Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR REVIEWED Germany Holds More Territory !n, Europe Than It Did TwelIe Months Ago. LOSER IN OTHER RESPECTS Entente Allies Now Hammering Teutons Hard on All Sides. AUSTRIA SEEMS WEAKENING -British Naval Blockade Still Effective After Great Battle of Jutland Chief Developments of Year in Terrifio World ColiflIot. - PRESENT MILITARY AND NA. VAL FORCES OF -THE WAR RING POWERS. - Great Britain (Asquith's ' statement less losses)......4,600 000 - a .---....... 00',000 Russia (lijttle a dfinite 'know;n,000,000 Italy .......................1500,000 ................... Montene'' ....... racticaly none Portugal (little definite known) ..... 750 Japan (only ofiers at ront) . ................... 800,000 Total, entente allies.....15,22,000 Germany ............... e..600000) Auatrla%_ungary ..........2,50,000 Bulgaria .............. 000 ..700,000 Total, central powors .... 9,700,000 TOTAL KILLED, WOUNDED AND PRISONERS. (In considering the losses it must be remembered that many listed as wounded are only slightly hurt and return to the front. Some are wounded several successive times and each time appear in the casu alties.) Russia .................... 5,00.000) France (about 1)00,000 k lled). .2,300.000 Great Britain ................ 800.000 Italy........... .......... 400000 Belgum ....................... 180,000 Serbia .......................... 20000 Total, entente .........9,410,000 Germany, (estimated 700,00 killed).................. 4000000 Austria-Hungary .........:2,750000 Bulgaria ..................50.000 &:aryla50.000 Total Teutonic allies....7,300.000 GranA total, killed, wound ed, prisoners ..............16,710,000 In the Napoleonic wars, 1793-1815 1,900.000 men were killed; in the American Civil war 494,400: In the Russo-Japanese war 665,900. I What the War is Costing. The war is now costing in direct governmental expenditure $110,000, 000 a day; $4,580,000 an hour; $70,000 a minute; and $1,270 a second. The end of the second year of the great war finds the Germans In posses seon of more of Europe than they held on August 1, 1915, the first anniversary of the start of the great conflict. ThiB is practically the only respect in which the situation is moro favor able to them. Russia, her vast man power at last organized and furnished with implements of destruction in plenty, is batterIng the Teuton lines on the east and has already won back 4,500 square miles. Great Britain boasts fiye milliori men in- her army and navy. France fights as strongly as ever. Italy is increasing her formi dableness. Austria appears to be losing heart and efficeiency. Bulgar'ia refuses to send re-enforcements tQ the west or Russian fronts. Turkey shows slight offensive power. The British navy, following the mch-disputed naval battle of Jutland, still shuts off Germany from use of the seas. One German merchant sub marine has reached America, but the supplies which can be carried over to the besieged nations in U-boats will be of little accounit. Germany and Austria both feel the pinch of hunger. Their armies are sufficiently fed, but their industrial workers complain of lack of nourIsh ment. The present harvest is watched with anxiety, and if it fails or Is only of fair size, famine will stalk into the situation next spring, or earlier. Germany Seeks "Reasonable Peace:" The German chancellor three times In the reichstag has offered peace to the, entente. On account of this, for midable opposition has arisen to him at home, althorugh he is the kaIser's "other self," is friends are rallying to hils defenses and on August 1 of the present year bngins the curious coun try-Wide iectuire campaign to prepare the minds o$ the hitherto docile Ger man people for a "reasonable pence." Meanwh~e, with the sky brightening, the enternte allies reaffirm their resoilu ticn, taken in -the dark hours of last winter, never to cease their efforts till Germany is crushed. The Teutons not only must be beaten in war, according to the allied formula, but must be re pressed economically for many years after the signing of a treaty of peace. On August 1, 1015, the Germans and Austrians were in the midst of their brilliant campaign against Russia, The "pincers" were closing in irresistibly, ,That day Lublin, an important city in qouthern Poland, fell. Von Mackensen, with Galicia con quered, was pressing northward, *hiie on the north side of the Polish salient Von Hindenburg