thereto a smaldl number a! non-resident mbers, being persons not resident in the :V of Columbi~a, who pay fo-- the same pur >se the annual sum of ten dollars; that by e ules' of the said Clubeadopted and en reed rom the time of its organization, no sident of the city of Columbia not a mem r of the Club can be brought into the ClubI -a member thereof. Deponent further stays that the rooms oc .pied by the Club are used as follows: wee are used as parlors, and are suitably raished for that purpose; others as card oms and billard rooms and reading room, lly furnished with all of the prominent aify. weekiv and monthly newspapers and agazines of[ the State and country: that ror to the first dlay of July, 1893. in one Dom of the suite was placed a small quanti rof eigars. li'1ptors and wvines and other re ~eshmet5, the property of the Club. which 'as dispenised to the miembers from time to me:; that upon the adoption or the statute v th" Legi,':u re or the State of South Car - lina. ka'vn as the Dispe~nsary law.the man iti: *omm~it --of the Club, upon whom its ',rmen'Ot devolv. on the 14th day of in'. 1t93. ad1optid and rigidly enforced the ,llowimi I- rslutton": '-I mulo X. Adlopted. ith .Jiuni. 1':i 'That on amnd after the first av of .T~ lv 1m the ( oh-mb ia Club wtil ot istributi" or dispense amny intoxicating qtors to tinv me'mb er of the (lutb or any ie els." wi i ruimind in e ffe t until the >ipensarvy law was -.ied un.'nstitutionl 1. from w'bi-:h dlate liquors wer ain im dis 'nsd t o th' mnembers of th" Chlib until the aipr.'mn C' urt b: a ~sbse'-it depiston do lard thei law eenstitution!. at which time hi' nimragi eimora:itt"'' at :a mieeting~ held uv .4. 1% adopt~ed and have ev~'r smee On and after this date. Augus~t tit1894.the lmm'ia Cluib wHi not distrtibute or dis ese any intoxi.-ating liquors to any mem er of the Club orbt any one else." -Mat other than this the sail Cliib has no dlr~eoniin t-bae prese~nae or use of qu;>r in its roos, andl that said Club has .ot sdkr roenish-d i;" nmembers or others toxieing~ !iq.,rs, arid hiaa none suc'h otihia its room:..: that the room formerly se..o th. purnoe Is still used by- the Club as a bar for diiusing to its meIbi cigsrno. tob-a-2 -. (t-no i-ln rial that certaiu get-tne-n rtue-tbners of the Ch from time to ti:-- bring to tle Club for ti< Own uSe int1xi. ati:g liiors in small quan ties, wrhich for -onIvenliet-W they leave in tl room; that neither t he Ctl', nor any met ber other than the pi'".u so bringing it h any coulertion with or ontrol over or i sponsibihty for .ati liquor. that it is plaw by the member in . whatever place hle i seleet. and is alilowed to remain there ut consumed or reiovel y him; that no liqu is allowed to be sold '1n sail premuises or sold; that a number of the members of t Club do not use intoxicating liquors in aj form. and a wubt'er of those who are u total abstaine-rs from the use of the sat keep no liiquir in the club: that the said eli is a bona uile social organization, and used, and intended and operates as a hot and social quarters for certain of the mer bers who are rot men of family and have i home of their own: that persins are not i lowel to re.ort fir the purpoef drinkii intoxicating liqiiors as a beverage, but th the tnenbers in thir hours of leisure reso there for the usual purposesof reading. co versati n and such like reasons that lring t gether in "-ialinteri.-ursjutilligent huin beings. Deponent fi rthir says that no intoxicatii liquors are Lept tby the ('itlb for use as a be erage. or iNt or pt rpos, not kept co stantly there b nov membtnr of the sam but that thi- nlY 1l'';-or in the rooms of tl Club is su-t as a'iv i0liviilual member n from t1ime 1- t- as itnlination promp being to the Clubi for his own per'nal col venience and 'e: and is cared for by tl serv:tms ouly as any oth'r 'rticle, the prol erty of a member. is vare-I for by them; th: no iuto ientig liquors are received or a lowed to be received b% the Club, or divide by it or its servants; tlia the Club has u connetion with the ise or dispensing of it toxicating 'iquors in aty form, but that on] uch liqluors as are sled I the