Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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News Review o£ z' ‘ • \ • i * ' ’ Events the World Over V President Roosevelt Tells Congress and Nation the New Deal Must Be Permanent—Declares Recovery Policies Are Succeeding. By EDWARD W. PICKARD & ■ > Pr*«ld«nt Roosevelt J UST what. Preatdent Roosevelt In tends to do and what he wants congress to do wss not revealed In any detail In the message which he read before a Joint session of senate and house at the opening, of the regular ses sion. However, It was an excellent speech, addressed to the na tion rather than to the congress and heard over the ra dio by millions of his fellow countrymen who should be en- conrnged by his gen eral statement of progress made by the recovery admin istration and all the allied collectiv ist Institutions. • In plain, forceful language, Mr. Roosevelt declared that the old meth ods have gone Into the discard and that the new social and economic or der npop the lines laid down by the national recovery legislation must be pushed forward and made lasting. Op position to this, he asserted. Is found among only a few Individualists. In general terms tie told of the success of the NRA In lessening unemploy ment, abolishing child labor, establish Ing uniform standards of hours and ‘ wages an<$ preventing “ruinous rival-, rles within Industrial groups.” The President’s claim for farm re lief will be questioned by many. Said he: “Actual experience with the op eration of the agricultural adjustment act'iends' tn'Tny'MTTef that"!hus“Taf" the experiment of seeking a balance between production and consumption Is succeeding and has made progress entirely in line with reasonable ex pectations toward the restoration of farm prices to parity." Brief allusion was made to the war debts, and It was stated that stabil isation of the dollar la Impossible at present because certain other nations are “hapdlcapped by Internal and other \ Y > conditions.” The message referred specifically to the disclosures before the senate banking and currency com mittee of rich and powerful financiers who "evaded the spirit and purpose ef our tax laws,” enriched themselves st the expense ef their stockholders and the public snd through reckless speculation with their own .and other people’s money, “injured the values of the farmers' crops and the savings of the poor.” It also declared the In tention of the government and the people te suppress “crimes of organ lied banditry, cold-blooded shooting, lynching and kidnaping that have threatened our security.” The President’s closing sentences especially aroused the supporters of the Constitution. He thanked *the members of congress for their co-op eratlon, and concluded: “Out of these friendly contacts we are, fortunately, building a strong snd permanent tie between the legislative and executive branches of the gov ernment. _ z - * "The letter of the Constitution wise- ly declared s separation,, but the Im pulse of common purpose declares a union. In this spirit we Join once more In serving the American people.” Of this Immense sum the recovery agencies will require almost ten bil lions, the remainder being for the rou tine government establishment For these t^o years the treasury deficits are- estimated at nine billion three hundred million doUars. To meet these deficits the President proposes to borrow on the credjt of the govern ment ten billion doUars or more In addition to borrowing about twelve billions to refinance maturing govern ment bonds and other obligations In the next year and a half. ./ By July 1, 1935, when the President proposes to halt recovery operations and begin paying the bills out of taxes, the public debt, he estimates, will stand at the all-time record peak of thirty-one billions eight hundred and thirty-four millions. Republican senators rfhd repre sentatives and some Democrats pro fessed to he appalled by the Presi dent’s spending program, but .lt prob ably will he put through, Just the same. r\ EVALUATION of th« dollar Trp- ^ poor* to be a certainty of th{ not distant future, and the Treasury de partment la getting rfedy for that step. To etart with. It - la about .to .