Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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SALT CJ jq1TAfL tre - c& jG ~ L2 WCa Lad USea & ofSint In Silver 7-T aidii t salt'cllects as a crust rmj:thej;pd sbmd silt.lakes, a i 4formis'on fresh water in the vinter, ut certainly this is not ioo thdrialSaltLake, which neither! at ' lbottonfi6r on its shores gives' avlS -of ittieine natuire. - The im F We~u8 "i 16f its.properties is car ried in- soldtion, and the. ques %idarh o zing the water out of these igred ti -is alinst the only one on4 edee ith the-roductioof salr Wobj besty and besuaus -iv /saatein shore of the Great &IJ2Ak.'the recession of the water a long period of time has left thouidspf acres almost as level as a '44 snd:.the sun has baked the alka i~n~ottom'so that at'-little distance und lookaike' a immense-pond,. 'optrsting tith the deep blue gree of tfi'sea beyond. : There are scored of huTdrdds of acres of such fields, *%ieeen are harvested vast quantities 'of 4izde salt without any other agency this the annual rise of the water of theIlake and of the western winds sprjiling the saline liquid out to dry. Thesi paitieular lands were formerly a deymesion of the lake. In winter timelight jetty work or dam is tlirwn up, which is removed when the salt-making sehson comes .' the sun and the*ini do the rest. In oth-r cases the salt water is pumped-4fom the lake into flumes by ro;pe eales; operated by powerful en gions ad flooded over the fields, or grdes, as they are called, the fresh water and moisture being withdrawn, as in the case of the automatic ponds, by solar evaporation. Where pump. ing is done it is into a 1600-foot flume by centrifugal pumps with direct or trinsmitted power. It begins in the latter part of May, unless, as was the case.this year, the season is backward. One million gallons a day are distribu ted over the lands of a single company, and this is continued until the gardens are illed to6 the depth of eight to twelve inches. During the intensest heat of- summer extra quantities of brine are added to supply what is taken up by evaporation. Grystdilization begins as soon as the soda and magnesium are eliminated from the brine. .These are almost the only adulterants. A stick or straw placid in the salt water will in two or thiee days be coated with beautiful crystils shaped like those of rock candy. At the lake resorts and at cir tain t6res of Salt Lake City various crystllized forms are exhibited for sale to tourists, such ae models of the 4ThA salt crystals as first formed ar6 about the size of a pea. As the water e'vaporates they form almost in the same manner that fresh water congeals in winter. A scum collects on the sur face, but as salt is heavier than water, the crystal naturally precipitates to the bottom. The only ingredient in the water of the Great Salt Lake which so precipitates is chloride of sodium, or salt, all the impurities.remaining in solution. This surprising fact very much simplifies the preparation of the commodity for market. I order to talie up the salt crystals which,.in-the course of a season, form in almost solid mass to the thickness of fou:r to six inches and sometimes mnore, the water covering them is drawn off by gravitation. In this drainages the concentrsted impurities are nearly all.ienmio'ed, some remaining on the ayyer surf'ace as a slight scum, visible uncder a magnifying glass only. * Daring September the 'harvest is ready, and it is always greater by hun dreds of thousands of tons than the ~dand. At this tirie the water has nealy all evaporated, leaving white fields, which look as though coveredi with a heavy fall of snow, with some of it partially melted. Along the sur fi'eof ths gardens planks are laid assa riay for the wheelbarrowy (into which the crud'e salt is scooped) from ev'ery part of th-e field to the center, 1there c'one-shaped piles, thirty-seven feet square at the base, and about seven feet high, are heaped, contain inj an average of 250 tons each. These salt .piles on the field of one of the oonlaes, if joined together, end to en~d, would extend four and a hail miles.: Before gathering with the wh4el1arrows,' which is done by a sanaHl army of inien wearing colored goggles;~a outter, made of a gang of car.. heefs, on a single axle and with shaafpened ftanges, is drawn by a team of horses over the flats, breaking up th'd Inorasted crystals. When piled, thedilt is allowed to remain until or derf~ara received for shipments. The winter rains, instead of dissolving the salt ~giie~ it a hard crust that sheds water4 'The particular field referr.ed to above is 978 acres in extent, and has a bear ing capacity of 25,000 car loads per annum. Nearly seven miles of spur fiem a main railroad switch run out like a fan from the center. This com pany ships a train load da~ly whilst the season is on, paying the Union Pacific Railroad $500000'a year in freights. &\nother ' company, composed largely of digaitaries of the Mormon Church, eonstructed last year a pond occupy lng. 520 ,ares, and has completed a railroad 'thirteen miles long to Salt Lake City, building in addition an im nenase bathing and pleasure pavilion, recently opened. Their salt product ~his year is estimated at more than 100,000 tons. .There are several smaller salt farms between Sultan Beach and the north srn boundary oft the lake. -The bulk of the salt manufactured from Salt Lake goes in its crude state to the ,low grade silver mines, and is - sed for reduction purposes. being nizxed with the ores proportionately to rotary furnaces to intense heat. I'Be sals is charged with chlorine gas, which attacks the refractory minerals md separates the precious metals. A nine like the Ontario, at Park City, used, until the reduction of the work ng force, from six to ten tons a day I Salt Like salt. Shipments are made b, all the mining camps in the inter kiountain region, being sold on board Ihe cars at the ponds for $1.50 per tonly the ra'w salt, as it stands at the ionid.r~es to the smelters. the maa. DRESS WITH BROAD CAPE F( nesia chlorides, or other impurities, not affecting its value in drawing out the zinc or antimony in the ores. So the smelter salt is loaded directly from the heaps into the cars for transporta tion to the furnaces. As an interesting fact it may be stated that when a high wind from the west is blowing the vapor from the saline gardens at Salt Lake sensibly impregnates the atmosphere in the city, thirteen to fifteen miles away, and, when accompanied with rain, will leave salt stains upon exposed articles. -St. Louis Republic. The Storm Prophet. Hlow much damage the recent ey clone did we are coming to know, at least in part, but how much more de struction of property and loss of life it might have been responsible for had it not been predicted by the Weather Bureau, and mariners and others thus warned of its approch, it is impossible to form any estimate. The man who foresaw and foretold this storm, as he has foreseen and fore told many another, is Cleveland Abbe, "Professor of Meteorology in the Sig. nal Service, and Assistant to the Chief Signal Officer," as he was originally designated in 1891, a position which he still holds, with a slight change of title since the transfer of the Weather Bureau to the Agricultural Depart ment. The fact that the entire system, ot which he is the working head, is the outcome of efforts begun by him while director of the Cincinnati Observa tory, makes him a life-saver of unpar alleled accomplishment, while the de struction of crops and vessels that his predictions have prevented would have mounted up into the multi-millions. In Professor Abbe's view it is very ioubtful whether it is wise to trust the future of meteorology entirely to the ancertainties of political life at Wash ington. Every State, in his opinion, should hav'e its State weather service, as originally initiated by General ifazen, and every 'college should have ..course in meteorology, while special schools should be established, in eon netion with our great universities, for original investigations. "The object to be attained by a uni rersity," says Professor Abbe, "is not merely the diffusion of knowledge al ready existing, but the increase of the sum total of human knowledge. The whole system of German scholarship is based upon the principle that the man who has the mental energy that will carry him beyond his predecessors, id lead him to discover facts and principles that were hitherto unknown, is the true leader of scholars, the true benefaetor of his race. America will rival Germany, in proportion, as we stimulate our college graduates to train themselves for the field of original re :earch in science. Put our best sci antists into a university school of m:e ;eorology, and we shall soon turn cut practical men, who have learned both to know andto do. "--Harper's Weekly. Diamonds in Maine. Real estate in Maine is likely to go ip with a jump. Philip Wentworth,a uineralogist resident at Hiram, Me., :eports that while prospecting recently or valuable stones he found a large iamond. Experts pronounce it worth several thousand dollars, but its exact alue cannot bo determined until it isJ ut.-New Orleans Picayune. Poor Advice. Ad Yyse-Don't work for anothelI an all your life. Strike out for yourself ! Wright Field - ThatI wouldn't do in my pi-ofession. Ad Vyse - Wtiy wouldn't it? Wright Field-I'm a base-ball player.-Ex ene- A CrIticlsmn. "I don't care for that man Shake speare who writes plays," said Mrs. Spriggins. "I don't see no sense in lettin' a big darky like that Othcller barrer up the feclin's of the audience by smugglin' his wife. "-Judge. OPRA WR AP FOU )R GIRLS OF 10-12 YEARS. Popular Witchcraft in England. The extent to which witchcraft abounds to-day in England is consid erably underestimated. Servant girlp buy dragon's blood and throw it on the fire in order that they may see in its smoke the faces of their future husbands. One man, who bought large quantities of ~it, confessed that he burnt it to make his curses more po tent and sure. He got a decent living by cursing professionally the enemies of other people. Within a few hun dred yards of where I am writing this there lives a young woman who plies a thriving trade as a prophetic witch; and, as a neighbor expresses it, "there are on some days three or four 'car riage' ladies come to consult her." I have been in scores of