individu; members are procured. kept, served an consumed in preeise*y the same manner g any private person Lkeps and uses the sam in his dining room er sideboard. W. H. GIBBES. Sworn to) before me, this second day of Sej KENRY F. JENNINGS, t. S.) Notary Public of S. C. WEATHER AND CROPS. The Weekly Report of the Nation Bureatt. The weekly weather erop bulletin issu by the weather bureau at Wa4ington is follows: North Carolina-Tentperatire atiout n< mal. Rainfall defliient. suishin almindai making a very favorable week. Cotton h proved; it is openina nnw and pieking w begin next week. South Carolina-Cotton opening rapidl picking begun actively; reports of sheddij still general. Georgia-Rainfall unevenly distribute and in many localities too much for cotto which is shedding and rusting, lout unusu. ly free of insects. In southern and centr counties a few flelds of cotton are ready f picking. Florida-Rainfail below normal and bad distributed; favorable conditions for cott< picking, which is oceupying the attention farmers. Alabama-Warm. eloudy and freque ;how nrl In. Tuiienne A -a --, psinte heavy. ontmndi 'ioisture prolon d rust and rot in cotton. which shoN light improvement, but boll worms nume )us and damaging. Picking slow but b oming general. Mississippi-Full reports show that ti ondition of cotton varies considerabl Blight, rust, shedding, worms and oth pests have greatly injured cottoni in mai ections. Louisiana-Generally favorable. growir weak. Cotton opening rapidly; picking ge ral: poisoning worms effectiva. Texas-Showers over the greater portioa f the State have improved late cotton a top crop, but in some localitfes damagi arly cotton; picking continues slowly. Arkansas-Cotton has deteriorated throu; rust and shedding and boll worms are r parted in several soutthieastern countli though no serious damnage by them as y Cotton opening rapidly and lirst hales ha been marketed over the southern half of t1 tate. Tennessee-Cotton suffering from drougi WORMS EATING THE COTT ON. In The MIssissIppi Delt a--Planters O dering Paris Green. The repiorts received in New Orleans i; dicate that the worms in myriads are eati; up the cotton. From Mississippi in all pat of the Yazoo and Mississippsi delta, the grem est cotton producing country in the worJ the ory is for paris geen and london purl From the Red river country in Lousial clear on up to Shreveport and from Vick burg to Monroe and throughout that secti< of the country the accounts of cotton worr is disheartening. A canvass of the leading drug houses New Orleans shows that the orders f paris green and london purple have been numerous from tho worm-infestedl cotta districts that it has been imnpoibleiH to them andl toiay this market is bare of the two patent we rm destroyers. Paris gre and london pulrpile are the only two remnedi known for i'ottoni worms and when it is membered that a single day sometimes si flees for the worms to practically dest roy whole field of "otton. it can be readlily se that the short .upply of worm poisons likely be serious in its consequenices to I planters. FROSTS IN T HE NORT HWEST The CottonCrop Has Imnproved in Nor Carolina During the Week. *The National Weather Bureau,in its rept of crop conditions for the week ended Si tember 3, says: The week has been generally favorable maturing anid securing crops and plowi and seeding. Late corn has experienced a general 1 provement In the principal corn States a: is maturing ra pidlly. Cotton picking is now quite general ov the soutnern portionis of the cotton regi and will commencein the northern portio next week. Complaints at rust and she ding continue from Georgia and Alaba; but condition of the erop in Arkansas is I< favorable than previously rep)orted. Cott has improved in North Carolina and late c< ton has been improved in Texas by ree rains, which, however, have been u favorable for the early crop. In Tenness cotton is suffering from drought. Much tobacco has bieen cot and hous< under favorable weather conditions dun the week. In Marylantd and Virginia, bacco has suffered mueh from d rought. Frosts were general on Saturday and Su day from Montana eastward. to Michigan. Western Crops. The Farme'rs' JReview sm;: Iprts it MtSdouri, Kansas, Nebra-. i Iowa. Wis* sin and the Dakotus shtow that the mfost the springr wheat ep is itn stack atnd a p: Is threshed. The conditions at hnrvest til were generay gv ood and anu immense cr has been see red. Threshing is proceed i rapidly. 