boro with. his host of field-gray warriorl. With nothing except myriads of Slai giants, sonle of whom resisted charges with sharpened sticks in their hands Russia was forced to fall back rapidly Twice it seemed the flower of the czar's army would be surrounded, once 14 the vilcinit)N of Warsaw, and again in the great battle near Vilna. The tale of the taking of great towns grew almost tedious. It seemed the Germantis would never stop. Whether they did stop of their own accord or were finally checked by the Russlans is not yet clear. They settled down for the winter on a long line stretch ing from the Baltic just west of Riga southeast along the Dvina river, and then almost due south through Polies sie, the Pinsk marsh district, to tly Roumanlan frontier. Reawakening of Russia. On September 8 Czar Nicholas tool command of all his armies in the field sending his cousin, the Grand Duke Nicholas, to the less important com mand of the Caucasus operations. With their "Little Father" at their head, the Russians' forgot their long discouraging retreat. Millions of new young soldiers joined them, draw[ from Russia's great reservoir of hu man beings, which produces three and a half million men of military age ev ery year. On September 10 the Russians won a success near Tarnopol and Trembowla and two days later they drove the Teu. tons back 14 miles in Galicia. In other parts of the .front, the: Germans were still seizing large slices of terriory but their enemies were regaining their energy. On September 20 the Rus slans recaptured Lutsk, but were driv en out in a short time. On October 2C they recaptured Czartorysk, but they were not able to prevent the German storming Illuxt five days later. Czar. torysk was lost and again taken by the czar January 8. Meanwhile the conquest of Serbia, the greatest tragedy of the war, ex cepting only the massacre of 800,00C Armenlaos, was being enacted. Invasion of Serbia. The real invasion of Serbia started in the first days of October. A greal diplomatic battle had been fought I& Sofia,'and the allies had lost. On Oc tober 7 Bulgaria in an ultimatum to King Peter of Serbia, peremptorily de manded the immediate cession of the Macedonian lands in dispute between the two countries and then In the pos session of the Serbs. After a general bombardment the Teutons crossed the river boundaries of Serbia in many places on October 8 Two days later they occupied Bel grade. On the thirteenth Bulgaria in vaded her neighbor at three points. The successes of the Teutons -and the Bulgarians were almost unbroken. The invading forces consisted . of a vas amount of. heavy artillery, with smal infantry supporting forces. The shelled the Serbians out of positiot after position in an avalanche of stee to which the Serbians could make n( reply. Small forces of French and Englisl landed at Saloniki, a Greek port tc which Serbia had certain entry privi leges, and did something to cover the retreat of the Serbians by engaging the Bulgarians in the South. At the beginning of winter, Novem ber 22, the Serbian soldiers crossed their western border and struck the trails of the dreary, snow-covered mountains of the coast. Great num bers perished of cold and hunger ora the way. On November 29 Germany proudly announced that the Serbiati campaign had ended, having met with complete success. Two Blows to the British. The winter also saw the humilia lion of the British in Mesopotqmla. The Indian government' recklessly pushed a small, poorly supplied expe dition up the Tigris valley and actu ally penetrated to within seven miles of Bagdad. Here the Turks, with Ger man officers directing them, adminis tered 'if defeat and the invaders fell back with the enemy harassing them to the town of Kirt-el-Amarn, where they were besieged December 10. Another expedItion, also insufficient, was sent to relieve the first. It was beaten off with large losses a few miles below Kut, a flood of the river and swamps assisting the Turks, and on April 80 the 12,000 defenders of Kut capitulated by order of the Brit ish higher command. A further British humiliation was the evacuation of Gallipoli peninsula, wvhere the British~ held on doggedly month after month, losing perhaps 200,000 men, until they were finally withdrawvn in confession of failure the first week of January, These twvo British fiascos were what was needed to arouse .the sluggish fighting blood of John Bull. They finally brought