‘j'selso all remaining prlvmte holding* of gold. Henry Morgenthau, Jr., now aecretary. In no order Issued under the emergency banking luw, demand ed the surrender of all gold holdings, with live spedfle exceptions, regard less ef their size. Failure to follow the treasury’s or der and conviction carries a maximum penalty of ten years In prison, $10,000 In fines, or both. The order applies te ' corporations, partnerships, and asso ciations ss well as Individuals. One important exception which still blocks the way to devaluation w; left In the new gold order, federal reserve banks, which own $3,700,000,- 000 In gold and gold certificates out of a total American gold stock of $4,300,- 000,000, were still allowed to keep their goid. How to deprive the reserve banks of this gold legally, or at least of the profit which |he banks would otherwise reqp from devaluation, has This Week h Arthur Burbank ralua long been puzzling treasury legal ex- perM. ' ' / N OW It Is np to the United States Court of Claim* to decide wheth er or not President Roosevelt’s action In removing William E. Humphrey as a member of the fed eral trade commission last October was ’Mlle- gah and void.” Mr. Humphrey has filed wlfh the court a pe- ptKSlDENT ROOSEVELT an- * nonneed that he had accepted the long expected resignation of William H, ffofidln aa secretary of the treas ury, and appointed Henry Morgenthau, Jr., to succeed him. Mr. Morgenthau took the oath of office on New Year’s day In the presence of Mr. and Mrs. Rooaevelt and—the members of his— New Methods, Mach Money Guaranteed Deposits Roosevelt Tells Them Another High Trip - Tbs Presldenl says “we have under taken new methods,.” and we have with a vengeance. “We.” meaning 123.000,- Ameticans, led by tbe President, will spend this coming year. In various useful ways, $1,OOO.OQ0,OOO a month, or at the rate of $12,000,000,000 a year. Tom Reed, .when speaker-of the house, yelled because the country spent $500,000,000 In one year What would he say of $1,000,000,000 a month? Twelve billions In a year la a great deal of mo^iey, but It Is not too much, not enough, If well spent, to drive out depression and bring back employ ment We sent $10,000^000,000 to Europe, never to come back, and spent $20,000,- 000,000 more for other people’s war on top of that We might well spend some of eur billions productively, at hmnfc -V n « Washington.—The farm leaders are on tha neck of congress again, and thejralre causing the Farm Leader* politicians no end of ’ Irk Conareae « rlef worr y- ^ cuttir. too, the cur rent struggle, was brought, on by the politicians themselves who f41 led to see a year or so ago where beaded. Tbey are now face to with a problem that Involves not onl the demands of ,tbe farm leaders, but directly and forcefully affecta the'abil ity of-the federal government to, bor row money. ' The situation la this: the Farm Credit administration originally had a fund of $200,000,000 which It could use rather in its own way for reHef in desperate farm mortgage cases. It could determine appraisals for itself Mr. Walter J. Cummings, chairman and do a number of other things'in of the Federal Deposit Insurance cor- order to get relief to distressed farm poration, says the situation as regards owners without regard for ordinary security of bank deposits should be federal mortgage laws. But that fund tnade clear. The facts are that all na- has been exhausted. Indeed, It has tlonal banks must deposit certain been far overdrawn, and the Farm arantee all Credit administration has had to bor- and have row money from the Reconstruction out to their constituents. But tha trading goes on Just the same. • • • As an example of the way the tcad- coes on, consider this one: ▲ member oi western fought snd mads speeches snd de manded roll calls and - moneys to be u*ed to fcun titlon demanding from , banjj deposits up to $2,500 the United States How If* Worked £ld all of the othery things necessary to attract attention to a bill pulling some money out of the federal treas- ry for use In his district. He wanted bill put through to Insuite his ra- election. Bat be received little or no consideration. Presently, another bill seeking some particular plums for other sections of the country appeared on the 8C«m_ Supporters of that bill fought and made speeches and did all Of the other things "to attract atten tion to their blV They ran into a stone wall, also. When that happened, tbe two groups began to talk turkey among themselves. They Joined hands and they served notice oh several oth er groups, fostering particular legis lation, tlm they would bloer\anythIng and everything until they ^cetved to done so. State banks are not com- Finance corporation In order to carry permlsslor^from the powers that $1,251.39 ®iL h ® pelled to enter 'this arrangement, but on that phase of its wokk. T get their bills before the house. They says Is due him as his ma y do so If they please. j Now, the Farm Credit administra- forced an agreement. It was the a« salary _ ! It Is a pleasure to announce that tlon must sell- bonds. It has authority | tion of a “bloc,-" and- 8 to November 30. He throughout the Whole eOUMry onTjr'400 to sell them to obtain funds, but It Is I filled with them. • laid before the cour or jqq g ^ a j e banks have refused to Join confronted with exceeding difficulty The traders get what they \^ant in a transcript o our j n the p j an f or jr Maran teelng deposits. In their