'JTie oat crop eas proved ve large. Cor-u iu Ilinois still l.omises to b< aev crop in spite of the fact that consida abeinjury has been -ustalned from drous and ecnineh buas. In all of the other Stal the crop promises an unusually large yie The poatot crop ie very nneven. PALMETTO ti lis PENCILLINGS. as eii OCCURRENCES WORTH NOTING ay FROM ALL OVER THE STATE. til or 1 is ''Some "First Bales." ho At Newberry, the first bale of new ot cotton was on Friday bought by 0. ne MeR. Holmes from W. H. Lane, six ' days later than last year, 7 cents. It 2 wighed 523 pounds and was classed a- as low middling. 10 Capt. H. E. Halsall sold the first i- bale new crop cotton for Kerhaw at county at Camden to Henry C. King, rt representing Adams & Co. The bale - weighed4S3 pounds and price paid for a it 8 cents I er pound. Capt. Halsall had the distinction of selling the first ig bale in Camden last year, on August -j. The price paid then was 6; cents. e. Anderson received her first bale of e new cotton Friday last. It was mar Y keted by P. B. Allen of Starr's and ts )l"h bought Iby Browne, Osborne & Co. at e 9 cents. The bale weighed 1,042 - pounds. it St. Matthew's received her first bale *d of new cotton Thursday last from Mr. .0 F. J. D. Felder, a successful farmer of I- the Pine Grove section. It was bought t by Eyck & Co. for 7 cents. d --- is AS FINE AS SILK. A New Use forthe Wonderful Sea Island Cotton of South Carolina. There is a great deal more in sea island cotton than we have ever dream ed of in these parts. It has been used for a long time in the manufacture of silk and is now taling the place of flax. Two handkerchiefs were sent to al the News & Conrier office yesterday by J. L. David & Bro., one of which ed was made of sea island cotton and the as otlr was pure Irish linen. A half dozen experts selected the sea island r- hILndkerchief as the liner and better of t, the two. The sea island staple is run n- ing the silk worm out of business il and there is no reason why it should not supplant flax in the manufacture Y; oflinen. The finest long staple cotton * in the world is grown on the sea is d. lands of Soith Carolina. Li- NEW RICE. al or The First Shipment of the Season. It Comes From Georgetown. n Mr. Henry J. O'Neill on Saturday of received and sold the first lot of new it crop Carolina rice. It was shipped cfounty . .x . ~. ('a-,a ^Juei~ Vs by Messrs. Melchers & Co, who for the r past four years have been the buyers of the first lots of new rice offered on 1e the market. Tlh rice, which graded Y- goodl, was milled at Waverly Mills. l3 The price as is customary with the first oflerings did not transpire. n- Gold Mine in Abbeville. a The people in the southeastern por iii tion of Abbeville Cointyarevery much d excited oin account of the discovery of some rich gold tinis. Some forty tons e- of mining machinery have been re . eeived from Petnulvania and the -t- mining is to be carried on extensively. *" The richest linds have been in Walker's leBra nch. at the foot of Little Mountain. it. This is in the immediate section of the Dorn mine,which has not been worked since the war, but before the war more than a million dollars of gold had been r- taken from thme D~orn mine. .Since then the imine has been forsaken, and 1- only occasionally have nuggets been ig takeni from it. ts . A 3Murdler in 3Marion County. t Peters Owens, a colored m.an, was 4shot and instantly killed Saturday at te. Tilton's Mill by .Joe Tart, white. A do blebrrelledl gun was used and the m whole load penetrated the heart. us Death was instantaneous. Tart made Shis escape. fre Mr. J. P. Sain, a progressive fre ~of Rowesville, is the first to make a Sstart in tobacco raising there. He a* planted three acres this year as a es starter and says lie will gather nearly -e- a thousand pounds per acre. He is mfnow curing