England into the war fully and uncompromisingly, to the same extent as the other great pow ers. On August 10 Great BrItain started her national register, or census of all men of fighting age. The result showed a vast reserve of man power. Certain sections demanded immediate con scription, but they were not success ful. Instead the earl of Derby was commissioned to start a vast recruit ing campaign. This produced a anm ber of classes of "attestedl men," who b~ound themselves to come into the ranks with their age groups. But there were still hundreds of thousands unreached, and the public began to see that it was discriminating in favor of the "slackers" and the cowards. On December 21 David. Lloyd George, the minister of munitions and greatest man the war has produced in Great Britain, declared the country faced defeat unless greater efforts were made. A week later he threat ened to resign from theo cabinet un less conscription was adopted. Conscription was fiercely fought, bul on January 6 a bill fatrodicIng it passed its first readin In the house of commons by a large majority. The bill was finally signed by King George May 26. Allies Get Together. Their defeats finally taught the al lies that their efforts must be co-or dinated, like their enemies', if they were to be effective. A new war council, with all'the allies represented, met in Paris December T and a kind of international general staff was or ganized. It is known that General Jo seph - Joffre, Frengh commander in chief since the beginning of the war, and the hero of the battle of the Marne, was the presiding genius. The effects of the council were not to be seen for several months, but now they are being realized in full measure. To check a simultaneous allied of fensive, which they clearly saw com ing, the Teutons decided on two at tacks of their own.. This follows the well-known axiom of German mill tary strategy that the best defense is an energetic attack. The first of these offensive defen sives was the attack on the French fortress of Verdun, where the works were subjected to a whirlwind of fire beginning February 21.-The gains of the first week were great, and German critics foretold che collapse of the French. Two of the defending forts, Vaux and Douaumont, fell, and'impor tant positions were taken west of the Meuse river as well. But Joffre rallied his men in splen did fashion and sold each, yard,. of ground at an awful cost WiGerltian blood. Step by step the cro4. 'prince's men pushed forward, but today t1ey a' e still more than two miles from .the ruined fortress town and the resist ance of the French is as strong as ever. Austrian Drive Checked. The second Teutonic offensive was organized by the Austrians in the Trentino, and they struck in the di rection of Vicenza- with the object of cutting off the northern end of Italy froln the main portion. On May 20, as the result of several days' vlo lent.artillery fire followed by infantry rushes, they were able to tnnounce the capture of 24,000 Italians. General Count Cadorna hurried about a hundred thousand men in mo tor cars to the scene, while many more arrived on foot or trains. Just when. it seemed the Austrians must reach the lowlands the counter-attacks were delivered. On June 80 Rome announced a splen did victory. In bloody fighting the Austrians, perhaps weakened by drafts to bolster up their Russian front, were driven from peak to peak almost to where their lines had stood throughout the winter. In March the Russians delivered vast but futile attacks on the Ger mnan front at many points, probably t< distract attention from Verdun. The Germans seemed to have been lulled into security by these efforts, which they probably considered the best the czar could do. But the tens of thou sands of Muscovite bodies lining the Germans' barbed wire were but a pat ter of rain compared with the storm that was brewing behind the Russian lines. At the beginning of June this storm broke with full force and, following the principle of attacking the weakest point, the Austrians holding the line from the marsh district southward were forced to bear the brunt of it. Russia's Big Push. Millions of shells, manufactured largely in British, Japanese and American factories, blasted away wire, trenches, dugouts and observation p)oints. Then the hordes of Sibe rians, Cos?4acks and others swept over the field. The Austrians could not withstand the impact and they gave way steadily. June 6, General Brusiloff announced the capture of 13,000 Austrians ; June 8, the number for the three succeed ing days alone was 43,000, and the numbers kept mounting until on July 20 General Shoovaleff, Russian min ister of war, estimated the number of Austro-Hlungarian prisoners at 270, 000. The killed and wounded are un told, but the number must be large enough to bring the total loss well over half a million. 