Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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% I d PEOPLESJUNL___ 5.~~~NO. I~~~ICKEN-S, S. C., THURSDAY, JUNE 2,19.(\ )LA FRIENDS OF THE WHITE METAL. GIMIAT GATHERING IN MEOPPH Is. Two Thousani Delegates Organized the Bi-metallic Conventioi--Sena tor Turpie's iIlver' 8peeoh. The bi-mOtallic convention of the Southern and Western States which convened in Memphis on the 12th Inst. was largely attended by represunta tivos fIom almost every quarter, the strongest delegations coming from Tennessee and Mississippi. Senator David Turpie, of Indiana, was made Ipermanunt chairman, and addressed the convention as follows: President and Gentlemen of the Convention: The coined money of the government in full meaning stands four square to all commercial transac tions oi the people. It has four func tions or uses. It is a medium or ex c)ange.i It IF. a measure of values; it is a 'mneans for reduction of its paper c proxies, and it is a legal tender for the payment of all debt. There are many things besides coined money which have some of those powers and uses-it has all. Of these functions two are ci'eated by law-those of legal V tender and redemption ; those are ar tiilcial. The other two-of exchange c and value measurement-are natural. C There is no doubt that coined money c existed and was used to effect ex change of commodities and to denote & the values long before legislation con- o . cerning debt or redemption. d But, although the natural functions 0 of coined money are older--much older than its artificial functions-yet both 9 these class's of functions are very g ancient-almost coeval with the com merce of civilization. The natural functions of such money used in do- d signating the prices and effecting the transfer of commodities do not depend a wholly upon law, have never so de- 8 pended, but depend also upon usage u and agreement they have no natural g or necessary existence. The artificial w functions depend wholly upon law. P When an article is sold and delivered d and the price paid and received, this is a li)ltty. It is what we call a cash deal. But when only a note is given, whether it be a public or a private q note, this is not finality, but creates the g need that some measure shall be en- g acted by public law providing for the 0 payment of the private notes for the 0 redemption of the public note in coin- n ed money of the country. 0 This need is not a natural one. it is altogother artificial, and it is caus ed b' that thing which is called cred- r it. 'redit-that creature of legisla- t tion--that product of the statutes. 0 Credit, the promise of today, the cash c of tomorrow, looking to the power of " the government for the collection and t enforcoment of its obligations, cannot v gainsay the right of the same power 0 to enact what sort and what quantity of coined money shall be paid and A shall be received in discharge and a liquidation of the same. Such is the a legal tender qtiality, and though it is 5 highly artificial, yet it is doubtless a one of the most valuable functions of f coined money. lie who would deprive one sort of n coin of this quality, and leave it only c with the other, where two kinds had been 'ised before from time immemo- o rial-..om the very origin of the c( credit system, is guilty of gross injus- c( tice. And that equivalent policy-an- n other way of doing 'the same thing, d which would permit only the making ti and use of one sort of coined money, d and which would prevent the free and h further making and use of the other, a where both had been coined and used d as money of final liquidation, perpotu- f( ates and maintains a system of bond age. r Those great artificial functions of c coined money were not the cause of its p primary worth and use, although they c have added very largely to it in both g these respects. Coined money has a always been and yet is in itself a thing a of value and this value is of two kinds g -a general value derived from the y material out of which it is minted, a y specific or particular value doterml- c nate by law. The first is called the v metallic or bullion value ; the second y is .known as the mon'etary worth .or n legal tender value. The latter is c always a matter of law ; the bullion i, value is one of estimation and opinion. 3 Neither of the two coin metals of the i . wor'H has the best or highest elements y of idirinsia or inherent value. Both a are used in the arts, but if the use to a which a thing is put is to be sole meca- a sure of the value, iron, wvith its neces- r sary product, steel, is the most valuL- , ble, as it is the most useful of all metals. But the vast abundance of this useful metal, denoting a supplly r unlhimited, has doprived it of monetary i functions. Silver and gold in this order, have been from the earliest times, and yet C remain, the principle coin metals t atuiong mankind. Silver and gold t have been deemed and called the (C precious metals. The word priou~ts indicates their money use and origin. lI It leads directly to price; it is very E *closely related to and concerned with r price. Pricejj is the name of that sum S *.k of .mon1ly in coin which we pay in 0i ,enghange for -what we wish to pur- 1 chaso, and it must have always been iri itself a thing of value-a material t capable of easny carriage, of other ( qualities suitable for coinage-and it i must have always had, relative to other t commodities, the quality of scarcity, or scantness in the supply. 