Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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THE ANDERSON DAILY INTELLIGENCER VQL5 r NO. 20. Weuuj, Established 18*0; Dally, Jan. 1?, W14. ANDERSON, S. C. WEDNESDAY MORNING, FEBRUARY 4, 1914. PRICE FIVE CENTS. $5.00 PER ANNUM 0 Contending Sides in Old Mexico Given Same Opportunity, REST??-CTIONS ALL REMOVED Proclamation Issued Last Night Place* United States in Neu tral Position as to Contestants* (By Associated Pres?.) Washington, Feh. 3.?President Wilson by an executive order dated today and made- .Oublie at the WSiItc House tonight, removed all restric tions against the exportation of muni tions Of war info -Atexico from the United States, placing the contending Mexican elements on a basis of equal ity with Terpcct to the purchase of arms and supplies in this country. Thu executive order emphasized that it was the desire of the United States to bo in tho came potition of neu trality toward the contending fac tions In Mexico uh were the otbet powers. The text of the proclamation fol lows: .' "WfHf?UBAB, by a proclamation of the .Pre-ldent. iBSuetl on March 14,' 1912, ui..icr a joint resolution or con gress approved by the President on the same day, it was declared that thers c-xi?t?? in ?toxlco conditions of domestic violence which wore promo ted by the ueo of arms or munitions or war procured'by the United States, and > VttlEREAfa, by the joint resolution tr to -Mtexlfco except un der such limitations and executions us the President-should nre?or|i>e; '"Now, therefore, L . Woodrow Wil son, President'of the. United ?States of America, hereby declare and pro ciaim that as the conditions on which the proclamation of Mjarch 14. 1912, was based, havo.1 essentially changed mid. ns it Is desirable to place the Vn??? Stairs, -.vUh reference lo a.n exportation of arms or munitions of war t? Mexico, in tho same position, as other powers, the said proclama tion is hereby revoked." Tho President's Attitude. Tho administration -view-point ojd-I the action taken today, as gathered from those familiar with tho Presi dent's attitude, may be summed up at follows: "No one out?hlo Mexico can now accommodate her affairs. Tho with drawal of all moral or material sup port from without is the indispensable first step to p. solution from within.' From many sources which it seemr trustworthy, the government of the United States has received Informa tion which convinces it tbat there is a more hopeful prospect of peace, of security of property and of an early payment of foreign obligations If Mex ico is lert to th? forces now rcckonir with one.another there,, than there would bo if anything like ? mere change of personnel werc effected at Mexico City. , "There are no influences at Mexico City that ?an be counted oh to do anything than to, perpetuate and strengthen the selfish oligarchical and military intarcsts which. It is clear, the rest of tho country* can be made to endure only-,by constant warfare and a pitiless harrying of the north. The President, is so fully convinced of this that after months of the most carerul study of the situation at close range, he no longer feels Justified In maintaining an Irregular position as regard? the conVmding parties in the matter of neutrality. To Remote Inhibition. "The intent Is, therefore, to rehiove ' ...... I I Women Citiz Oui Fo (By A^socluted Press.) Chicago, fVb. 3.?Women citrons of Chicago, turned out in full strength today to take advantage of their first opportunity to register as voters.. Perfect-weather conditions favored s large registration and-?mtiiuatco varv St f lorn 160,000 to 200,000. U'oiiing plac?e* were made clean and attractive, bowers w^re- not wantini and gs a ruleVcxrvpt where Uio priv ilege, was Pfgert ppon them by thlei women associa? je, the main election officials refrained from smoking. The requirement thai women rog Istering must state their ages, ex pected to bo a cause of some awk wardness, proved to bave been over BEAUFORT POLKS RESENT CHARGES Indignation Meeting Held Follow- j ing Charges Made by. Gov ernor Blease. Special to The Intelligencer. . Beaufort. Fob. 3.?At a called meet ing of the Hoard of Trade, held this iftcrnoon, a protest was voiced by that body against insinuations made by tbe governor of South Carolina against the late Capt. N. Christensen, father of Nells Chrlstensen, senator from Beaufort county. It was ex plained that tbe meeting was not held to express confidence in Senator Christensen, as he was amply able to fight blB own battles. Tho Implications against his father were characterised as underhanded and misleading to those who were not acquainted with him. The resolutions s tamp as false d absurd tbe Insinuations referred to. The expression of esteem for Capt. C-hrlstenr.cn made by the (Con federate veterans of Beaufort in 1006 was indorsed. Judge Speer Is Holding Court] (By Associated Press.) Macon, Ga^ Feb. 