Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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Great Britain, Russi For Joint Arme< tect Comino By ERNEST WELLECK. [Copyright; 1914, by American Press Asso ciation.] THE triple alliance at present ex luting between Germany,- Aus tria II unga ry ?ind Italy- was originally formed on May 20, JS&>; and renewed from time to time, the last timo on Dec. 7, 1912. !t was tho crowning masterpiece auu, next to the lanification of Germany, tbc great est'diplomatic nch io vein eut of Prince Bismarck, Germuny's great "Iron chan cel l^r.M It was really the outgrowth of the': dual alliance between Ger immy and Austria .concluded on Oct 7, 1S79, and signed nt Vienna by Count Andros sy, 'then Austro-Hungarian minister of forego affairs, and Prince Reuss, at that time German ambassador at the Austrian court Iii ; his "Hemlniscenees*' Prince Bis marck wlth-rep* rkable candor explain ed ilie considerations which prompted bini to form tho alliance with Austria. Unrealized the necessity of protecting ' Germany against aggression by on al liance' with another great- power. An alliance with France, for obvious rea sons,* was out of the question. . The choice was between Russin and Aus tria-Hungary. Bismarck did not hesi tate- long with his decidion in favor of Austria; ~ .. He - knew .'that Itu ss la would be a mors' powerful ally but with bis usual Acumen and almost prophetic foresight ho realized that such an alliance would In the end be fatal to tho national nud racial Interests of the Teutonic peoples of Europe. Ho foresaw the tremendous growth of pan-Slavism so cn re ful ly nur- . tared'und disseminated by Russia, and aiming nt the supremacy hi Europe of ene. Shivs, with Russia as the ruling .power. Bismarck knew that Austria, 5 In a greater measure even, waa threat eiieu hy the nscendiifiC-y cf tbs ?l-v; 4?d had, even more reason thadi'Ger many to fear Russian aggression and interference, particularly in the Balkan - pen?nsula.. ? . ; /iuetrla ss.? Qulwsrk. The preservation o? Austria . as a tr?lwark against pan-Sla vlsra was con sidered necessary by Bismarck to maim tain ?^?^balantM..ol.:?pdwer"|^^.En^l?pe abd Insure the continuance of peace. Haelr.l kinship, national, traditions and com mon . interests strongly favored (Austria ns tho natural ally of Germany, aha* these considerations Induced tho chancellor to conclude the defensivo al liance of 187?. v./r'.U - Under the ternis, of the original treaty the two'po\yerb .were to combine their entire military, strength for ma? taal support in bo** either ot ibo two powers should- be' attacked by Russia. . Should one'of tho two relied powers be , .attacked by some.othet bower the otb-, ?r agreed bot to support- the attacking power, add to preserve ni least nea r , .trbl statblfiier.dly to the nUle-j; power. -Should Russia ! support th* -attacking . ?power.,however, tho two, alRes Should. ; miske cornm?n cause bflwlT?t the enemy a*.1f -?usMislT'risd'J^n^i?'.agfiressorU , Theltcrma of the oyiffliw: wero rath-, ??r one sided and ???l^d v??? .element lof reciprocity. Under the agreement ' the' two allied 'powers'...were bound to jwrinbrt oa'f the other only SgalnStRaji* ' blnv. But only Austria waa In Imminent i*Jsn?ar of -bc-ipg attacked by Rossie, j. (Gtarmany'a most dangerous enemy, tras J ' ? .' . '?-'-'? M^F?IS JOSEPH . AND AUSTRIAN CAWA.IRY. ^ WAR STRENGTH / e Entente a anda France Allied i Action to Fro in Interests Pra'iiee uud not Russia. Yet, under 10 terms of the alliance. Austria waa bound ouly to preserve a state of friendly neutrality should Germany be attacked by France. To protect the interests of Germany Bismarck ur ranged lu 1S87 a neutrality treaty .with Russia, which was canceled, however, a fvw years later by his successor. Cupri vi. S Italy Versus France. Italy entered the triple nlllnnce In issi:, soon after the French Invasion of Tunis bud roused the Italinn people to a point of . wrath -and bitterness which for the moment quite extinguish ed ul) ancient grudges toward Austria and even temporarily