'Oior four thousand years silver and gdid have been mined, coined, and usedl as money. Daring all that time those two precious metals have been furnished, both as to quality and as to the cost of prioducetion, in such manner *and amount as not to be compared with any other commodities, as to admit ofno .comparisonm save with each other. It has already been said that the bullion value of the coin metals was largely a mnatter of opinion and estimation. Thue bullion value of silver and gold, here and elsewhere, has always rested, and rests today, upon the conception4 upon one opinion, upon one single and simple item of belief ; It is an old belief universally credited, based upon the actual experience of 100 genera tionis of the human race. It is this That, as there has beeni in the ages past, so there will be in the ytars to come, no discovery of either of such metals which, as to qjuantity or as to' the expense of production, shall make them comparable in values with any other materials suitable for the use of maskind as money. It is not impossi ble, it is not inconsiderable, that away lown in some deeply subterann, itrata of our planet hitherto unexp id there may be found' extensive )osits of silver and gold, miles in ar Yhole belts zones in circumferenc ihe metals heretofore known as pro ms-but this is a mere drenm; no 4 )olieves it. The faith and credit nankind in the natural and unc iuerable limitation of supply as ,hose minerals rests unshaken and iisturbed, as it did at the first dawn iommerco; as it did in the days of t 4>d patriarch whose silver was "c ,ent money with the merchant." There has always boon a differei ietween the commerical or bull] 'alue of the two metals and the lo r coinage value. This characteris r differenue attaches to both. enomination of the gold coinage he Uuitud States has a bullion val qual to the legal value thereof. T old dollar is not what it purports e. The whole series of these Ip oins is made from bullion only nit enths fine. I do not go into the r4 oU for this-I state the fact. T hole of the gold coinage ,is tithed i placed under par bullion value he subtraction of one-tenth; this Phy these coins outside of our os untry pass only by weight, not ount. The missing tenth is what alled alloy. This alloy is not go t all, it is a mixture of copper a Ilver--only one-tenths of silver, ni f copper. Of course, this alloy I uces the commercial value as mel I the series of gold coin. This is n( ore spoken of because of a very ou us claim nade by the advocates old monometalism, that a piece koney whose bullion value may be 1h ian its legal value is unsound and Ishonest. It is the same with the silver col ge, the dollar and that part call ibsidiary money. This is coini ader par commercially. Like t, old coins the alloy is one-tent holly of copper and besides this ti roportion of grains of metal us Iminishes with the denomination to coins. The half dollar has b )2 grains, a good deal less than hI ie number of the whole dollar; t Larter dollar has only ninety-s rains; the dime has only thirty-eig rains-the holder of te dimes h; ily 3180 grains, yet he can get halv quarters for the whole of those dim Atwithstanding the commercial pri the metal in them is very far belt s lawful value. The nickel pass ir five cents-the bullion value of tI etals which zompose it is not hu 1e legal. The cent coined by ti nited States, made of 95 parts )pper and 5 parts in tin and zinc orth as metal commercially not mno ian one-third of its lawful or leg slue, which is the one-hundredth p I a dollar. Still we have no other coin than th 11 ou- balances, when settled on co ,e paid in it. The largest paymcr ce made in the alloyed gold, and t Iver lollar with its group of fractic parts are subsidiary cainago pe irms the functions of money--is pa, 1, paid and received as coin of uti ate liquidation. Is this an hone )ndition of business and finance ? According to the test of the enomi biietalisi that the legal value >ined money must be the same as t] )nmercial or bullion value of t1 otal in it, nothing could be mo ishonest. According to that te lore is not, and cannot be, an hone allar of either silver or gold, nor i ,nest part or fraction of the same. 3 for the nickel it is vilor than ti Lme, and the honest penny is banisho >never. According to this same test at lie of coinage there is not an hone )in in the treasury, there is not Iece of sound, safe money in t Juntry. I have i-cad the story of ood wome.n, a poor widow, who loi go cast hem- mite into the treasur nd it was said of her that she hK lyon more than them all. The mi as the psmallest JTewish coin. It w oirth in legal value about two ml four money. What was the bulli< alue of t~he morsel of copper out hich it was made ? Not one mi ot half a mill-less than this. T1 >inage reformer of our day would s 11s was dishonest money-unsour W'hy, then, did the celestial boned on rest upon a fraud so palpabi ay, but this was lawful coin, bavi legal value. It was indeed lhon< oney. The law made~ it, she gdlve nd the blessing and the glory of t mite yet remain. IEl PL4ATFi~ORM AND RICSOLUTIOI' 'rho following is the platform a esolutions adopted by the conventi< pon~ which all the friends of sily armonized without any trouble: Silver and gold coin have in all a onstitutod the money of the worl hey were the money cf time fathers lhe Riepublic, the moneof itr f the constitution. yo itr The universal experience of mm ind has demons~tated that the jol so of both silver- and gold coin