a large barn of the finest, a and expects to realize a handsome s profit from his crop. It is safe to say be that next year will see a good many ol our cottontots following Mr. Sain's ex ample. Greenwood has now a population of th .3,000, with three of the most import ant railroads in the State prssing rt thro~ugh the town, and on the direct p-line of the proposed railroad from Charleston to Knoxville, Tenn. Her or cotton receipts last season aggregated n18.000 bales, they have a 10,000 spindle cotton mill, one of the largest noil mills in the State, fine graded ad chool, etc. eisThe new crop of cotton at Bamberg is)bgin .g to move. Several bales a have been marketed, and the prices dobtained seem to be highly gratifying f to the seller, after having disposed of salast year's crop at about 5 cents per yt- pound. It is estimated that this see t tion will not produce over 75 per cent. Sof last year's yield and possibly not that much. Id During the progress of a thunder e-storm the other night at Sumter a col ored man named Esau Kelly was struck a- by lightning and instantly killed. Elght Aristocratic Baby Niotves. ,m Every patriot in IRome is in a high - state of joy. The she-wolf of th( ' Capitol, who is maintained there ir uSt honor of the ancient tradition, has "g iven birth to eight young wolves. omg Londo'i Teleg-aph. r- Of bituminous coal, over one-third ht is produced in Pennsylvania, while 31j Pennsylvania and Illinois together 'moan~e a Jittle over ops-balf, MAKING A BICYCLE. AN INTRICATE AND COSTLY PROCESS. Five Hundred Parts in a Wheel. Bicycle manufacturing depends for its success chiefly upon skilled la bor. When you skim along lightly and rapidly on your wheel you are apt to think that it is the strength of the component parts that enables you to do this. The strength of the parts is one element, the putting of them together is a far more impor tant element, and one that requires the greatest skill. The price of a wheel in every in stance represents the amount of skilled labor in its construction. The materials themselves cost but little. l'robably $15 to $20 will rep resent the cost of material. The rest is labor. So when you buy a high-grade wheel you buy the best that intelligent artisanship can pro duce. There are but few, or possibly a dozen, high-grade wheels made. The cheaper grades are legion. The various Darts of the bicycle must be absolutely perfect and capa ble of standing exactly their propor tion of the whole strain. They must be adjusted with the nicety of a watch in order to get the most out of them. There are 500 parts in a bicy cle, counting each spoke separately and the 15') and odd miniature steel balls in the bearings. The rivets of the chain, the links, nuts and bolts number 138 separate pieces. The old saying of a chain being only as strong as its weakest link holds good in the bicycle. The chain is naturally a most important feature, ranking in importance with the tire and . the rims. The frame and most of the metal parts of a bicycle of the high grade are made of Swedish steel, on which, of course, Uncle Sam collects a good, generous tariff. There is an English steel which is also good, but the Swedish has the call. Both are made by secret process. This steel is im ported in the form of tubing. and is cut into parts of various lengths, which are brazed together to make the frame. The brazing is all-im portant to the rigidity of the frame. Without rigidity a wheel w -uld never stand cross country riling. The bracing is done under enormous heat, and the testing is repeated 9gain and again. In a bicycle factory, spokes, rims, sprockets, frames, etc., are all tested before they are adjudged to be ready out to a nicety. The testing machine can exert a tension or compression of from a few ounces up to 100,000 pounds. When the full power is turned on its great iaws can tear apart a solid bar of steel as easily as a child peels a banana. Each spoke has to stand so many pounds, the frame must do tlje same, the rim, the chain, the- sprockets, hub, the front fork, rldals, cranks, handle bar and even che ball bear ings must show that they are abso lutely ight. The