salef Investors are not par- most Instances, because enough Thirteen thousand hanks, all the na- ticularly anxious to take them. Just strength r can be mustered among dis own family. r. Woodin’s retirement had been expected since last summer, ife Is still 1h Arizona eiid’eavorlng to re cover his health. W. E. Humph rey letters from the Pres ident Two of them requested his res- j ti ona i banks and near |y a n g t ate banks, here is where the nolltlcinns flnd-iham^-1 eruntled I groups to prevent affirmative I ,re included In ffie guarantee. In “ selves in a quandary. ~ Y ' I action. Jn the current session, how- *electlng your bank you probably will Farm leaders are demanding that 1 ever. MrYRoosevel|t’s program Is the select a* national hank or a state hank thfe federal government guarantee the I first consideration ,and If the Demo- y i tlon, although Mr. Humphrey contend ed, none had been offered, while a fourth contained only these words: “1 .am Ip receipt of yeur letter September 27. Effective as of .this I RESIDE! porters In cTaTe'((TctoBer Tj you are hereby re- ' i moved from,the office of commissioner «T GRAU and his sup- , 0 f t j, e f e( j era i tfade commission.” iba. were preparing to Humphrey refused to resign or anil-government consplr- ou ^ and f orma iiy notified the trade acy which Secretary of the Interior comm , 8glon of that refusal; but the Gulteras said had commission wrote him that It had vot- gone too far to be ed t0 rcc0Kn ize the executive order of halted by any plan of the p rw ,!denL Mr. Humphrey IS a political conciliation,. Republican and the controversy be- or even recognition of tween him and Mr. Roosevelt has been President Grau the Grau regime by the-—UfiTEed~“Sfafefr The revolutionists, he said, were ‘operating from Miami, Fla. In Havana the army’s home made /tanka were placed/In stra tegic positions, the police /#ere armed In which- yoor deposits up to $2,500, interest on those bonds, so tbey may orafir majority does not perform as will be guaranteed by the government be sold; and If a guarantee of interest plan. ' The baiiKei n -<tll}~tglt; ymi If fifr ' has not Joined the- guarantee plan. token lip as a political Issna by aome others of that party. It Is certain to be the Subject of oratory and argu ment In congress. For fourteen years Mi. Humphrey represented the state of Washington In congress, and be was appointed to the trade commission by President Coolldge ln 1925 and re-ap- polnted by Presjdent Hoover In 1931. weeks—ago—Jon 6.—Dues; won’t suffice, then the farm leaders say ^ the Interest and principal of tlie-bonds . ought to be ^guaranteed, in either The President has told congress and event, congress has to enact the legis- the nation Just exactly what he haa | a tion necessary, teen doing since the fourth of March, Offhand, It would seem that congress and even Republicans,will admit that ghould te willing to guarantee the In- he had something to tell. teresf-and principal without any argu- 7 ■■ ment. It Is a .situation, however, not A bag containing 600.000 cubic feet go eag jiy solved, because of the effect of gas carried Major Fordney 'of the elsewhere. If the farm mortgage JPJtdng^corps. and Lieutenant Settle^of tronds ftTe guaranteed as to Interest COMK > kJ nromlo with rifles and soldiers were stationed 1 sniping. j premier of Rumania, outlawed the plans Iron Guard, ad anii-Jewish organiza tion., He has paid the penalty, for a T HIS message of the President was addressed especially to the Amer ican people. A few days before he delivered another that was meant more for the rest of the world. It was his speech on Woodrow Wilson’s birthday delivered at a dinner given by the Woodrow Wilson foundation, and in It he vigorously attacked po litical leaders of other nations for frustrating the hopes of the peoples for World peace. Ninety per cent of the population of the earth, he averred, is desirous that there shall .‘be no jBiore wars; but the ^remaining 10 per cent are misled by politicians who have Imperialistic designa- and selfish motives. Mr. Roosevelt’s peace plan, offered to the world, may te thus summarized; Every. nation would agree to elim inate over a period of years and by progressive steps all weapons of of fense, keeping only permanent de fensive Implements. Each nation could Inspect Its neighbor to insure against offensive weapons. Every natloa would join In a sim ple declaration that no armed forces would te allowed to cross its borders into the territory of shy ether nation. By ruling that such pacts would be affective nnless all nation^ agreed the nations still believing ”tn the use of the tword for Invasion” would be pointed eat te the pressure of world opinion. r The President also proclaimed a modification of the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that It would henceforth