inoney, constitute the most stal Landard of value, and that the f mount of both metals should forn ledilum of exchange. The demonetization of either boe historic metals means an app lation in the value of money, a fall he pri'co of commoditiles, a dimimi ion of the proiits of legitimate bu eoss, causing itcrease in the burdi >f debts, a withdrawal of money fr< he channels of trade anid indust vherr. it no longer yields a safe ai uro return, and its idle accumulati n the banks and thme great money ci ros of the country. There is no health or soundneo-s inancir I systemm under which a hoa id dollar' is prodluctive of increase Vs p)ossessor, while an invested dol rields a constantly diminishing urn, and under which fortunes nade by the accretions of idle capi r destroyed by a persistent fall in1 >rico of commodities, and appar< Iwindling in thme margin of profits almost every branch of useful indust such a system is a premium on slo and a penalty upon industry, and st 6 system is that which the crimi egislation of 1873 has mpsdui scountry.imoe The bi-motallie standar'd of sl md gold has behind it the experie >ft ages, and has been tested and 3roved by the' enlightend and de irate jdgment of mnanki r'he gold standard is a doi Lure from the established policy the niviled world, with notin 3an commend it but twonty-two years of or- depression and disaster to the people, de- and extraordinary accumulation of ea, wealth in the hands of i few. There > of are some facts bearing upon this ques )ci- tion, recognized and admitted by all >ne candid men, whether advocates of of bi-metallism or . of the single gold on- standard. Among these is the fact to that the very year that marked the un- change from the bi-metallic to the of single gold standard is the very year ,he that marked the change from a condi ur- tion of rising prices, large proilts, general contentment and great pros ice perity to a condition of falling prices, on diminishing profits, insecurity of invest fal mont, unemp oyed labor, and a heavy tic depression in all branches of trade and No industry. It is not a matter of dispute, of even among the honest advocates of ue the gold standard, that general he prosperity came to an end with the to destruction of the bi-metallic system, )ld and that hard times, falling prices, to- idle workingmen and widespread )a- depression came in with the gold he standard, and prevails today wherever -it the gold standard has been adopted. by Every international monetary con is forence that has been called, every vn demand in this country and in Europe by for an international agreement to is re-establish the bi-metallic standard, )ld is a confessIon that the demonetiza nd tion of the system was a blunder, if ne not a crime, that its consequences e- iave been disastrous and that the ;al conditions it has w rought are full of >w menace and of peril. The logic of facts ri- establishes beyond intelligent question of that the destruction of silver as of primary money, by a conspiracy of las sellish interests, is the cause for the is widespread depression ani sulfering that began with the gold standard. n- There can be no restoration of pros ed perity, no permanent relief from pre 3d vailing conditions until the great Lio cause has been removed by a complete h, restoration of silver to its proper 1e place as money metal, equal with Dd gold. We believe in a money of stable of value; we believe the least of all in an ut appreciating standard ; it is only 6if through the practical operation of ,e bi-metallism that a stable standard of ix value can be secured. A standard lit constituted of money constantly in se creasing in value is not. a sound, a es single nor a stable standard, but a is, constartly changing standard. Do The effect of gold monometallism is iw to establish one standard for the credI es tor and another foru the debtor; and to there can be no more dishonest If monetary system than that which 10 gives short measure to the borrower of and long measure to the lender. Under is the policy prevailing prior to 1873 re there can be no violent change in the aIL relative value of the two metals, for a rt rise in value of one metal is counter acted by a decreased demand, and a is, fI in value by an increased demand. n, Under the operation of this beneficent ts law a stable relation was maintained te between them in spite of the most ex n- treme changes in relative productions. r- From the Ii-st poriod of our history up is- to 1873 the right of the debtor to choose ,J- whether he should pay his debts in , silver or gold coin was always re cognized. The subsequent policy has as boon to transfer this right to the c creditor, thus tending .to constantly 10 increase the value of the dearer metal 1e and destroy the parity betweon them. re 13clieving that it is absolutely neces at sary to reverse this iniquitous and st ruinous policy, we therefore resolve m that we favor the immediate restora tion of silver to its former place ias a t full legal tendor, standard money, 3d e(lual witih gold, and the free and unlimited coinage of both silver and id gold at tihe ratio of 1 to I and upon st terms of exact equality. a That while we should welcome the me co-operation of other nat ions, wo be a liove that the United States shiould not wait upon thre pleaisure of foreign y governmients Or the constent of foreign 3creditors, but should themselves pro to ceedl to overthrow the gr'inding pro as cess that is destroying the pr-osperity ils of the pepeand should la, by their