houses up on the doors of which there are horse shoes nailed for luck. My landlady almost shrieks murder if by chance I place a shoe on the table. On the last night of the old year her husband goes out at P quarter to twelve, and then comes home to let in the new year. Nobody but the husband must let it in. They were angry when I called this a superstition. One swallow makes a summer in some folk's eyes. Once my landlady let some friend in first, an'd all that yfar nothing save badluckand sickness came to that house. If our maid sees two knives on my plate, or two spoons in my saucer, she clears everything away save those and the cloth; then she stands gazing at me fixedly like a stuffed pig, and I have positively to remove one knife or spoon before she will touch the plat ter. In the cottages, when winter firet are burning, both old and young seize hold of the cinders that fly out from the grate, and decide as to whether they represent coffins or money-boxes. Winding sheets on. the tallow candles bring dismay .and dread into many faces. -Tea stalks that swim in the cup represent strangers, and are test ed with a view* to discover whether they will be men or women, tall or short. Death-watches, magpies and gray horses are symbolic, and forbode gooid or evil, according to circum tances.-Harjier's Magazinie. 'Cremation of Consumptives. One of the questions treated by the Tuberculosis Congress in Paris has been the obligatory cremation of the remains of consumptives. Earth worms, it was urged, bring to the srface the baoilli which infest the ead body, and in dry weather they may be inhaled in the form of dust. This is probably why the health of the south of Europe are centres of tuber muar contagion. Doctors Lortet and Depugnes, of Lyons, related cases of such infection, and described experi ments they made which led them to emand'obligatory cremation. Thsy ixed the sputa of consumptives in earth, which they placed in pots. A onth later the earithworms in them were tubercular, and the earth they passed through communicated the dis ase to animals. Other experiments were made by placing earthworms on raves where bodies of those who had ded from consumption had long lain, .ithi similar results.-New York D)is Xeasuring the Elms. A recent number of the Boston Globe states that Doctor Oliver Wen dell Holmes has made a practice for some years of taking the girth of the large elms and other trees which he has seen in his daily drives. He has, however, only found four trees with a girth greater than fifteen feet. The tape has usually been applied at a~ point about five feet above the soil, the place selected for measuring, as Doctor Holmes states, being the small est circle of the trunk between the swell of the roots and the swell of the branches. A MisfIt. Little Miss De Fashion-I am going o send these shoes right back. They rc a miserable misfit. Father-How? ittle Miss De Fashion-They is a mile too big. They don't pinch a bit, -lExchange. T In I T., mn ThIargest pie factory in New E4. land, without a doubt, is located in Bostaa, says the Hartford Post. Not only is this bakery on patriotic soil, but it occupies in part an old churcb building. In this factory the average is 10,000 pies a day and the varieties are many. That they are made with grost rapidity goes without saying. The manufacture consists chiefy of four processes-preparing the filling, making the crust, filling the pies and baking them. If mince -lling is be ing made the meat ja first selected and then cooked in a steam-jacketed cop. per kettle that will hold a barrel. It in then chopped by a machine that knows its business and then mixed with the apple, beef suet, currants, citron, spices and mace. When the expert mixer gets them all mixed, by ap proved rules for mixing, but nevez getting mixed himself, this filling goef to the filler. Meanwhile another set of men have prepared the crust. A huge trough is partly filled with flour and lard, "shortening" is worked into it by a fellow dressed in whitewith hair pow. dered and arms bare. This flour is next changed to a doughlike consis tency by adding water as near the freezing temperature as possible to make it flakey and mixing it with the hands. When the batch is ready it is taken to the men who roll it out and put it on the tin plates. The deftness and and qnickness with which this is done throws into shade the work of a light. ning change artist. Then the pie is filled, and this too is no slow operation. A long-handled tin dipper, holding just enough to charge a pie, is seized in one hand by the operator and a pie in the other. With dexterous dip into the barrel of filling and a twist of the arm to lift and to invert the dippei over the pie the work is done. Another set of men in white put on the covers and then the pie goes to the oven, which is the marvel. Quite likely its like suggested the Ferris wheel at the World's Fair, for that fol lows its principles of construction quite closely. It is arranged so that a big Wheel at least twelve feet long and, sixteen in diameter is suspended by an axle in a big oven, under which is a glowing fire. Hunt from the rims of this wheel at equal distances from each other are eight