quieted the ugl tnt lan for the "redemption" of tho Tivutlno and Trlest v . This italian bitterness toward France lasted until ?S?O. In its fiercest mo ments it provoked a tn ii ff war which cost Italy many millions. The military expenditures necessary \o keep Italy up to her engagements with lier allies cost still more. AB for Tunis, it re mained French, und In 1S00 and 1002 France und Italy recognized France in Tunis nail Morocco, ns wo|l. France agreed to un ultimate Italian protec torate In Tripoli. With these treaties the Italian enthu siasm for the AuKtro-Gerronn nlllnnce cooled Visibly. Thc Italian desire to include in the kingdom tho Italian speaking territories of Austria reassert ed lt.se!f. Filially tho Austrian annex ation nf Bosnia and. Herzegovina 11 m up ht Italy face 'to face with the possibility of rt future Austrian expnn sion ulong the Adria tte In Albania.' and the Increasing strength of the Austrian fleet raised questions concerning the mastery of the Adriatic which pro f mindly st tired tho whole nation. Italy??: Army Olvidad. rr Uh ??e 'iT?iJv??i-.n-,' espe?lt&s the lost septlmentul, connect?ou ."with" Ber lin ?nfl . Vienna va nlst??d. if any1 stilt survived. From Berlin came a denun ciation of .Italian aggression which fairly astounded Gie Italians.. While Tarts journals viewed with calmness and even with a certr.'n measure of sympathy . Italian - expansion. .> which French,agreements, bad legalized, Ger man newspapers denounced Italy as a worthlees and: perfidious ally, and gave reedy currency to'repbrts ot the brutal .tty. of Italian trp?ps. To all these Sources of1 Italian blt: terness there Ia now added the serious change in conditions the Tripolltnn;.nn nos rt t ion has brought.' -Henceforth' for many years a targe Italian army will ?iiive to he keptrin Tripoli. .'But hi the event bf n war. between'.tho triple hill suce mid the.trlplo.entente British and French fleete; wealdwmmrfrid the com 'munlca'?op wlthribe Italian pen?nsula, while . Egyptian and Algerian armies -would be able to Invado Tripoli ilsolr, By her African exp?dition Italy has ra a measure given hostages to. the sea porers. Woalsaned ca an Ally. I, A? for. the German aspe/ * 'Af thc ^^VW^Jfcaiiap course, to*- , i Tur key, woakaned. Italy maplfcsy..-, Aa '09 ally, since it.diminished ti?^.E?,oiTeao army. and Increased .-her, vulnerability to Anglo-French attacli.But. what wa* even . more serious, ?t shattered tr-e bonds . between .Germany -and Turkey because, although Germany AMD GERMAN CAVALRY. ARMY WAR STRENGTH had assumed tlic position of u protec tor of Turkey und tn return couuted upon the Turkish, army ns a re-en forcement tu the armlos of the triple alliance, she was obliged to stand nslde and permit ber ally to attack and dismember her friend. As for Austria, for nearly a dozen years the statesmen or the dual mon archy liuve perceived the chuuge In tile direction of Italian ambition Trieste, the Trentlno, tbe Bosnian an nexntlon. the future of Albania-nil of these are points where Italian and Austrian designs conflicted, und for several years Austria has been build' lng forts from tho Tyrol to the gulf of Cut turo and preparing for a con diet with italy. Basad on Throe Treaties. The original triple alliance of 1S83 was concluded for u tenn of tire years, and when lt expired in 1887 the Irre dentists and other radical factions in Italy Strongly opposed the renewal of the agreement, lt reqvrired all the In tinonee und ^political persuasion o? Premier Crisp! to bring Italy into line, in ism the treaty was again renewed, as lt was. In 1802, but with added distrust and opposition on tbe part of i Italy. The last renewal was for u term of twelve years,, and in 1904 the alliance, some what modi fied lu Its terms, was reuewed for ten years, with tho provision tbut uuy ode of fh? contracting powers bod the right to cancel Its adherence to the alliance by giving, notice oUe year -be fore the expiration of the treaty. Tho last reu?wal of. the alliance was tunde on Dec. T. 1912, two, yeurs be fore the