mn example, tihe nations of the earth; of That the rights of the American IIpeop~le, the interests of Amnericanm he; labor arid the priosperity of American ny iindustr'y have a higher claim to the d. consideration of the p~eople's law ic- makers than the greed of for eign ey creditors, or the avaricious demnands ng made by "idle holders of idle caplital." ,st TJhe right to regulate its own mone it tary system in the interests of its own lit 1peop)1 is a right which no free goveirn mont can barter, sell or srirrunder. ThIs reserved right is a par't of -s every bond of every contract and of nd every obligation. No cr-editor or mi, claimant can set ump a righrt that can er' take precedence over a nation's ob)li gations to priomote the welfare of t~he 'es masses of its own people. T1his is the d, debt higher and niore hinding than of all other' debts and one which is inot nd only dishonest buat treasonable to mgore. Under' the linaincial policy in- that now prevails we see the land mtntfilled with Idln and discontented as workcingmen and an ever'-gr'owing >le army of tramps, men whom lack of a l work and opportunity have made 'out a casts and beggars. At the other end we fInd that a few thousand families of ov-n one-hanlf of the wealth of the 'e- country. in The centralization of wealth has im- gone hand in hand with the spr'ead of si- poverty. The panuper amid the pluto en crat are twin chldrnen of the same mm vicious and uinholy systemn. The situa ,ry tion is frill of menace to the liberties ,nd of the people and the life of the Rie on public. The issue is enfranchise a- ment of hopeless servitude. Whatever the power of money can do by debau i a chmory andi corruption to maintain its r'd- gr'asp on the law-makIng power will to be done. We, the-ofore, appeal to lar the plain people of the land with ro- perfect confidence in their p~atr'iotism ire andl intelligence to arouse themselves tLal to a full sense of the per1il that con lie fr-omts thenm arnd defend the eltadel of nt their liberties with a vigIlance that, in shall neither slumber nor sleep. chi -A man will coumnsel his wIfe to bie nal patienit andi avoid a neighborhood row mon when ,he neighibor ships one of hem' childr'on, but ho won't listen to anly ver talk about patience if a neighbor' kicks neo3t his dog. t.-A Laplander never strikes or' nd. p~odnds his animal. H~e simply thir'ows >ar- him to the groumn:, jumps on himn with of hands and knees and punches him t ar'oundl until he gets up. IRGISTRATION LAW STANDS. JUDGI GOFi"'S IECREE IS R1' The State Wins the Figlat-The Fed. Cral CourL Of Appeals Decles Unain Ininisly lia lis Flavor. The United Statee Court of Appeals in session at Richmond has dissolved the injunction granted by Judge Gol in the famous registration Cases from South Carolina. Judgo Hughes an nou nced the decision, and in the course of a careful review of the record, he says : 'There is nothing in hie record to show that the complainant Is a man of color or that those for whom ho sues are colored persons. The bill conta ins no allegation that the parts of the law complained of wore d vised against the complainant or those for whom lie sues on account of their race, coior or previous condition of sorvitude. Thor is nothing in the averInOnts of the bill from which it may naturally, or must necessarily ho inferred that the coin plainant and those for whom he sucs are citizous of color. There are no avernents ii tie bill which show that the case falls witLin the purviow of the Fifteenth amendment to the constitu tion of the United States. Nor does the bill contain any allegations which raise a Federal question under the clause of the Feourteenth amendment which forbid a State to deny any por Sol the equal protection of the laws. It charges that the prov isions of the registration act complained of is to give unequal facilities of registration to different, classes of citizens, but it (does not point out how this is so. It leaves the discrimation as to the priv ilege of registering, if there be dih erimination, to inference and research In sources other than its own aver monts. It charges that the provisions of law complained of discriminates, but 6oos not describe the manner of discrim ination, or deline the classes ulfected, 1ro or con, ior does it show that the laws complained of in discriminating between classes as to the privilege of registering granted by them, violate the clause in the ourteentih amend ment which forbids a State to deny to any person withhi it, the equal protec tion of the laws. It confounds privilege with protection. " The bill has no reference to a Ped eral election inl setting out Complain ant's case. The gravomen of the bill contemplates only a State election to be held for members of the State conven tion to convene in August next. It is not shown that anly F'deral election is to be held in South Carolina beforo November, 1896. To the bill thus described and to the order of injunction granted by the court belov in plursuance of its prayers. several objections are urged in bcihalf of the State of South Carolina. In what follows I shall consider but one of those. In the ruling of tihe-Circuit Court in this Case, it was held thatt the court had jurisdiction to restrain a county supervisor of registration in the performance of his duties under the election laws of South Carolina. Tho division of our government into the leg islative, executive and judicial depar ments is ad istinguishing feature of our American policy aid it is