be tbe policy ef the United States to un dertake no single-handed armed Inter vention In any of the American re publics. He declared that U was the joint obligation of all those republics to tnterveno In any ono of them If such Interference should become nec essary to protect their Interests. P iR the current and the next fiscal years tbe President asks congress to provide sixteen and a hajf billion . .dollars, In the budget message which was transmitted to the lawmakers. . — *4 f*’ on housetops to chi The Miami revolutionaries’ “are too far advanced," Gulteras said, “because they accepted money from | member of the guard assassinated American corporations In exchange him in a railway station in Sinaia, for certain concessions If they attain The murderer, who was arrested with power. They can’t return the money, two.accomplices, proudly admitted his Therefore, they must carry out their crime. />••- plans.” The assassination came as a climax Presiderrf-Grau signed a decree set- to a long series of disorders character- ting April 22 as the date for the elec- ' l*tlc of- the new wave of anti-Semitic tlon of s constitutional assembly radicalism which has swept Rumania which will meet on May 20 to choose since the victory ot Chancellor HU- a new provisional president and draft a new constitution. Grau said he would not continue In the presidency after May 20, regardless of whether the assembly confirms him as' provi sional president. ler’s anti-Jewish campaign In Ger many. - L OANS totaling $27,534,000 were al- - the navy more thaYr^.Ono feet lato and p rlncIt)ali thtn the owner8 the air. homes will, and do, want the mrtne They plan another flight into the ^ thing. If one gets It, the other/must stratosphere, with a balloon of 1,500,- have it or the tends that ydre not 000. cubic feet, and hope to go up 15 miles or more. That exploration may lead to plans for bringing down supplies of that which Is the life-giving quality of the atmosphere, fur distribution as needed- , Real exploration of the air ocean above us-will begin.when men go up between 400 and 500 miles and look ont from our attenuated atmosphere Into' the "absolute zero" of the ether, or whatever the substance is that fills all space between this group of solar, systems and the nebulae. This nation has recognized Russia, •and now Russia discovers nine new sources of gold, all capable of being worked Immediately. These Russian gold sources. If richly productive, will guaranteed cannot be sol That is the whole stonK' If both of the-agencies dealing with mortgages, farm and home, are/accorded a gov ernment guarantee, then tha' whale- structure of fand^ and home loan bond Issues, running into billions of dollars, in which the government has^n inter est, becomes a part of Ibe national debt The national debt now Is around $23,500,000,000. It can go somewhat higher without causing the valnes of those bonds Outstanding to become de preciated. Yet, there Is a limit When that limit Is reached. Investors every where will suffer, banks will suffer to the extent that they have government tends, life insurance companies that have Invested your premium payments and mine In bonds to earn interest will suffer In short, an overloading of the the rnesidaat-saysw U m^y -te too - bad next November. I am. reminded, In thlg connection, of an Incident Involving Postmaster General “Jim” Farley, the adminis tration’s political guide. A certain senator wanted to see “Jim” about a Job for a powerful constituent.- “Jim" did not want to see the senator, but the senator Insisted and "JLnl” re ceived him. He requested a ^Ad finally demanded appointment of ^Ts man "or else I will be licked In the election.”' “Well." replied the political boss, Farley, “I am nor responsible for that I see by the record here where, on seven major votes In the senate, you voted against the -administration on five. That record may not warrant re-election anyway. That ended the Incident, and It also serves to show how the President and all of his.advisors engage . in hors# trading, too. • • • • / The turn of the year, with the fresh start that always accompanies a new - year, |}a^ given rls# See Better to conviction among Time. Ahead th, ‘ conditions, econom ically and financially, are improving. Underlying factors surely glye every Indiestieu of better tlpies. We, ^ere, who are meeting men of consequence from every, part of the country ^veek after.week, get rather definite ekprea- C. . soften the hearts of our “test minds’ ........ ... Ru»l« .houW not be aei,,Vreak ha vOft V Anl I «H-gW cwMIM-. *i«"« lotted t. ati railroads t>, the , "" d - .