0 qrnman support was rushed to the AustN ans, but the foe captured Lutsk and Dubno, and reached the Stokhod and Lipa rivers in Volhynia ; overran all Biukowina to the Carpathians and sent patrols of Cossacks into Hungary to ravage the country. That the czar Is anticipating further great gains of territory is seen from Russia's action in mnobilizing the males of the island of Saghallen, Tur kestan, and one other district to build roads, dig trenches and (10 other work of organizing the ground won. Aiiies' Drive in Somme Region. Almost a month to a (lay following the beginning of the great Russian of fensive French ;and British openedl their drive in the vicinity of the Somme river. They have gained grad ually but steadily, and the official re p~orts assert the losses of the attack era are comparatively small. It is also the claim of the allies that the Franco-British offensive can be kept up at its present rate indefinite ly, andl will not have to be slackened for lack of shells, guns or men. The rate of progress is much greater'than the Germans' at Verdun, but the coun try traversed 1* less difficult. On the other hand, the Verdun assailants have the advantage of attacking from the outside of a curve, while the Fk'ench and British now attack from imnside the salient they have made in the line, Meanwhile tihe Verdun offen sive of the Germans continues. Outaide of Europe the Germans have lost their Cameroon colony on the west coast of Africa, the remaining defend ers having crossed into Spanish ter ritory and been Interned. The army of East Africa still resists the converg ing columns of Belgians, French and British but, shut off from re-enforce ments, its doom would seem to be sealed. On April 25 Sir Roger basement, Irish knight, Irled to land from a Ger man warship on the coast of Ire land, but was captured. The next day a revolt In Dublin and other Irish cities broke out and the center of the Irish capital was burned. The revolt was easily quelled, the British announcing resistance had ceased on May 1. More sucecqssful was the revolt of the Arabs, Idil by the grand shereff, against their Turkish overlords. Mec ca, Medina and others towns have been captured and are held. still, probably with British assistance. Doings In tho Air. Recent months have seen a cessa tIon of Zeppelin raids on undefended British and French towns. The cause of this Is somewhat of a mystery, as the Germans have claimed important millitary fesults from their attacks. On September 7-8 there were two raids on London, thirty persons being killed and a proportionate number wounded. Fifty-five were killed by Zeppelins in a raid on London October 18. On January 20 the German dirigibles bombarded Paris, killing 23 and on February 1 Liverpool and other Eng lish centers were visited and 59 slain. On April 2 a Zeppelin killed 28 in England and was destroyed on the British coast ad it returned.' On March 31 .weve' killed. On 'Apiil ' it ,was announced that the fifth Zeppe'in raid in six days on the British coast had beeri made. The Germans declared that war munition factories and supply -depots had been destroyed. Since then England apparently has been immune from the. Zeppelins. This may be due to the large number 6f dirigibles lost, or to the outcry against the inhumanity of the practices of the Germans which was raised in neutral countries. One other important moral defeat was sustained by the Germans when they hurried Edith Cavell, a British nurse, to execution, as announced by Brand Whitlock, American minister of Belgium, on October 22. The greatest naval engagement of history in number of men engaged and number slain was fought June 3 near the Skaggerrak, in the North sea. The result was inconclusive, each side claiming a great victory and the re ports varying widely in estimates of losses on the two sides. If the Germans, as they assert, seri ously crippled the British grand fleet, we will probably soon see them come out of Kiel again, to finish their task, At present, however, the