expiration of the agreement, and it ls ti ! al ei-s tuojj that. this preiUU turo renewal'was due to the fact that certain changes .'lu the treaty were nec ' essa ry so us to make the alliance more' binding lu view or the expected com plications in ike Lia lk il u peninsula re sultiug rro?i tliC annexation of Bosnia and the Herzegovina by Austria and thu whr in the Balkans. The triple alliance '.s based upon three treuties; the llrst between . Ger many and Austria, tho ?ecoud between Germany'and Italy,.und the tbjrd be tween . Austria and. Italy. . . The^ terms of tue'treaty';.between .Germany anil Austria . n re. pf ac rica 1 ly - tn*;, spine lui those of .the original treaty of 1879 and aro'.directed; against Russia- The Gennun-ltnlkin treaty provides for mutual ussUtuuce in case either of the twp powers,- should .bo attacked by. Prance.'- Dy tho ..terms Of .the treaty between Austria '...md . Italy ! friendly neutrality. is assured ' by Italy should Austria bb attacked by Russia, and J?y Austria, should Italy be attacked by] France, ^.Tbe terms of the treaties be tween Germany and Italy.and between Austria hod Italy havb never been jmade public The German-Austrian agreement, however, whs published on Feb. a, 1883, nt tbe Instigation of is la marck, to pat a stop io Busslft's war like prepara tlour. \, rhs ??? of Itily. Ostensibly the treaties u[ion which the alliance ls based provide only for tbe conduct abd attitude ot the contract-, ?lng powers w the event br war with Russia or; France." , . / There lu little doubt, however, that under these general terms specifica tions were' made as to the .ccaduct of each bf'thi&vpowers Interested=lb. tibio cf peace., it thu? became evident Soon .after the rearrangement ot tho treaty by Bismarck, abd Crisp? et Friedrichs ruh, in tbeisprtng of . 1887, that Italy had undertaken to maintain a. for midable fleet! oq tila' Mediterranean, wh?lo ns a quirt pro quo Itoilan ttgrleul ?tbrnl pr?duets,Were;t? ha vb convenient i access to .Germany sod, Austria. ' It; js ^nts?Revident th?i $tnco 'Germany bas ^b^gbh jd construct ? mod?ra fleet Italy bAS not maintained the flect.of the late fjUfhties In first c)asa order br. hag mtuitcd It by distinctively modern craft CZARWCHOIAS AND COSSACKS. TOTAL WAR STRENGTH 5,500,000 Germany, Austria Strong Bond arid Defei By CAPTAIN GEORGE L. KILMER. [Copyright. 1914, by Auivricuu Pre?? Asso viatica. 1 PPW'%HB tr^i1?B,;?ut'?ib. ! u, friendly E| boud betwwi^.Vip^isJu. Euglnud 'M mid Fhiiici:. ls'if leKucy which Hdwurd VII. of Euglund left to posterity.. Ue was the mor int; spirit lu lin formation. lt befall with uii agreement entered Into between Great Brita in und Prance and was completed by u later agreement with Russia and the two others In 11)07. Its formation Wus ac ni a ted by sev eral things. 'but chiefly .by toe growth^ ot Germany's miva! power. That cuuhi be Interpreted only OS u menace (p Epglaiid. for England ta tlie su preme lord of the sens. England's admittance Into the under standing between Husslit and Prance made thc triple entente a formidable force to reckon with If uulted In ac tion. Anglo-French' Agrcomsnt of 1904. The Anglo-French agreement, so call ed, qf 11)01 was rather a diplomatic compromise than nu agreement. -France conceded , certa In rights.claimed ou the "French shore" of Newfoundland for an Indemnity. Kn? ta nd on her part recognized the claims anti ambitions of France in Morocco, In other words a free unod . in' that spj??rW/ France .'agreed not to fortify opposite Gib raltar, accepted British occupation of Egypt, ami England guaranteed the neutrality , of tho Sues canal. Other agreements covered thirty years free trading in ? Egypt .and Morocco and inln?r;disputed .boundaries. . : AngIo-nuti3?an ^groomcnt of 1907. " The Ariglo-riiisslan convention ot 1007 regulates' the interest^/tjr?., west nnd central Asia, and amounted, when made to practical abandonment or the traditional hostility of : England to Russia; also removing tho chances of collision tn.Asia, where .tho two na i:o'=<r bnd loh* been In a state