essontial to its existence that, each of these depart meni ts shall be independent of the oth er. The division is fundamental and organic. It would be just as dangeroums to its stability for the judilial depart ment to override the others as for cx ecultive or legislative departments to do so. Itetnce, VIile the right of the judiciary to pass upon the constitution ality of the laws is undoubted, it has that rih simnilly as an inCi(enlt to its protection of private righ ts. It has lot that right as a mere means of settling ibstract queslions and even in the en forcement of private righi ts it, has not, the plower to interfere wvIi the dIiscre tioni vest~cd ini the other departments or with the exereisemof political powers of this departnment. .I t scomts to mei that, it is a daingerous. encroach nmint upon the pr1erogations5 of the mhor d e partmonts of thle goverinent, if the judiciary be entrusted to exercise the powe r of inaterferi ng with the holding of an election in a State. If the suuer visor (of one county can be enjoinedl from the peCrformnane of the duties implosed uplonl him by the election laws of the State from whom he holds his comimission, those of the othier counties can be also : thus a single citizen ini each county, and If lie is not even a qlual ified voter, can enjoin an electioni throughout the entire State, andl thus dieprivye thousandls of their right to vote. If a court, has power to d1( this, free elections arc at an endl. If olee tionis are imipropierhy heid, there ate applropriatol means provided by law for qu estion ing their methods andl roe (lying wrongs without the exercise of this dangerous p)ower by thme courts. A canididate who has been defeated may conitest ;a voteor whose right to register has beeni deied may proceed to compel0 thme en forcenment of that, right, and these provisionis give what, thme fegis hature dleems sullicient protectionl to the injured, hut in my judgment, onto citizen canmnot, under the pretense of righting his own wrongs, dIisfranichiise others. "' It oot thtink that a court.lha. jin risd iction to i nterfero~m~ by insjuntiion or otherwiise with the enforecno-nt, ol the lawvs by ollicers hold(1inug an der ionv ing their po 'wers fromt tlm so l aw-: cer a in ly not to theo extenlt attemtili td to, be done by this bill. I n arrivintg at. thiis '''I clusion I have not considered thle ques-~5 tion w hether (ir not, the regist,rat~in laws oif South Carolina violata the l ed oral Constitution or law.. I prefer~ tn re t my opinion uplontih lb roundIl~ of tio independtentce oif the iiifr Il')lt d1 partme~nts (If the gornmentIIIl. uponI 1,b impo)l1icy of inmteI~rernceby h:,h court01 in question whlichm will reut in dra I ging constantliy into arrazy party1 poli-1 ties, andl upon0 t~he generail Irinc ipl that each dophartmlenit, of the 0'oIrn moent and (each1 ollicer thlere, igh!~ or low, has thme right to ad linl is.tL, acird I-ig to his best jumdgment, the th-t' impose08d--ulpon hiln by thbo laws ereating h1Is olco. "' AG Illuitiating these5 generl '' pri ciples, I refer to the following deels 1(ons : M IssIssippi vs. .iacksoni. W aVll 475; Gaines vs. 'ihom pson1, iWal l :1)7 Lou isiana vs. .Juno, 107 U ni ted SI1t(ts 711 ;-Hagood vs. Southern, I17 I inited states; Ayers In ro 123 I. S., I :1: in rt Sawyer 1241 UJ. S., 209. It is us.elers Li cite the many eimios which hear~ onit ,luestions arising in thmis ease and1( SI Iprofusely at the bar. children to the manufacturing ,I tricts. Old towns increasod th< population rapidly, and entirely n ones were founded. The samo rt 1.0vitiltd here. Lowoll, Fall RivI Cohoos, Mauchostor, and Pateri owO their devoaopuent to the facilitl which they alford for the gatheri together of machines on a largo set and of a population accustomed laboritng iI Specialties. The earliest successful -manufactu or of cotton in the United Statos W Samutiel Slatoin I Providenco. He w an llinglislimni who had learned t proper methods in that country. 1 general use of the power loom Great liritain gave it a decided i vantago over this country in .uIa respects, labor also being cheape l'his loom was not much used ho: until about 1822, when the city Lowell was fouided. At the prese day Vall I.iver Is the centro Airerlean cotton manufacture. 1'XI'0ITS 01" CT"rON. It IS eVlident thorefore that the e ton trado in New York must have h, a late beginning. Until l820 or Is the commodity was sent abroad chiel from the) ports of Charleston,, Savi nah and New Orleans. The pla does not grow well excopt iii the States on the A tlantie coast, and fo on the Gulf. At that time, too, Tex was not In the Ulnion, and produced cotton. In the three cities mentioni and in Mobile. were the cotton factoi lordly men, who advanced money the plantors before their crops we reaILdy, ild Made great )roits ont their trade. New York acquired i presell distinction inl cotton hanid il after the introduction of railroat As the principal seat of exports al imports of this country, it always so a considerable portion, brought t gethor by coasting vessels. But th involved loading and unloading, wil a necessarily increased cost. Ri roads brought the produict of t1 plaiter directly here, and wore great convenience. New York, als is near the iniiiufacturiig centro the country. What is spun and wovi in the United States is none in Ne IEngland most largely, but New Yot has also Iniaity mlltIs. Thus there w; a very great, deuand ciosO at hanl The sales of Nev York in actual cC toil amounts to six ofr seven in iidr thousaid bales it year. An immem qualntity is exported, the two otl chief cities in tlhis con nectioi bir New Orleans and Galveston. The contre of sides iII New Yoi hIas ILIwIys ben in the ne0ighorho( in which it now is. Dealings ai t day in cash, bIt they were in formit years on timtle. Any aimount of mon canl now be raised onl witrehouise r, coip1ts, but forty or lifty years It, these ev(dences of possession were m( as negotiable its now, and there woi lowei railroads. A planter might b hundred miles atwiay from one. Then t plantur or Southern commission houl sent forward the prod uct, drafts bo0i drawn against it, which after acce' ance were sent, back and discounted the local bai ks. 