coasting ability of a bicycle depends upon the "true" character of the bearings. To show how finely they are measured it will only be-necessa'ry to say that in the largest factories there is a machine which makes all' the parts -"'true" down to one-tenth thousandth of an inch. This is getting bicycling down to a tine point, but the race for pre cedence among the big makers is fierce, and seemingly out of keeping with the general hilarity of the sport. An interesting thing about a high grade bicycle is what is known in me chanics as the safety factor. Thus in the great high pressure modern guns the safety factor is twenty, or in other words. the gun is made twenty times st:'onger than the strain to be put upon it. Ordinarily guns have a safety facto& of ten ; boilers of six, bridges o f five. an~d othe' mc chan ical products ~abouit foti -'The bicycle of the old style' weigh'ed'sixty pounds; the high grade machine of to-day weigrhs .ei'?hteen pounds, and, the safety fact~orias been reduced to only 1.25.. This extraordinailg low safety fac tor is in deference to.the demand for Ii gh tness, which just now, is being carried to an extreme. Another year the tendency will. be -to make fewer light machines.. The figure 1.25 above mea.ns that if gny part of the wheel is~imnperfect.tqthe extent of one quarter .of.. its. calculate~d strength, the nachjtne may: be crip pled suddenly and~ the rider may have a bad fall. It is doubtful if nmore than'- one or two manufacturers. make the entire. wheel. $ome of them claim, that they do. however. .. The. fact is. that. the tires, the wood rmms, the chains and the saddles, and ai.so the lanterns are in most instanees: made.lby spe ciaists. This cannot .well be other-. wise,-because the four lirst mentioned require special' knowledg,, beingl .real- the most ithport-ant elements of all g'ood wheels. :There are any number of tires. but a greatly less number of rims. The .wood rim is one of thie great discoveries. The wood is.preferably white. ash or hick or. Some -firms use three or four piecs, glued andl pressed together humninnte'V is the -t:rade word-and then curved. Tlhe eonnecting ends are fastened in variode ways. It has hee found that. wood rims have more reiliener-thmat is. power of.resisting shekthan have steel rims. It took years to Iinml thli's out. Now there is talk of paper rimns. But wvhether muade of steel. wood or paper, no in ever made is able to. withstand a col. hisin if it is struck under speed.. Suicides of Egirop. Germany leads -the suicide;91it of Europe with 2.a yar out of each 10,000 inhabitants. In the German army, however, the ratio rises to 6.33 out of every 10,000. Austria has only 1.63 suicides out of 10,00) peo ple, while in her army she has twice the suicide death rate of any other European country--12. 53. iThe happy inhabitants of sunny Italy seldom commit suicide. Less than one person in every 20,000 Ital ians dies in this manner. The army of Italy has 4.07 deaths by suicide out of every 10,000. Spain and Russia, both in their armies and in their civil life, have the smallest number of deaths from suicide, so it is not therefore possi ble to explain these figures by any comparison between the Latin and Slavonic races. CANARIES FOR CONVICTS. Michigan Prisoners Keep Them for Comfort and Profit. Convicts in the Michigan State prison have many more favors than those of almost any other peniten tiary in the United States, and it is the belief of the management of the institution that for this reason there are fewer outbreaks of lawlessn ess than are found elsewhere, Among the favors granted to them here is that of keeping and caring for birds. There are fully 600 feathered songsters in Michigan's principal penal insti tution, all owned and cared for by the convicts, and as soon as dayllght approaches on bright mornings their sweet notes. are heard in striking contrast to the natural feelings of their owneit . Many of the most hardened crimi nals, who from their general appear ance and history would not be ex pected to care for anything of a re fining nature, tenderly care for and caress their little pets. More than three-quarters