'l.-r-Judgc ICniory Speer presided over the United States district court today for the flnst time since impeachment charges were filed igatnst him labt August. His ac tion created surprlrc among the law yers who had understood that he would not hold <-ourt while the ac rust lens arc pending hi the house-. The judge heard arguments for and against a motion to modify a decree rendered by him last year in n rail road car.e. WARNS A Distinguished Doctor Discusser, j Kadiurn Curs for Cancer ous Growths. (By Associated Press.) Pittsburgh, Pa., Fob. il.?A warn ing against blind faith in the cure of cancer by radium was voiced herd ! tonight by Dr. Howard fU-y?;oids o? Boston at a public educational meet ing of the American Society for the Control of Cancer in memorial hall. Dr. Reynolds, who Is vice president for Now England of the American so ciety, stated that as yet there is no Evidence that radium had cured one advanced case of cancer. According I I :o his view, the radium treatment of ' cancer is, up to tho present time, a I natter of experiment, and successful results have been obtained chiefly In the treatment of txternal cancer par Iticularly of the skin. - The flrr* ?\rinolplc In tho treat ment of cai.'jcr, Dr. Reynolds sold, is tho extreme danger of delay, and thus ! *ar a thoroughly qualified operation ! ?ecms to hold out the only hopo for [ m re. -. I-, ,_, the inhibition on tho exportation of Arms and ammunition to Mexico from ho United States. Settlement by civil war carried to its hitter conclusion Is i terrible thing, but it must come now whether wo wish it or not. unless some outside power is to undertake 'o Bweep Mexico with its armed forc sa.troar end to end, which would be; the mere beginning of u still more difficult problem. **By removing tho Inhibition on tlic exportation of arms and ammunition Into Mexico, the goverrmen? of the United States puts itself and intends to put itself in tho. same position as other nations, whose subjects all ilong have been at liberty to deal as they pleased wttht Mexico. The gov ernment oC the United States deems it essential to the settlement of 'her present difficulties that Mexico should be treated as any other country would be which was torn by civil war." ens Turn r Registration j-ated as a stumbling block. Women gave their ages nonchalantly and without any particular, effort to keep' those . in earshot from hearing. . Mletekes of women were few, and In'the opinion of many of the judges and clerks, they were no greater than mistakes which have been made by man. on '?irAry rejistrs?cs dsy. Many women of advanced age regis several octogenarian* being ? the number. i election officials, a judge and k in a first ward precinct, wero u?lfcned, and sentenced to sixty s In jail for leaving the polling place for an extended parlor. ' Both were men. . MEXICAN WAR SOON BE OVER Prediction Made by General Villa, the Unconqaered Rebel Leader. (Hy Associated Press.) Juarez, Mexico, Feb. 3.?"The Mex ican war will not last much longer." Oca. Francisco Villa and other reb el leaders ruade this comment on the announcement from Washington t > day that President Wilson bad lift :d the embargo against the shipment of arms and ammunition into Mexico. Gen. Villa was confident that his sbtllty to procure unlimited arms soon would multiply rebel victories, and equally confident that the news from Washington would discourage and demoralize the federals, so that a speedy termination of the war would result. Half of tbo strength of the HuerM forces, Gen. Villa said .depended on their ability to obtain arms from for eign countries, while the reb?ls, through tho town3 they controlled along tho United States border, were denied fbu privilege. Smuggling never had brought satisfactory r3 suits, be naid, and the rebels hereto fore had to capture their fighting wea pons