'JT're were ways some local lenders who had claim upon the product, und who in be satisfied before the trinsaction N complete. El''le'CT 0P' THE' -AR UP'ON C'OTT( l'iODU(!TION. A%, great change happoneil dfilif the civil war. If there vis anythi that W as certain in the mi ids of Soit ern statesmen, it was that the w could not last long, on account of t' pressure w h1 ich wol d be applied to ti U nited States by Ingland and Pran. where great i njurmy would be wroutg1 to the manufacturers as well as to Li workmen. it being impossible to g enough cotton to keep the mills goin 111it thiur exp l-etiatioLns wer e d isa po01intedi. Theli btlockade~ of thme Uniita States was a tolerabtly effectual on andi the Souith couh 1nmot get thme moni1 whIiich It, desiredl Lt) have fomr its cro4. mea~nwhlile, great injury lbeingi IIhictd tuponi innucenut pe'rsons in (ri I nria. GJermany', lFrance anod It giumh. T1he price in Newy York in 18 was 11 cents ia pound ; ini 18(11 28 centl in 18(62 (18 cen ts ; in 18(13 88 cents; 1 8(14 $1.90 ; in 18115 $1.22, and In 186 cents. The limsiost calicoes were one Li me 25 cents a yard. So litA succtess hiad the South in seilingi cotton that after thi irst two years the conli(. muanty c.Onised to plan When the war onuded allI labor w directed Lt) raising food. There we nio food suppli1 es then, and notihinog b~uy themiI ith. Of couirse, du ing~f4 ti years of the war bui, ltle couldl (1ono in New York in solling c3otto It was even dillcul t to got the supp) nec3essariy for' domecstia c3onsumpttic and1 ~iilWt some wa imported. i'PA HlJIIilNTI O" A N i'XCil A N Soon atfter the struggrle ended It w~ thotught that the interests of the tram would be better eonser'ved by .foundation of an exchange. T1hue roe ',.aton of the peoject llngor'ed, he eor, and it wais niot till 'the 20th: .Jmuly, 1870, thait the (deaiors camo11 gether. Comilttees for' various l poses WI' w rei named itt that and1( subl on the 19th of Septembeor. Soon afi the Cotton l'xchango p~iiuhase I building In 1llanover Squnare, botundl by that open spauceC andu P earl a Stone streets, foi' whIiich it paid $1 I 000, the last piay mient be ig made 1875. A few years after it found tIh Its qjuariters wjere too smatill, and Ll It would be desirable to have a now< largo and imore convenient b)uiI d in Th'le land immediately oppo)sil bounded by Willim street, I lanov quairilo anid Boa3Iver street, was p) c~hased, andu a g'reat commercial bull ing erected. Thle land cover's neai a q uar'tor .of an acre. The structuro sovonu atiii'6A hi gh, and is dlivid chieflly Into ollcos, the grealt r'om the IExchatngo being on the seco loor. The edifico Is of' yellow bri with stonie facings. ''he i'xchiange coumprses hiearly the lemadinrg operaitorsm and dlealers cotton in this vicinity. ,There abt,)i 400 members~hi'. It receives Li' gr'aphlic dispatches from all par'ts the globe respecting the crop, and partIcularly compr'ehonsive in lnte genco concerning points in thme Unti States. its in formartion in mrespect commriotlity dealt in Is bottar than tl of any other coinmmercial organli,at in Now York. ,i s --France stIll possesses four Watei votem'ans, throe of them being conti y rians. is- ADI)I)RI- TO TiIIs PEOPTID. w T!le Forty A dvise that ihp Actions or Ile Egettelti anl Alketv be Followetl in $% tl tco Count les. On Tleh working oininittoo of the Porty es Convent ion nitL last week In Columbia, ng and issued the following address : di . To the White Voters of South Caro to lina: Tle working committee constituted r- by the ut11bority of the conference of as ROfOrmersW' ant'Md Conservatives, which as met in ColtibilLia onl the 2th of lMarch le last, commonly known as the com 1o mittee of the Forty. in view of the in gravO con0ditiOns still confronting the ti- peoplo of this State, doom it proper ty and expedient to make some recoi . Iiendations inl furtherance of the well re known objects and )UI)osos of its Lf organization. We desiro to call at nlt totitiont again to the cardinal princl of pies set forth in the platform adopted by that convontion. namely, the main tenance of white t supremacy by fair atd constitutional methods," and to earnestly urmge upon VOvy patriotic sot, of Soilth Carolina, without rogard y to 11.oitMieal ftctionl, the I iIpoItance in t his ,risis of conttributiug everything in Is ilower to the alttaiimient of that e end. '1Is those who hav.. labored for i ro-utin i ted DI emniocracy and for the Itstoration of peaeo and unity among the white peoplu of the Stato it is a sourtce of gratilicntion that a IIIInuer of counties have alendy taken such action in regard to tihe election of delegates to the constitutional con ventLion as will obviate ill friction Its iong the peopic of onur race and will insue thle selection Of me'n whose u, lindoubted qua1-ttliilnttions and lofty pattriotismn eminently lit thbem for the important (uties they will be called uon)OI to d ischIrgo. Woe Cannot. aIpeaIl too strongly to those counties which have not yet a4t.ed in this mattor to take imino diately some stops that will place a thei inl line with this movement, and will rendier it geieral throughout the Stato. 