or nn tngoiiirtic c'osdnct, iii Persia, Thibet arl Ufghnntsfan. England ngreod not to seek concessions In certain parts of Persia, and Russia ; to '- observe tho same rule In Other parts.' Ip their re spective spheres "of '' lnfl uence either power might use force tacoilect debts, Afghanistan . Russia declared outside ot her, sphere, and both powers o greed to negotiate ns to Thibet, through China. : . The arrangement and; terms ot tho triple entente .have been formally set forth tia follows: The alms of tho triplo entente, so called. Great Britain. France, and Rus sia, ore:', i . . - Flrst-Tho balance of power. ?oeOnd.-fcIren? thenlng . of the . treaty* law-In the iniiresta of peace" and the status quo. . Thlrd.-DIsarrnnmenL ' ' . In April. IOO4; the catante was made betWepny .TTroPCo add England. This year when 1 Kling Georg? ot. England visited Paris tn April tbore was much sp?cul?t lou nmon g statesmen and pnb llciats. about - tho? possible transforma tion -of the entente Into; arv alliance. This notwitostnndlngjho fact that tn 1007 Russia had become a member ct tot entente, uiaklag a triplicate. AND BRITISH ARTILLERY, ARMY WAR FOOTING 730000 e Alliance and Italy Joined In For Offensive tisive War The difference between an entente und an alliance ls auld to resemble on Its face that between tweedledum und tweedledee, but In fact lt. may be very much more. Au alliance may pe just BO much stronger than.an entente, aa an entente is stronger than no rein rion whatsoever. The triple entente at present ls a series of dun! understand ings between three powers. In fact, it may be sold of all these alliances between the groat powers that they are entered Into with great caution und n determination on the part of the statesmen not to go too far, not tb commit themselves to alliances wbleb .may entangle them in broils with nations with which they really haye no quarrel. An Instance ot this caution ls found In -the so called en trance ef Groat Britain In 1007 in the sphere of the triple alliance. Friend ship between Italy, a party to tb/, triple alliance, and England ls tradi tional. The triple alliance was alleged to be hostile to Great Britain,.yat Italy could hut feel that In some spheres she had. with respect to Great Britain, a coin mun policy. While this was for some time a mere understanding, lt was of Bitch Impor tance that Lord Lansdowne said on one occasion lu the' house of lords, "If the 8tntUB quo In thc Mediterranean should bc disturbed, this country might And Itself acth.g in co-operation with Italy." Tba bearing of that remark upon tho Italian relations, with Ger many and. Austria, the other two parties tu the triple alliance, was made plain by the Italian primo minister: in 1000. wben he said that, "Cordially faithful to the triple alliance we shall maintain our traditional intimacy with Great Britain and our sincere friend ship with France, thus continuing the policy which Ul carefully fostering the hai mo?.y cf international relations, permits us .to exercise a rule of con cord and peace In the council of na tions." The Entente'a Rival. The .triple entente appears to have sprung from n desire on the part ot England to check Russian und French aggressiveness-thai Is to say, by ally ing'Itself with these two powers and securing a balance of power in tbs entente it might be able to hold Its co partners within hounds. For instance. In any 'qbarrclH?.-which either France or Russia, ,or; both combined/ might engage. England would.not consider It self ' bound to Join ?Vita them, but would as u matter of.justice or policy seek to restialn them. For this reason the position that the triple entente as n whole may take, or that the Indi? vidual powers lb' the, agreement''may. take tn a cletis like .that of n quarrel between ?'member of the .triple alli?' ance and a petty power,. is usually a matter for slow deliberation. However, lo any event the ottltudo of the two combinations,- the triple alliance and the triple entente, toward each other, In .a crisis- makes impor tant the relsttvo-. strength of teach. - lt ls estimated that the war footing of th?