from the federals, us was done at OJInaga. STATE CAPITAL Special Correspondence. /Columbia, Feb. 3.?Meeting this af ternoon at 3 kVcto?k the special com mittee, from tho general assembly to investigate the .management of the State Hospital for the Insane bad tin (.v.'utivc session for olle hour and then announced that it would adjourn tuitU next Saturday at 10 o'clock when fJonator Tlllmun and Or. Babcock will appear. All other witnesses were excused until Monday afternoon. Educators to MccL b?sslon of educational subjects a joint meeting or the Southern Kduca tloniil AKseciiitlfni riiwj the "Conference for Kducation in the South will be held at Louisville, ICy., April 7 to 10, according to an announcement niado here tcdny by W. K. T?te, pres ident of tbo educational association. The oJtecullvo <.onrmiy.ee of the two bod ion have decided t??on the Joint P.nsslnhs. ' Race Question Again* Race questions were again Injected into the deliberations of the South Carolina legislature when C. O. Wynne of Spurlonburii, administra tion floor leader of tho house, intro duced a bill that would prohibit per sons of Asiatic origin from becoming land ownem in this State. The mca KUro Is til mo st identical with the Stuckey hill, which for some time bas hn,.n iHstdlng in the senate, but upon which ho action yet has been taken. The measure prohibiting white teachers iu negro schools and negro teachers in white schools, which al ready has passed the house, and which is known as' the Fortncr bill, today was introduced in the senate. It is regarded as an administration omasum bearing tbo Indorsement of Gov. Dloaae. Messages From Governor. Tho senate received two messages from Governor Bleaso when it con vened today. Oho referring to Sena tor Christonsene father and quoting a purported telegram from tho war department alleging that tho older t?iriHtensen was captain of a negrd" company in the Yankee army. "'Tie Invited the judiciary commtttoc. which lifts this matter in charge, to confer with him and ho could glvv some valuable information. Tho other mea tiigo with the 'sinking fund commis sion and state loan*.? So Prohibition Election, linfavornblo report was made on tho Carlisle bill'providing for an] election on State-wide prohibition | next Kovembor. For MVdlral Inspection. G'ho WoBton- bill providing for med ical inspection of school children of .-If. rr^r.rdr;'. r.s ??v-u? Uj? more Important bill on tbo calendar, vus discussed at length this morn ing hy senators with t!m result 'Vtat two. amendments were added, one of which by Senator Lnnev provides that the cost of each examination, shall not exceed 25 cents" for each Child, and the other exempta the counties of Union, Lexington, Lan oaster, Laurens, Lee, Jasper aud Kershsw. (Further discussion of the bill vas postponed until tho night BREMM FK MIKKINO. V hatUmore, Feb. 4.?Early to day Congressmen Bremner of Mew Jersey was reported to be sinking. OF TBE HOUSE Compulsory School Bill Goes to the Senate. PASSED DECISIVE VOTE The rVicLanrln Cotton Warehouse BUI Considered in the Upper House of Legislature?Solans Will Moke Special Trip to t?e State Park. Special Correspondence. Columbia, reb? :<.?The houce was I In session'only .an hour t his mo-nlng. It sent the Harper-MtCravey-l.nw Hon compulsory school attendance bill to the senate by a vote of 70 to is The two-cent pensenger rate bill, ?m the motion of Mr. Welch of Uichlani, was carried over until tomorrow, on third reading, Mr. Welch said lie wanted to debate tho measure, and the house i-ussr-sriicd to ooslpunu ?und lpF. It to the EdriAte. At the invitation of the State hes pltal commission tU<" house agreed to visit State Park next Thu-<ulay after noon, leaving Columbia at 3:30. The four bills on tho calendar of the in tiro relating to primary election reform worn all nmde sp?cial orders for .Wcdmssday at 12:30 o'clock, when the debate upon thrm will bo opened. Tho house will consider all four of ti?fi buta iur.ei m;r. A bill Introduced this morning by Mr. Stevenson-Of Chesterfield permits all tho hanks of the State, having-the required nmm^ivf capital, to e.nti:r Ihn federal rewMB system. Mr. Stev es* under the present WWWBWPPIWW' mi III.11H UblK tO enter the reserve dystem. To f se 111 tato tlie .passage of 4he bill It waft not r??f?rr.??l f? ? '"???itr??t? c : At ita meeting tonight the Imune will take up only local and uncon tented bills. Proceedings in Henate. The Senate debated this morning | the Weston Mill providing for the medical inspection of school children, hut took no action on It* Tiie McLiwrin cotton warcltous" bill was also dlst-usscd by the ??