'lho practicatl itmetihod of solving the M problem is after all ono that every -k county must sottle for itself. The time for action is very short. The Crisis that confront s us, it goes with out saying, is iminiitent. We believe the white peopl0e Of South Car-olinta fullV realize tii.S. It is for themIi to act aid act nOw. T. .KlmA Chirm-Ian, l''. II. W 1.:WroqN, secrettry. k - - -... IlElCS'I'lTU 'ION HY LIGHTNING. Some lit(erestig ltan from ihe Na tiollil WetIler lurnu. .! l'or the pitst few years the observers ,, of tie Wcatber Itureau have been col . lecting statisties rogarlding the daiage a done by ligitiing to life and property ble in tie Untited States. Their results show l following easualties and fires g int this country for the year of 1804, i t- taibhlitted by it. Alexander McAdle, byof \Vashtingtomi, ). I'. . In .1anuary ino lives wvete lost so far a as Known. Ist In I)hobrutary two I ives were lost, two 'as Pe01ons injn ed, atd 50,000 feet of lum bor destroyed. IN In11 Marelt six lives Wo1.o lost, three0 per1sons injired, and two barns, two chrl'dhtes and livO d wieIIig houses 19 struck and dlamaitged. 1IT Iln April foutateent lives wore lost, h- fifteein II IWerSOns injn'ed, one bari and SsevIenI d wellinlg houses damagod. t I n I ay li fty-live persons were killed e13 Iy lightnin tg aund Lit i rty-four soviely 1, injurdo, twelve houses were set on lire it with a loss of not, less thanl $35,000; 10 Liitrty-six diwellings, four churches, Ut two school iouses strtck, and more or less daaliltged: Iifty-elgh t horso< and p- twetty-two cows not in (Itabiles were E' I n .1ltunia ninehty-six personst1 were ". k ilIled and otnei hunidred antd two se verely i nju red, sixty-nine barns were "- datmaged tnot less thtati $41,000(; forty at, nine htotses, thirty cows andl llfteen el' shtoop not stabiled wiV~ 0 killed ; (ilghty (I dwullin rgs, twenty-two chiurchtes, One 's ; rail roadL depIot, one oIl tankI, one grain !I" elevator, six mills and factories wore 'a dlamagq~ed ; the loss in the eight last att ntamtid bein no, 3( less than $257,000. Noe it .1 utly sixty li ves were lost, amnd one ts hunttdrod anid three persons i njuired; of forty-six barnits were damniaged not loss it. thtan $50,000;: forty-live dwellings, i-S twelve churc es twol acaemtlics, th roe ro tmills or factories, and~ two railroad tol de po0s were struck ; twenity-four' horseos te andl th irtoon cows, live inutles and six 10 shieep not stabiled wtoo killed. n' in August, seventty-eight, lives wore 13y lost, ando seventy-six personis injured; n, eighty-one bairnts werte huirned with a 11s$ (If not loss than $129,800 ; forty'-one t., dwellings were struck, twenty-two as hor-ses ando Ii fteen cows, noat staliod, (d0 were killed ; livo chturches, twvo tLaad ho miejs (one with a loss of $38,000,) two 11. mnills, and one1 oIil tank, (loss $20,000) w- were strueck. of Iit Sepj tembe1r inoty-*nine personts to- werce killed, and fourt en severely in y- ju red : fifty-six barnh wet-c struck so- with loss of not, less than $141,000; an forty-two dI wollIinrgs and two churtichos Ler were struek, fout~en horses, not he stabl)ed , wvere killed. ed in October six IpersonsI wotre killed mid atnd two severely inljurdl ; two barns , . val tued at *2,000 ; two d wellings, two ina chuttrelies, atndo sever'al stacks of grain at woro*( fired. at it Novembi r hotnie dwelling wast n. struck, valuted at $3,000. g. lIn Decemiber ono barn In Ohio, two e, (1 vell ings (onto ini Saa 1'ranoeisoo, Cal., e . where dlamtage from iigh'tning is al it. miost untkntown), were struck. (I- Dumring the yettr 330 petrsons were ykilled atnd 351 soely injured ; 208 is barnts strie(k withi a damnage of $407, ed 500; 51 chu lrchols were struck dmg of unknown ; 201 dwellngs anA daverae nd oil tantks, factcrios and elevators, the ok damage aiiountlng to not loss than *351,000. alil It itmay be said In general that the in risk int the country is ive times as we greuat as in the city. With regard to Io- ttrees the oak is mofst frequently and of thte bocch least frequently struck. li ho'r observatory at Pekin is the kid oldest in the world,.havlng been found to od ini 1279 by Kulba Khan, the first emorr ftheMoua dynasty. olares that the people 'lestlliable to 'loo take olds arh &hose who keop their a.mouiths closed, unless when they are Salking, eatingor drinking. So far as the rights of the individ. ual complainant In the bill woro on. Comed it may have boon comptitent fot the court to grant Individual relief. 