**•_»• ; |„ the end. taxpayers vrHl pay and at » ra ". ImProTement that «fr- strengthen Russian belief, bound to—-— —— —~ 1 rants real optimism: __ . . _ . . **'p®y. * ■ PWA. Funds were authorized to per- 'HOUGH the year -closed with A prices for farm products and man ufactured foods showing a downward Jrend; though the estimates of the tlou.of $12,000,000 to the Southern Pa mit purchase of steel rails and track fastenings, for the repair of locomo tives and rolling stock and to finance the construction of coal cars. Largest of the loans was an alloca- government and of grain dealers revealed that the acreage re duction program on which the Agriculture department spent vast sums was virtually a failure, and though there were other dis couraging signs, on the whole President Roosevelt and his ad visers bad-reason to believe the- new year promised to see con- eifle company. The IlMnols Central railroad was granted $9,300,000 and the Baltimore A Ohio railroad, $4,230,000. Receivers of the Wabash railway were granted $1,489,000. Loans of $265,000 and $250,000 were granted for Kansas. Oklahoma A Gulf railroad and the Interstate railroad, the latter a Vir ginia road. ^MHCAGO’s great meat packing In dustry expressed Indignant sur prise at sweeping charges of noncom- Speaker pliance with the President’s recovery Rainey program made at Washington by slderahle success achieved by their re- Sneaker Rainey, gpekftgqmii..tQE.JUJL WVFrr"TtlHfiSr“ Marny Teaaers in econ * the blg concerns ^declared they were omy and politics gave them this as- doing all possible to co-operate with sura nee, ami there was manifested a tha government and that Mr, Rainey’s general determination to“gb aldng fur- j statements were Inaccurate and mls- ther with the President and support leading. * - ■..'* his efforts. j n Washington It was said the Speaker Rainey predicted that the AAA was Investigating the packing session of congress would be har- ! industry and that if the latter does monious. “We are gelng to have.a short and constructive session,” said Mr. Rainey. “It will be a very Important session, but a working one rather than a dra matic one. We will pass the supply bills, the tax bills and the liquor meas ures and adjourn early in May. * “There will be no attempt to over threw the recovery program #r to op pose the President It Isn't possible. If there Is any sniping the snipers are apt to te left at home. “We had tbe extra session and en acted the recovery program and It It Just beginning to work. Recovery Is on the way." 'T'oHRKNTIAL rains lasting many A hours wrought disaster In Los An geles and Its suburbs for floods rushed through the towns and countryside and probably. 76 or more lives were lost Glendale, Montroee, La Cres cents, Echo Park, Long Beach, Ala- ■itos Beach, Venice, Redondo Beach and other towns ware these In the direct path of tha Inundation. It was fn these places that the heaviest toll ef life occurred. aot comply with tbe spirit of the farm relief and recovery programs It faces the possibility of being virtually taken over by the government R ADICALS In Argentina attempted a revolt at Rosario and Santa Fe, In the northern part of the country, attempting to prevent the forthcoming elections But the authorities were glert and suppressed the uprising. The mounted police fired on the crowds and a score or more of the reds were killed and many wounded when'they attacked the arsenals and police head quarters. C ARY N. WEISINGER, JR., deputy administrator In charge of the banking code, was fired by General Johnson because he was held respon sible for tbe Issue of a press re lease Inferring that Johnson bad ap proved a proposed set of fair hank ing practice rules that some 700 banks and dsarlng houses were about *• ] "rabbit’s - foot” adopt Johnson suspended the pro posed fee schedules, stating that ha come sooner or later, that perhaps Karl Marx did not know test What quinine is to malaria, gold, “yellow and -cold,’’ is to communism. So that point where the politicians find themselves now Is at the cross roads. They can not yield all of the demands of the farm leaders. - That Mussolini believes that war la prob- woa,d re8 « lt ,n u the th,n ^ 1 J av « de - able, even should the wicked Japanese * cr,be<L Ba ‘ the y 8Urted the . [ arm never sail through the air against - ,eaders 0D their present course by a lot of promises designed to win elec tion's. AH the -farm - leaders are de- Rome.. He Is giving military training to 2,000)000 young Italian boys. It Is the first period In four, years that the senti ment brought to Washington has been uniformly of that kind. I am constrained to believe, how ever, that most people are going;, to be disconraged because recovery will te slow. The spring undoubtedly Is go ing to see more Industry at work than since "the depression began, and The UnitedrStates, while not entire ly happy ydt, la happier than other countries. If that is any comfort. Italy, worrying about Japan, talks of a “Japanese menace.” The Italian chamber of deputies. Is told “Japan to- make good. ^ * * * 7 The early weeks of congress already have demonstrated that the session Is going to be devoted Political to a , considerable day Invades China. 