-uu?p, ; which finally agreed to amendments [ offered by the author, one of which j provides for an appropriation of $150,000 tp put the warehouse system Into effect. This is an increase of f100.000 over tho appropriation orlg I Inally proposed. WANT SERVICE OF MOTOR CAR [ P?titions Pray Blue Ridge Rail : way to Run Car From An derson to WeJballa. Acting upon requests from nu merous -Anderson county people, tho Anderson Chamber of Commerce lis? put Into circulation a number of p?titions which will pray that the Blue Bldge railway inaugurate the service of a motor, car from Ander son to Walhalla. Tho present facili ties for travel between these two points are far from perfect and It Is desired that hucIi a service he given a trial at least. 'Local people say that the petition will be quite generally al-jned and it will then be forwarded to officials of the Southern railway for action. Tbe people of the, section of tho county traversed by tho Blue Ridge hope that the railroad can bo in duced to take this step. NEW OFFICIAL ATHOSPITAL Miss Mary Cochran of Baltimore Becomes Superintendent at institution Miss Mai y Cochran of Baltimore, arrived In Anderson (Saturday and Sunday morning ussumed the position of superintendent of 'the K Anderson Cenjnty Hospital. Miss Cochran suc ceeds Miss Luc!!.o Hyde .Who has gone to Atlanta :)pr)jacee?t a aimLar posi tion with an Atlanta hospital. The people of Anderson and tile An derson hospital authorities feel that mey were most tortunate In being able to secure Miss Cochran, She Is splendidly equipped for the -work she undertakes here and e.omcs to An derson with recommendation* of the highest order. She la also of most pleasing personality ainjd already has numbers or frionds here. , She will undoubtedly succeed at tho local In stitution. SENATORS DEBATE RIGHT TO SEAT Alabama Governor'* Power ?1 Appointment Causes Diver gence of Opinion. (By Associated Press.) Washington, Feb. 3. -^Prolonged de bate over the right of Frank I'. Glass to a t eat tu the uenatc upon hts ?.p pelr.tment from the governor of Ala bama, developed in the aerate today a hen the election!;' committee reeolu tion a,gainst accepting hin commission wa.< taken up. A vote probably Will N< r'eacb.t d tenu rt ov\ tVnalcrs Wash, rhnotnson, Pomcr ' one and I trod, all members cf the committee on privileged and elections, urged njralr.Bt seating Mi*. Glass. In nu;>port of his claim, Senators Rob crtron. WGllnnis, Bradley, Mark Ssnltb and Bankhead spoke, contend ing that the senate should accept the interpretation or Alabama officials ol the'r o'.vn Jaws, just as had bten done !n the rent ng of ?enator Blair Let of Maryland. / The committee mctubers inslstec that the r.'*w constitutional method o) electing senators bv direct elctlot could not bo tot aside to meet th< convenience of nny State. LATEST ! NEWS I (Hy. Associated P-cjs.) Pire in Wi??,k'.T?KuicJ8. Wlnston-SSlcm. N. C. Fob. 3.?Fljr today destroyoJ two stores and dim aged thd stocks of two others, with i loss est'.muted at $100.000. Noted Educator Deftd. Atlanta, Qa., Feb. 3.?711000 Stile Hopkins, founder and first pro3lden of the Georgia School of Technology died at bis home here today after ai ill ties* of three weeks. Ho v/aa 7 yam old. 1 ?ra*^Tr^"^r<? Johannisthal, Feb. 3.?The avlato llriiu'danger today broke the world* rtcoid for an endurance flight. H remained in the air tor 14 hours an ; S minutes. Tho previous record wa ( made l y the French aviator. Fou no who in September, 1912, at ?tampci covered <: : h miles in 13 hours and 1 minuter .Without stop. -o- \$M .i? Minister to Mexico. Washington. Feb. 3.?Great RHtai will s?nd no-new minister to Mexlc to succeed Sir Lionel Garden fa m me time, at least* according to ati ihorltativo advices reaching hore tc dti\. Fpior Suffrage I ornmHtcc. Washington, Feb. 3.?House 8 Demoerat'.c caucus tonight went o record for the creation of a hous committee on woman suffrage. By vote, of 12.1 to 17 the- caucus adopte a r?solution declaring this a etat question and rejecting the Rake resolution to create tho committee. -o Pleads Guilty of Smuggling. New York, Fob. 3.?Lucius N. LH tauer, a former member of congres and. William Littauer, his brothel both of Gloversville, N. Y., plcad.