* tri?le slll?nee-thot ls,' . Austria, Germany. Italy-is 8^000.060 men In round numbera. \.: To, offset . this mill . cary strength' 'nf : the nation^. .which j. Austria may call to her assistance In I. case ot aggression bv any one of the AND FRENCH rtrAMTRV, ARMY WAR STRENGTH noogoo? three powers lu tho triple entente there ure approximately 10,000.000 tuen. The troops of the Balkan states. Ser via, Reun?anla, Montenegro and Bul gurln. us well aa nf Greece, are trained veterans today, liai lug emerge ! re comly from arduous campulgusagulust Turkey. Relative Fighting 8tr?ngth. Assuming that the wai - lust spread from tho Iben I tie lil to other strategic points, tho strength of the three great powers of the entente 1* ur* v?iiil tun. ment liussla ls hoi lev ed to nave ul least 0,500,000 soldiers In its army when tho foll war strength of its es tabiisumeut Is called out. Tho esti mate for Franco Js 2.600.000 to 4,000. OOO. while that of Great Britain is lest Gain o Hftli of that of Russia ai d lo.? than one-half of/ the m?nimum ol France, being about 750,000 mc?, ll a cinsh bet weentho. three great powen of the triple alliance and the three oi the triple entente the navies must ncc et-sarily play a great sari, if not tin chief part. Just what tho objective will be wbei thc great forces uro launched fort! upon foreign soil cou only be . deter mined by the exigencies of the cum palgn. If lt ls a seacoast or .por then the navy may virtually decide tin struggle before the army gets to t In Held to strike it? blow. Navio? tn the Entente. Russia's naval complement today li approximately' 200 vessais. Of thl number thirteen arc battleships, eli .armored cruisers, eight cruisers, niue vy-live destroyers, forty-two torpedi boats, thirty-one submarines. Almtnj to.waylay un enemy's navy and pre yent Its reaching a certain point o uniting with the navy of a friend!, power, the cruisers and destroyers am auxiliary vessels would be able to d good work. The naval strength of France ls near ly three times Unit of her co|iurtnei Kassia. France ali cady hus two Drem! noughts afloat, twenty-seven other- bot tleships. twenty-two. armored crulsen fifteen crulsera. eighty-four destroyer? three hundred and twenty-four torpi do boats and seventy-eight s nb nu rlnes. Thus France alone would muk n very good showing against German alene on the sea. Germany having few er vessels in number than France, o against Austria and Italy combin?e the. two navies of which .number bu three hu mired and four vessels agni us tiie fire hundred and fifty-two o France. Germany is stronger In battit .hips than France, but not HO strop In armored cruisers nor in terned bouts. Great Britain's Se? Power. ? great European conflict ls a Imo? unthinkable unless the tremendous se power of Great Britain-would play part. England's naval force ls create than that,of France, if the number e vessels in a navy la to.be taken ns ti indication of Its err ec ti ve strength. Em land bas thirteen of the class of su pei Dread n ou g li ts, of which class no po wi in the triple ' alliance has oven ot afloat today, although Germany nt three in the process of building. A for. Dreadnoughts, of which Germar hes seventeen, Great Britain has si: teen to supplement her thirteen' supe Dreadnoughts and forty-eight otb* battleships - as against the thirty < thia class In the German nat/. 1 cruisers and destroyers, torpedo ???KI and submarines, vessel* fn- * -. . <: ,, rapid action, Erv! ?i.d ," i??aui\,tt superior of Goruuiuy* , Great Britain's destroyers mimbi two hundred and fifteen, Germany destroyers one hundred nod'forty-on Great Britain's torpedo boats numb? ww hundred and eighteen as again Germany *o forty-seven, and Great Bli lin's submarines number aeventy-sev? to offset twenty-soven in tho navy < ^.kaiser.. . . . t : ': ? ' ''.' /.?.'.??'??? \ V':''V^K; iv*'..iv ? y-v ". _:>.r - " :. ',: YOUR MONEY WITH US and then* we will lend you money when you need it. 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