of the cells 'in the prison contain one or more- canaries, and they are also found in various shops throughout the institution. During the day the cages are hung outtide the cells to give the birds light and air, but as soon as the convict returns from work at night the cage is taken in side. This practice has been carried on in the prison for years, and the offi cials say that instead of any detri mental effect being noticeable the little songsters have proved a benefit, as they not only give the cells a more homelike appearance, but they also wield-a decided influence itf the way of humanizing the niost reakless and hardened criminal. and influence, the convicts are also allowed to raise them to sell, and many a dollar. is- cyc ted to the ac counts of the prisoners from this source. Of course the convict han dles none of the money realized from the sale of the birds until ~he is dis charge:, but it is placed to his credit in th.e prison bank. It is interesting to walk up and down the prison corridors and note the different kinds of canaries in the cages, and more particularly to note the different methods adopted by the convicts in caring for their pets. All styles of cages are to be seen, and while one bird is provided with a veritable palace of a home and all the luxuries known in the bird world, the one in front of the next cell will have simply the plainest wood or wire cage and only the ordinary seed and water holders. This is also true in the shops, and t-he character of t-he convict can in almost every instance be safely estimated by the care lie ives his feathered friends. Through the day the music of the birds is hardly noticeable, although it can be heard more or less at almost any time, but on a bright morning the songsters are pleasingly noisy. One of the officials who has been connected with the prison for years says that wvhen lhe first came to the prison the music of the birds in the morning made him wild, but he has now become so accustomed to it *that the place would be terribly silent without it. .THE CITY DEPARTMENTS. Under Reform Administration. Will the taxpayers read over ,the bills that were passed. by the Board of Aldermen on Tuesday, August 6, 195. Here is a specimian of one of tebills: R. WV. (Carman, disinfeet ant. .$249.53, for -wvhat? This is enough' of disinfectant to disinfect the whole of.Long Island City. Here are other specimens. A. Vauighan, -incidental- expenses, $5 60.' for what? William. E. Stewart, $12.96. for what? M. .J. Goldner, sundry ex penses, f-or what? F.Hf.. Batterman, expenses, $7.50. for what ! All of szhese named we believe are drawing ood salaries of the . taxpayers. hat right has the taxpayers to safor disinfectant for the~ Cit Hall cellars? How long mu'ststhie taxpayers stand this, or in til'rvords of Alderman Mcee, mints an eft~avagance, And surely any taxpayer eghat. will glance over the last batdirof bills passed by the ~Board ofAilermen nidst agree with.i Alderman McGee's remarks on Mint s extravaganc6 and~ the loose manner the Department of Public Works is manged. Well may some mnake it hr braggadocio that they have .200I, when but only a little. ove.r two years ago they did nyt lyave that many cents. But in the words of th:it elojuent orator and-brainy ma~n it y rcasrer Knapp, who-said wit.lwut fear. "there is a day of judgment coing when the people will koow all."' and C'hintfoo said thcee a day omi ng when some fello'w wiho di~d nitlhave his ear fare to ride wit b a *ew years ago and had to ride on shanks mare, arnd that so:ne fellow my have to tell where the fast colt c.e from and a few more little mat +,er the puhli may as~k to know. Time will tell all and the people will have to confess they were damnably fooled in reform administration. DR. EDWARD BEECHER. He Was the Associate of His Brother, the Great Plymouth Divine. The Rev. Dr. Edward Beecher was when he died in his 92nd ye'ar. The venerable clergyman had enjoyed good health all his life and sank gradually into a state of coma. which continued for ten hours before his death, as in the case of his most dis tinguishied brother, Henry Ward Beecher. Edward Beecher