iron platforms upon which pies are placed. Such is the manner of suspension thatthey always remain horizontal. This wheel is re volved by power. One of-these plat forms is before the opening in the )ven, which opening is as laige as the wheel itself. The at' idants cover this platform with pies and the wheel is turned until the next comes into view,which is then filled and so on until the eight have been supplied. The next turn brings into view the first lot put in and they are ready to take out. They are re moved and the platform filled again. The wheel turns and another baked lot is presented, and so it goes on day after day, one thousand an hour tak ing their course over this pit of fire. All kinds, as well as all sizes, of pies are made. The smallest sell foi' six cents each and the largest for fifty. The latter are oblong in- shape, very thick and large enough in area to af ford at least a dozen big cuts. Her Animals Lese Their Wildness. The strange way in which animals thange their habits of life, owing to their environments, is nowhere- more apparent than in menageries. It would hardly be imagined that the slow, phlegmatic Galapagos turtle could ever be converted into almost a ively animal, ever on the watch for some visitor who might offer it a cracker or a nut. In the Central Park Menagerie every day these unwieldy tortoises can be seen to raise theni selves on their forefeet on the wire work qjnd stretch out their neck to get the offered gift. It is strange- to see them dividing and almost quarrelling with the rabbits when some small boy who has gathered some handfuls of grass throws them into the enclosure. The rabbits sit down on their haunches within a few inches of their strange companions, and pick out the tid-bits from the food~ that is offered them, often taking a particularly tender piece of grass out of the very mouths of the turtles. ' The lions and tigers, pumas and jaguars take no notice of the men and women that are ever passing in front af them. They just look out and blink at them, but let a dog be brought any where near the cage.. -Then they show their savage nature 'at' once, and spring ap, glaring out savagely, while their tails switch nervously from flank to flank. This was particularly noticable a few days during the sultry weather. The big Bengal tiger had had its meal and was enjoying its siesta. Nothing sould induce it to rise, until a woman, who was leading an Alaskan dog, raised it to her arms. The tiger sprang to its legs in a moment, glared out in all its fury, showing his cruel teeth and marled, while old Jack, the lion, who, ives next door, arose in all his majesty mnd roared,~ That small experience nust have shortened that dog's life by six months. Environment has had its effect upon ho bears. The ciniaamon and grizzlies are not friendly in their wild homes, though in the menagerie they are a happy family. The slinking foxes and wolves can be noticed to have lost aart of their natural distrust of man, and the timid deer as well, as a rule, ~ome up fearlessly and court the at ention of the public. -New York Tri unne. . In a Good Cause. Judge-You admit that you bribed the witness, as the other side charge? Lawyer-Yes, your honor; but Judge (sevcrely)-What? Lawyer I bribed him to tell the truth. lie was going to lie for the other side. Puck. A Kindly Way. Miss F'uzzi-I want to break my engagement with Mr. Sappie, but I don't know how to do it without iriving the poor fellow to suicide. Little Brother-Why don't you let him see vou in curl-papers?-Ex MASQUERADE HEAD-GEAR A1DU UARD FAN. DRESS WITH RIBBON TRIMMING FOR MISSES. Better Than a SnOe Horn. Oimpoue oevre n "Here's a good trick to know," said op~t fet pntehmnss a an eminent in telephone circles,.enta n nw rg vni Ilearned it from one of the Englishsmldoeitwlaconheaei legates to the Electrical Congress. dvda sasiuatada ea We were both stopping at a friend'stvasnatrgetoalaaiend use in the suburbs an'd were occupy-inlredestthewoaehb i the same room. Ifound Ihad for- tae oisue tat sapwru gten to bring a shoe horn and asked tmlnoevnnoictshin hEnglishman if he had one. 'No, I oitinbngflwebymsla haen't,' he said. 'Why don't you use r~'ainadmna opr h & owel?' 'A t'owel?' I replied, 'Yes, ato fms rgo tlato ~ oweL Here let me show you. Take mn aisacrigt h iorner of the towel, so. Lay the ~wihi diitrd hsie int in the heel of your shoe, so. Putccunawfatasnemicnlag ur foot in as far as it will go, right d:cbti ie nsalqatt ntop of the toweL Now, grab the. ilars ikns.Amnawl toel and pull up on it. See how easy cueo retscnsacrigt or foot slides in? it's better than a teqatt aewiemn rg se horn."