British block ado is broken only by the merchani submarine Deutschland, which reached Baltimore July 9. Kaiser Yields to America. The year has also been the culmi nation of the submarine dispute be tween the United States and Germany, which terminated in the kaiser's capit ulating and promising to warn mer chantmen before attacking. A U-boat sank the liner Arabic Au gust 20, two Americans being among the slain. Two more of our' nationals (lied when the Hesperian was torpe doed September 6. On November 10 several Americans died in the torpe doing of the Italian liner Ancona. It is thought two Americans were lost in the sinking of the Persia in the Medi terranean January 2. The crisis wvas precipitated March 20, when the Brit ish channel ferry steamer Sussex was torp~edoed without warning. Two hun dred and thirty-five persons were killed and several Americans were In jured. This flagrant violation of the rules of war caused President Wilson to press Germany for sweeping assur ances, which were given in a note May 0 on condition that the United States force Great Britain to conduct her blockade legally. Mr. Wilson an swered he would accept the promise, but without the proviso. The many times heralded Turco-Ger man invasion of Egypt has not yet ma terialized and probably never wvill. On the other hand, the Russian grand duke has added to his laurels by cap l uring the important inlandt city of Erzerum February 17, Bitlis March 4 aind the seaport of Trebizond April 19. The Turks in counter-attacks pressed hack the Russians in Persia, b~ut recently the czar's men have ad vanced rapidly in the northern part of Asia Minor and the resistance of the Turks seems to have been broken. Exploits of the Moewe. Only one German commerce raider nc t a submarine distinguished itself in the year. The fast Moewe sank many allied ships off the coast of Africn and reached a home port in safety March 6. On February 2 a Ger man prize crew brought the Appam, a British capture, into Hampton Roads, having come all the way across the At lantic with her. Thme ownership of this vessel is still in the American courts. Two more nations have been drawn into the war. The entrance of Bul garia has been described, On March 10 Germany declared war on Portugal. Portuguese and German troops had clashed in Africa some time before and Portugal had just seized the Ger man ships in her harbors. The ac tions of the republic were induced by a treaty according to which she prom ises to come to Great Britain's assist ance whenever requested to do so. The British lost the equivalent of several army corps when Lord Kitch ener was drowned June 7 In the 8inkc ing of the cruiser Hampshire by p mine while on his way to ussia. ANNOUNI First Primary August 29. Candidates' cards inserted Liuiare each, invar FOR CONGRESS. I announce mysQIf a candidate for Congress from the Third Congression. al Distriot of South Carolina, subject to the rules of the Democratic party. JOHN A. HORTON. I am a candidate for Congress from the Third Congressional District, sub. ject to the rules of the Democratdc pri mary. A. H. DAGNALL. I announce myself a candidate for Congress from the Third District. I will abide the rules, regulations and results of the Democratic primary. HENRY C. TILLMAN. FRED DOMINICK IS A CANDI DATE FOR CONGRESS SUBJECT TO THE RULES OF THE DEMO. CRATIC PARTY. I respectfully announce myself a candidate for re-election to the Notion. al House of Representatives from the Third Congressional District'of South Carolina, subject to the rules and degu lations of the Democratic primary. WYATT AIKEN. FOR SOLICITOR. I announce my candidacy for Solei. tor of the Thirteenth Judicial Cireult, subject to the rules and results of the Democratdc primary election. J. ROBT. MARTIN. I am a candidate for Solicitor of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit and pledge myself to abide the result of the Demo cratic primary and to support the nom inees of same. JNO. M. DANIEL. H. H1. HARRIS is hereby announced as a candidate for Solicitior of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit, subject to the rules of the Democratic primary. I announce my candidacy for Solici tor of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit, subject to the rules of the Democratic primary. J. D. LANFORD. I hereby announce myself a candi date for Solic-tor of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit, subject to the