was the third son o; the famous Dr. Lyman Beecher by his first wife, and was born at East hampton, L. I., on August 27, 1803. He was prepared for college under' his father's care, and was graduated from Yale in 1822. For the four following years lie was tutor in the Hartford High School and at Yale. All through his life he was an arden't adv3cate of physical culture and healthy athletics, and while a tutor at Yale lie incurred the criti cism. of his superiors by engaging in a game of quoits with the pupils. Later on an article from his pen in the Christian Spectator on- ."The Duty of an Equitable Culture of All the Powers," in which he made a strong plea for healthy physical culture, attracted - wider attention and gave a marked stimulus to the cultivation of college sports. THE LATE DR. EDWARD BEECHER. -Dr. Beecher began his career. as-a minister in 1826 as the pastor. ofthe Park Street Congregational.,Church in Boston. He retired from'thi' charge in 1830 to become-the- PNeW dent of the Illinois College at Ja4 sonville, where he remaind for cdt ,teen years. In 1841 he accnat ii second Boston. pastorage termin ated iii 1856, when hi took charge of the C6ngregatiohal Church at Gales burg, Ill. He remained there until 1862, when he oame . 1o Brooklyn to assist" his brother, . Henry. Ward Beecher, in the editorial managemenit of the Christian Union. While engaged on the Christian Union he organized several Congre gationalist churches in New Jersey. In 1785 he again put on the minis terial harness, and took charge of the little Congregational Church at Parkville, L. I.. From the time of his arrival in Brooklyn in 1872 his home wvas in the Mason street house in Brooklyn, and in spite of his ad ~anced agehe made almost daily trips to l'arkville to attend to his pastoral duties. One night in April,~889, while returning from Parkville after prayer meeting services, he was run over by a train at the Culver station at Ninth avenue and Twentieth street. and had. one leg so. badly crushed that it had to be amputated. To the surprise of the doctors.he sur vived his injuries, and within a few hionths was restored apparently to his usual, robust health. His widow was a Miss .Tones, and they celebrated. their sixty-fifth wedding anniversary onOtbr27.1891. Their two sons are the ~Rev. Fred. WV. Beecher, of A ngelica, N. Y., and Eugene F. Beecher, or Brool-yn. The Town of Heidelberg. Heidelberg is in natural location a curious y situated pla.ce,. . The town is built at the point where the N eckar River, shortly before it emp ties into the Rhine, emerges from a vinding~ Qefile in the mountains. The riser abuts so close to the mioun tan edge there is scarcely room for toivn, so that the houses have been stretched out along one principal street. This it, the so-called Haupt strasse, or Mainm street, which is, of course, neither wonderful nor beau tiful. It is simply a winding road way,~ where one may observe various phases of German village life. The shIops are nearly ati located here, where not only the natives trade, but where are found all those varn ous novelties and souvenirs which are distinctly of the place, and which tourist~s are 'so addicted to carrying home with them. The other lead ing street, and the one most fre quented by foreigners, is the so called Anlage, a broad, earth path beneath a double line of trees, ad joining at one .end a small park. This is tie aristocratic quarter, where nearly all tlie hotels are situated. In common witheall-German towns and cities the -soldier Aife on this street andiesewheias-ery much in evience. A. regiment. with its ,tiring , music,. goes marching 1through the town once of'tfice a day to keep alive the martl spirit ot the people~ and to irr rss them with the power of thee Goyernment It would-seem that .there..might be in (lermany ene or Pfg particularly netty, little ~towns, sucias this is, pehaps excfiyied'fr~m the mil-itary jurisdiction, whe-re theses' people. mightesoit who are not. sod:Qnd. of thi arrnmy. The.German (*osellment, however. .trusts ~sof],tt 0i tbeinnate? oodness an. relt bift y~he mn dividual tat sti a course' has. nermended itself to it.