> guilty in the federal district court tc day to conspiracy to smuggle jcwelr into this country. Sentence was out {tended, United States District Attot nty ftforshall urged the court to h ftict the full penalty of the law. MISSOURI MAN MAY LOCATE HER1 We'd Pleased With Trip off h spection and Contemplates Settling Hore. Ghris Helssercr. who has boe spending a week in Anderson, wit his brother-in-law. I*. 3. Klactreah, lei yesterday for bis homo in lllmo, M< He stated that be wua very rauc pleased indeed with what he had see 1 of Anderson and considered that thei . is. more business activity in this clt than In any other of similar size h 1 bad ever visited. !He stated mefo bis departure that he was wriousl contemplating returning to Anderso and purchasing a largo farm In thl immediate section. Supreme Court Is Entertaiuei 'Washington, "Fob, 3.?The pr?rt dent and .Mrs. Wilson entertained tti supreme court'of the United 8tat? tonight in the second State dlnnci , of tho season at- tho white house. B? skies the justices and their wive 1 .the guests included Attorney Gan.cn MtbReyuOlds, Senators Root, CIm% < Wyoming; Bimtesons, Overman. Owei Fletcher, Kern, Smith,- of Gcorgli . and James; Fopi'esentaUyeS Gtaytoi , Volstead of the house judiciary eon mliicc and the I'dlcltor general an Mrs. John W. Davis. A musicale fo luv,vd the dinner. . . EXCLUSION AGITA QUIET ARRESTED FOR CHILD MURDER I Young Couple flfcf Spartanburg Are I in Serious Trouble About Infanticide. Sparenburg, fi. C. Fob. 3.?M?s ! Flcta Pendioton, 19 years old, wbo ! gives Dnrhani, C, a* her home, r I former student at a local business co! I lego, and C. C, 4 icmcntu of Cbesnee. ! S. C., last year a student at a local > college, wore arrested thin afternoon | i on the charge of murdering an In fant two mcntbs old by drowning, j The woman is alleged to have made n confeailon. IlVillaTkreatei? Spanish Residents | (lly Assomuxed Press.) .Washington, Feb. -ft.?Gen. Villa'* anf.cKDcomrr.t of his intention to e:; I c.'ute' ?<pani*h residents of Torreon 1 Who have sldei'ewta the Mevlcan : fcd'rn'. forcer, may .further test the ability of the I'eitod Plates to en force its policy At protecting (oreign residents of Mexico. It was pointer', out here today that it is the generui rule of civilizes1 warfare that for eignere who participate . in a war rfhall receive the treatment of pris oners of war, and that the United States governnic-it had announced to Mexican revolutionists and fedorals alike that it oxpr. jts to see that such treatment U aconsdftd not. only \> Amaricans, but to citizens of othc< ocuntrles. Secretary bryan today said he pre ferred not to discuss press dispatcher-, regnrd.ng Villa's nroposed action, but would wuit for official informat?on. CARNIVAL IS i NOW^OWIN61 Tropical Amusement Company | Opern for Buamms Outside City limits. Owing to the ract that no suitable let could be eecurod Inside the c!t> without obioetiniiB from part of the prope.'ty owners, the Tropical Amuse ment Company, .*. carnival, has gone outsido the city limita and is now ex hibiting in North Anderson. The show was unable to open on Monday night, owing to the uncer tainty of its location and the late ar rival, but everything was in full swing last night and the place was visited by largo crowds, fcixtru rnrp wore operated by the street railway ixir nan;- und practically all of these were crowded. This curntval Is a really creditable attraction, as carnivals go, and is decidedly an improvement upon the' average street shows. The attrac tions seem to be of a higher class than lrost carnivals and indications are that this fact will attract a good patronago for the amuseinont com pany during its week in Anderson. Americans fceave Mexico Cil (By Associated Press.) Mexico City, Feb. 3.?Many of the American'! resident here, on hearing of President Wilson's decision to raise the embargo, made preparations to leave the capital. Senor Moheno, minister of foreign affairs, was summoned at 3 o'clock to a : conference with President Huerta relative to the lifting Of the embargo. The minister expressed the opinion that foreigners had nothing to fear in Mexico, as appeared to have been caused by the instructions of Charge O'Shaughncsay. ., - . Formai Denn nom "dock (By Associated Press.) Washington, Fob. 3. ?A mild flurry among members of the house follow ed the filing of a formal demand to I,, day by W. H. Parker of Birmingham, te Ala., that representative Richmond ts Pearson Hobson be 'denied his salary s es a congressman *er the days h? }- has been ?b*?r-t trntn hin ??et. 23US-. 