1ho Supreme Court of the United States tihe other day granted relief front the payment of an incomo tax te the individual complainant in his suit before It bIt it went no furtho'. On the authority of Mississippi vs. John son, suprta, we may assume that it would .not have entertainedt a bill fot 1joiniig internal revenuo ollicers of the governinet, from collecting incomo taxes generally. The judicial power coveied the right to grant individual relief, but (id not extend to the gon Cral piower of repealing the law iIpos ing tle tax as to the entire public. " I repeat that in the Case at bar it May have been competent for the court to grant Individual relief but the bill at ked more. It asked siular relief for all Other citizons of the county situated like the coimphiinant. It practically asked the relief for a numerous politi cal party, forming a portion of the pCo pl to whom the Legislature was solely responsible for the laws and to whom alone the genius of our institutioI makes the Logislaturo responsible. Moreover, it brought the court into im mediate and active contact with Party contestations. It inade the court a con tr-oling factor In party strife. I can Imagine nothing more pernicious than a direct participation by the judiciary by judicial action, In the polities of the people. The bill asked practically that the process of registration under the laws of the State should be suspOnded in an entire county during the pleasuro of the court and that all citizens of a county not then registered as voters should be denied the right of sulyrago during that pleasure. It scems to in that the more statement of this view of the case shows that the injunction was improvidently granted. I think the bill should be dismissed." 00TF0N IN THE UNITED STATES. SOMIc F"ACLTS NOT G(I.NlcIAIaV KNOWN. The Proluction Itid Maifature o thle Great. Staple-Thie P'rogr-ess ol the Nineteeth Ceitury. Shippiig and Coinmercial List. Tle younger generation finds it im possible to conceive of any time when moi aind wioen (id not wear cotton clothinlg. Yet that period is not so very remote. It is doubtful whether Thomas Jelerson and John Adais ever wore garments made of this ma teri'l, and it is almost certain that Benjaiiin Franklin and George Wash ington never did. Woolen garments were worn all the year round, under garments being inade of linen. There were cotton clothes in the last century wnlich wero fashioned into pretty shapes for ladies, but they were costly, and the Poor could not wear them. The fair sex were supplied with their ward-robes chiefly frtoi l inen and wool, silk in one of its numerous formls heing the attire on il)ortanLt Occa sions. Iln the Colonies there were fre(uently to be Ejeii men clad entirely in door skins, while in the inother country loather was not tinknown for a man's unmentionables.. Goorge Fox, the founder of the Quakers, who died in 1001, wore leather so generally and so long that he was known its " the man with the leather breeches." Nothing excitod more terror in the ordinary church than to know that "the iman with the leather breches" was coming, fo- he took tihe words out, of the inin ister's imotih, routidly do niJuig hin and IsI worship. No coul d lie he stopped. Tjhe iitioduetioni of cottoin was grad ual. I''rom thei riimotest an titquity it haks been used in India, China, and other ldastcrn cotutries, but, except as an article of luxtury was unkniown in i'nglamd or l'rance two hi und red years ago. I tstill remainied in thtis category upi to the end of the last centeury. al though not an haut inouveaute, the art of mnanufactu ring it having beeni leiarnedl in i'nngland and le'ranico. The cotton could niot,, however, he tturned into cloth at a low price, as all the weaving and1 spinning must be done ai single thread at a time, and as the product was scanty in those countries which were available to. Manchester andi Lyons. The ingenious inventions of Hargreaves, Cartwrlgh t and A rk wright einablledh the two main p~rocessos in cotton mnantufacturno to h)0 accom p1 ished in far less time than before, while Ili VWhitney inventedi a machine by w hich the Ii lamnentous mnaterial could easily be separated fronm the seed. Isefore this wits developed a great deal of 1Lbor was reqiired he (ore aL pound of cotton was ready to lie senit away tto the spinners. After these iniventins, this cost became in linitesimnal . Alr eadly Amiferican cot toni wvas kinowni tto be the best in the world, antd tihe i miprovemnents in hand linug tihus -ni tizated canisd the plan ters to puit tindter culitivattion all the land tbey couild ob~ltain. Tlitlt-:n(.INNIN4; O1" IAtC'0ffilm. - A prodigious inease in the manu facto ic itt onice took platce. Before I 100 no A meican cotton was used ir1 Gre-at B ri tin, andi the qu antity do rive fCiromt other cotuntries in that yeiar wias 31,t000t,000 pounds. In 1800 5,00,00~,(0 weire irequ liredl, moere thiat ihailf comlinzg fromii Amierica, andl ii 15110, 13:3,000,000t pounds. In the mear timit the manufacture hadl begun here One of the chief movements in moderm industry, and that which p~articular-la distinguishes it, fromt that, of th< .\iddIe Ages or of antiquity, came ui concurrently with teI improvemiente in spinning and~ weaving this comn imiod Ity. Hefore I17(0' there were n<( factories In any line of business. Th< nnuber of omplIloyers who had at work In any manufacturing occupation at many as a hunadried men and women al one time probably did( not oxceed ii dozoe in titurope, and those who re qu1it-ed so) many hiad aL ighlly diveirsi i lied industry. O ccasionally a noe I in.ibhi ing, a b ridge, or a ship, imigh I' reqire i-a hiuindreid men foi- a shot timec, but most intdustries were carrnio on in~ Iittle) shops), with hitlf aL dozenl o at El tjzen hands, or- oven much fewer There wats n( cimploymient formwm excep)t ini a house or on a fa-m, no wa&s cli ildr'ei's labor needed (eet i these places. When the making a cotton cloth was bcgun on a large scatle, and1( gi-eat butildlings wei-e re quIired, women and children wveirei requtest, receiving high witgcs, a compared with servants. A imigrm tlon began of families with man