--Electrical Review. wicinsaldesil ectea he sorew yopeller was introduced ftrfgswl nlredssidc intotheBriishrrn'* n I~!a#~eer N'ets or Su. EYENNC RpiuWmT produceLLsKoraien 4The MnVigs~ble w!ritr *e Europe, Asiaand Ameii iiff 781 miles.. Overi,000,300 of fg6 kiss are annually used in the inited States for boot-making. Washington diea on the last day ok the week, the laithour of the day, the last month of the year, and in the last year of the century. The enormous panniers, likaa bahel basket on each side under the skirt, were originatedin England andadopted in France about 1710. The Dakajese of Borneo never bury a dead member of their tribe -util a slave ean be procured, who is Beheaded at the interment or eremation- to at tend the-de'eeased in the neat world. The figures usually spoken bf Ia "Arabic numerals," reprMen-y 1, 2, 8, etc., are really of st origin. They were frst u fdi by Mohamm Ben Muss in-90) a. D, A strange ptiext wa -atly ftniit rted to the - llevue Eopil fa -ew York City. It was a hal starved San. key, and prompt medical- atteines soon sent it chattering gleefally iime ward. " - s MrdA Brewu, ,of Buyruas O1ioo bought's new stand * few weeks ago and placed it in her parlor. The ras of the sun fell on it; and re-eItly sprouts, it is claimed, began to dome out on its legS. Doctor y.0. iigs, of Dalton, Ga., has a cat which in some respeets re sembles a kangarov. The fore feet are much shorter than the hind ned, sad it sourries over the ground just lik. the Australian animal. Fulgentius wrote in Latin a work ok twenty-three chapters, dividing them according to the order of the twenty three letters of the Latin alphabet. The first chapter is without a, the second without b, and so with the rest. We owe the hat to Asia, for it wasin that country that the Ait of felting wool was first known, and from the :nost remote periods the art was ear ried on by the oriental. In India, China, turmah and Siam hats are made of straw, or rattan, of bamboo, of pith, of the leaf of the Tallport palm and of a large variety of grasses. The Japan. ese made their hats of paper. It is said that a new indubstry has sprung up in Franoe-the selling of milk frozen solid in cans. It has been discovered that milk can be kept per feetly fresh in a frozen condition for more than a month. It is frozen by means of an ordinary ice-mar machine, and despatched by road, or steamer to itsdestination. The-one tomer who purchases the froza M has simply to thaw it when it is r& quired for use. Until the time of Elizabeth membeh of the House of Commons were paid by their constituencies.- About 'the middle of her reign the custom grew up of members paying their own ex pensesandreceivingno pay from either 1constituency or country. This eustom was due to the increased wealth ofthe class who provided the members, and to their great desire to go to Parlis m~ent. So for nearly 300 years mem bers have not been paid-officially, that is. The result has bedhi that only wealthy men could run for Parliaen% or sit in Parliament after they worr elected. ______ Where TGoraiee DweIs. Recent statistics state that the great est proportion of illiterates is found in the tjhree Slavic States of Bloumania, Basia and Servia, where eighty per cent, of the population is unable to read or write. Of the Latin speaking races Spain heads the list with forty eight per cent, France and Belgium having about fiteen per cent. The illiterates in Hungary number forty three per cent, in Austria thirty per cent, and in Ireland twenty-one. In England we find thirteen -per cent Holland ten per cent, United State. (white population) eighiper cent., and Scotland seven per cent. nable .to read or write. When we come to the purely Teutonic States 'we fnda a marked reduction in the percentage of illiterates. The highest is in Switzr land, 2.5.. - Inthe whole German Em pire it is but one per cent. In Sweden, )enmark, Bavaria, Baden and Wurtem >urg there is not a single person over ten years of age unable to read mndl itel-New York Sun. Odld Customs in Brazil. A woman, lately returned from Brazil, tells of the curioush ;omencla ture of the streets of Para. They are Biblical or commemorativa of some event in the Brazilian history. It seemed to her quite irreverent to be. told that a desired locality was "at the corner of St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist streets." She went with her uncle, who was on busi ness, to dine at the house of a wealthy merchant. Everything was very gorg eous and lavish, in South American style, but, on leaving, she was amazed to have her hospitable host say to her, "If you have any washing, sent it here." It is a custom there it seemis. for wealthy households to take in ,laundry work as an employment for their large retinues of servants. "It Idid, however," said the relator, "give, mne a turn at the end of a formal din Inor party to be asked for my soileJ Ilinen."-Utica Herald. Celery for Bheumatism. If celery were eaten freely sufferers from rheumatism would be compara tively fetw. It is a mistaken idea that cold and damp produce the disease they simply develop it. Acid blood is the primary and sustaining cause. If celery.is eaten largely, an alkaline blood is the resul; and where this exists there can be hieither rheumatism nor gout. It should be eaten cooked --Detroit Free Press. - Guerilla Oinnibuses Private omnibuses are causing con sternation among the 'bus riders of London. The pirates look just like the regular omnibuses. A passenger goes in, expecting to pay a fare of four or six cents, and cannot get out until ho has paid a quarter. There is appa Irently no legal redress for the pas sengers, because the pirates carry in Iside a sign reading "A shilling any distance,"--New Orleans Picayune,