5, palgning for the senate, against Ma il jority Loader tmderwood, >f Parker In an atfMavit. alleged that a, Representative HdBtfOn was .absent s, from Jan. 19 to Jae. 31, and protested 1. against the payaient of salary due i- T hi rafor that time. J&be protest was d I tiled with Scrgearlt^tt-Anna,' Cordon, 1- I and ail of the legal talent/about the office is at work to dad ont the law Heated DcLaie Z\\:z Co Lower Hcusj of Congress. LEADER Wi ANN URGES CALMNESS House Apparently in Favor of Keeping Asiatic Immigrasts : Out of the United Writes. Stirring;Scenes. (By Associated Press.) Washington, Feb. a.?Asiatic exclo j!on agitation was quieted ton*pora> ri.y. at leaEt. in the house today attei A boated debate that brought both Republican and Democratic leaders U) the boor with pleas' for calmhehj* jud deliberation. By overwhelming Votes, the house stopped from the ta> migration bill under consideration, eJl u.nendments whk-h would have barred Asiatic imm.gratiou. The action was taken after Repub lican Leader M-inn, Repr?sentative Shorley, ,Kcntr?'Jky. and other made a vigorous fight to overcome the sentiment whio;> last night expressed itself by a vote of m to 80 for ta? perfection of an amendment, to es> elude Mongolians, Mull >s and ne groes. The speakers in?l*t?d tl^t <ero ho no hasty action thut rnlght embarrass the Stats department in Up relations with the Japaneso govern* ment The house was surcharged with exv ?dtement when it mot and Represen tative Burnett, la charge of the im migration \ bill, forced the attendance of n quorum. The anti-Jnpanece fovc wsp, rushed aclio^Reyxewuitytive. IVa ner or California.'Resenting' ? Sub* itituto for pendln? drastln i&aHialan amendment presented by Repr?senta tivo Hayea. Tho debate became heated1 and in volved; and the'house was in con fusion, with half a dosen members vociferously demanding, an .opportun ity to be heard. The tide was turned by F/ipublicar Loader Mann, who .spr?de to the centrr of the chamber and, quieting the tumult, began: "1 have been long enough In this no use. I hope, to place, the country above party. I do not believe any cid! these amendments should he adopted at this time. While I don't have the greatest pride in the prosont State department, I feel that in conducting our relations with foreign countr?JV I am bound to roiy in th? erst in stance, at least, upon the State de partment, df they cannot eradicate difficulties through diplomatie nego> tiationn, It Is time enough then for congress to act by specific legtsls>, tion." As the house listened In u hush of silence. Representative Mann turar ed to the Republican side: "I think now is the time for us 10 be cool and collected," ha waraedv 'not to be carried off our feet be cause we think, perchance, w'o -can play politics at the expense of tiny Democratic side of the house. Wo otiA an allegiance to .>u : above ocrp party." (Shouts of approv.il from both Dem* ocrats and Republicans interrupted; the speaker. The debate continued, but *vbej? votes were forced, the tVnendmettts Were decisively defeated. Consideration of the bill was con tinued throughout the day. but-t no , amendments of material important* were adopted. It was agree^*o^|U* low the Immigration blll'.right'bf'.waf tomorrow,. When It wttl.ye passed. Two French engineers bave tnv?na? t Ied grappling apparatus which, in testa hss successfully raised sunken Btd> marines. !.- i1 ' '. ' ?.i ' ' . m mdMade Hobsotrs Fay on the subject. They havo discover* ?d a long forgotten law, passed fag 1868 and still on the statute boots, providing: "The secretary of the senate and the scrgcant-at-arms of the house, re spectively, shall deduct from, th?) monthly, payments of each member or delegate the amount of salary > tot? each day that yr . iia? wt-n ansang from the senate or house, respectively^ unless etfn ??>.rN?r or delegate -'eft* stgas as for reason for such absence the sickness of hlmelf or some mem* ber of his family." Cloak rooms and corridors a'-out the house chamber resounded wit? arguments, among members who could be disturbed with au applica tion of the law.