rules of the Democratic party. D. W. SMOAK. FOR REPRESENTATIVE. The many friends of W. CLARENCE MANN. hereby announce him aa a can didate for the House of Representa. tives subject to the rules of the Demo. criatic primary. I hereby announce myself a Man. didate for the House of Representa. tives from Pickens county, subject to the rules of the Democratic primary. Platform: In favor of the state tak ing guano out of the hands of the spieculaitor and placing it in its own hands to protect the farmer and itself. Not in favor of either the child labor law nor compulsory education. W. H. COX. I hereby announce myself a candi date for the House of Representatives from Pickens county, subject to tihe rules of the Democratic party. WV. E. FINDLEY. The many friends of 3. S. LEOPARD hereby announce himi as a candidate for the 1W' e of Representatives, sub ject to the rules of the Democratic party. I hereby announce myself a candi date for member of House of Repre sentatdves from Pickens county, sub ject to the rules of the Democratic pri mary. JOHN P. SMITH. W. L. PICKENS is hereby announc ed als a candidate for the House of Representatives from Pickens county, subject to the rules of the Democratic party. FOR CLERK OF COURT. 0. S. STElWART is hereby announc ed as a candidate for the office of Clerk of Court of Pickens county, sub. ject to the rules and regulations of the Demoeratic party in the primary elecition of 1916. I am a candIdate for the office of Clerk of Court of Pickens county, sub. ject to the rules of the Democratic party. J. L. BOLT. I am a candidate for Clerk of Court of Pickens county and pledge myself to abide the result of the Democratic primary and support the nominees of same. 'B. T. McDANIEL. Being solicited by my friends I here by announce myself a candidate for re-election as Clerk of Court of Pick ens county, subject to the rules of the Democratic primary eGeetion. Effel ency is ny plattform. A. 3. BOGGS. FOR SH ERIPP, At the soliettation of a few friends I hereby announce myself a candidate for the office of Sheriff of Pickans county, subject to the rules of the Igemocratic 9imar~y. W. ANDEIRSON LOOPIIIR. I hereby announce myself a candi ate for re-election as Skeriff of Pielc 91n5 Qounty, subjet to the* rues of the Damentaddo prm.n. R =L ItmA "EMENTS Second Primary Sept. 12. In this column for Five ably In advance. FOR AUDIrOR. HENRY A. TOWNES a here nounced as a can41date for Aad of Pickena county, subject t ioe rules of' the Democratia primap, I hereby annqunce myself a, an. date for re-election to -the offlo -at Auditor of Pickens County, stibjeft to the rules of the Democraitio primas N. A. CHRISTOPHERp. FOR TREASUtER. I am a candidate for Treasurer 9( Pioklens county, subject to the ralte of the Depocraltic primary. OLAR T. HINTON. I hereby announce mysetf a oandi date for the office of County Tress urer, subjeot to the rules of the Dem ocratic primary. BENNEITT H. POWERS. I hereby announce myelf as a cam. didaete for re-eleotion to the offoe - at Treasurer of Pickens county, subjeot to the rules of the Democratic pri mary election. TAYLOR H. STEWART. FOR SUPERINTENDENT OF EDUCATION. I hereby announce myself a candi. date for County Superintendent of Education of Pickens county, subject to the rules of the Democratic pr. mary. F. VAN CLAYTON. I hereby announce myself a candi date for Superintendent of Education of Pickens county, subject to the Democratic primary. C. L. CRAIG. W. S. RICHDOURG is hereby an. nounced as a candidate for the offioe of Superintendent of Education of Pickens counity, subject to the rules of the Democratic primary. I hereby announce myself as a can didate for re-election for County 8Sw penintendent of Education, subject to the action of the Democratic primary. R. T. HALLUM. Telephone when you want that next job of Printing You will get first-class work, and you will get it when promised, for -having work done when promised is one of the rules ofthisoflice. If yu prefer, send the -order by mail or bring it to the office in person. Let U.e Shos You What W. Can Do Save Pennies Waste Dollars (jSome users of'-g save pennies e. ting inferior work andloe dollars through lack of ad.' verising value in the work they get. Printers as a rule ' charge very reasonable ' prices, for none of them get rich although nearly all of them work har, Morah. Give your printing t a good Printer and eave nonqg Our Printing Iu Unexcelled Theyw1tr~