'Inspired by race HorteTrading exteBt t0 the build- hatred, she will plan tomorrow against * n P ot campaign white men.” . * \ fences.^ Although the votes will pot That Is the yiew of Mprquls Gla- be cast until November, there .la dis- danger In the East. Nobody Ip Amer- the house and senate In many a balli- Ica imagines Japan flyipg over the wick, _and .there are ambitious citizens Mediterranean th attack the Italian Iff every «pnt of them who are “will- peninsula, but anything is possible Ing” to serve the district or the state. Sanding now Is that the politicians the 8U " ,mer i carr >' ™ * ith som « 1 expansion. But It takes so long for with airplanes. Scientists believe that “conscious life” as we earth-microbes know It, would te Impossible on other planets, ! because of excessive heat or cold, or Consequently, the job of building cam paign fences Is under way, and the ilennial horse trading of the politl- ms has begun. horse trading of the current 1, however, is going to be eon- lack pf water or oxygen. But if ng- giderably different - than In most ses- * — gions ofcongress. One of the reasons had never seen them. * 11*4. WMMra Nawapapw Uatoa. tare can arrange earth life to survive under water as fish do, under "-the earth as worms do. at the equator and in the Arctic regions, why not on the sun, in spite of Jeans’ statements that the solar temperature reaches,.40,000,- 000 degree centigrade? The administration announces that from eighteen to twenty million work ers are now operating under NRA regulation of wodC hqurs and wages, controlled by 182 codes! The trouble seems to have been that this country had/ too much of everything. Government seeks to ar range that by distributing many bil lions of dollars, and plowing under millions of acr**- A nation or Indl vldual that has “too much" of every thing ought not to worry too much As for gold. It /ms always been * perstitlon. without except for those that lize money. real Impor used It to * kto* S«rv Brad I eat*. lae. rvle# why the trading will be different is that man who sits In the White House. Ordinarily, Maneuvers are carried out on the floors of the house or senate that are designed to enable this or that Individual to obtain re-election and they are accomplished with little or no interference from the President President Roosevelt haa his program, however, and nnless the boys and girls making up the membership of congress line up correctly, they won’t get any smile from the Chief Executive when puch a smile and some kind words would win the election. It Is a tough spot for the candidates. Y - It might be well to explain bow the trading la done Just so the whole thing Is on the record. 1 have watched them from the eminence of the press gal leries so many times that the gyra tions no longer prove entertaining. Those things, however, never seem to appear In ths reprinted speeches which ths senator* and representatives mall FvlV ■' 1 ; • ; the Improvement to become apparent to most of us. Insofar as It affects us personally, that we pet down la the dnmps with waiting. 1 One of the things about which I have heard that sounds worthwhile Is the total of advance orders that are going In from manufacturing estab lishments. Ad’vance orders, for Fehru- -Ayrtfcduttvf ry me re/~ corded In some lines to be the largest In four years. That statement does not apply to all lines of commercial endeavor. Tbere are some exceed ingly bad spots, even dangerons spots These will be slower than the others In getting on their feet again. Yet the plctnre of business, as a whole, can bt said to be far better now than It has been since the beginning of 1930. ? * + ’ » Although Secretary Morgenthau arffd that his censorship rale against treas ury officials was withdrawn and that subordinates could talk with newspa per correspondents who wanted only factual data, many of the lesser lights aronnd the treasury still are scared stiff about talking with a correspond ent. Witness this: A few days ago Clarence T. Ellis 0* St. Louis, Mo.! was named assistant solicitor of the treasury, a promotion from * Job as an attorney In the department that h* had held for many years. A corre spondent called him by telephone to Inquire whether bis home was In St. Louis. Mr. Ellis replied that the cor-' respondent would have to “see Mr. Gaston for any Information." (Herbert E. .Gaston Is the treasury’s publicity representative.) • The Inquiring report-* er’wondered whether Mr. Gaston could be sure of where Mr. Ellis lived, but he went to see Mr. Gaston because be couldn’t get the Information anywhere rise. • by Waatarn Nawapapar Umou. Y *■ . ;/ 'i-aaiSH \ - •• r- 1 — h •V .