Lighthouse and informer. (Charleston, S.C.) 1941-1954, October 19, 1941, Page PAGE TWO, Image 3
?
^UL ? 1 B--^ ~""-~"Jf~~ ? ' v 1
I- SPARTA, bWl8."^(AWy) ~ Aftfet
-?tunings ' rhiriTMt ftf rape and as
sauit^ filed Majj 12 against three
solof the 184th field Artillery.
now stationed at Fwt Cluster, an |
all-white jury in Monroe .county
M cixnuii coUit oi jiiimw uanrtM]
ITl ft If ivi n m ' lenria ?n
||^ TCWUlW.y o
Of not guilty hnu Rut-urriay.
The verdict returned oft$r Capt.
.* IxiiihTSucHd Taylor and Gen. William
J. Warflftd had oieseAtcd
' " unshakable defense In setting* forth
circumstances upon which charges
were based, came as a shock to
( Judge Sectarian. The Judge per
veracity of the decision.
John Orgain,?James Billiard,
."Boyal-T ? Hudgle and Clareno^ Praf??aicr,
the defendants all- bf Chicago,
t - Were accused of_jcrimin?Hy attftokk
ing Miss violet Van Kirk, -white, of
t Sparta and beating her escort, Pvt.:
[ .. ' Forest Stagg, white, attached toj
2lst r field artillery regiment, after'
enccuhterlng the coiiple in a lonev
Sr.'^o ai sParta'?n night ..of
FALSE TESTIMONY- ^
Denying the .charges, the defendants
cited that they, along with
te . othefr. white _an<i colored soldiers^
I had accidentally come across the
ft coupfe lying in a fidd a g<hort dlsL-*
tance from a skating rinlc .in wtttch
.1 the soldier* had attended a dance
They testified that instead of Joining
the. rest of the soldiers in kkt*7
di^g" Aba. couple -about tfceir em.
barrasslnyr elmation, they had noth
~TnyTH3rer ~ttr d8~wttbrthe aftaii.
* aailKBltlffs at Fort glister by Yer7
~ reckEdwards. alias "Burt Dickson."
a Negro MvP.. that he had witnessP"
in^Ca^.^T^ylor^
ttort, Edwards' testimony was' proven
T&m and evidence' that Edwards!
mental status bordered close
linn- n ?* Jill?i.
. . niidvu ux ucximjcwncy ihiill*
NOT GfTlLTY ' f
-^fca^BMIwr* <* -Ml SB1 Vafl 4Cb*
andJPVt. 9t*gg to Identify any of
. fcb*, atwwl as ?their assailants also
airtod the Jury In reaching the "not
ftfrtlfy" verdict.
Another development to<HE place
that afternoon after the boys had
been released from Ail Into the
custody of Capt Taylor. Ah c??1
final uf Camp McCoy military po*.
lice. Capt. Arthur Davidson, white,
notified Capt. Taylor that he in ?.
; tended taking the defendants to his
___?awntt arrangements tor transput
lng them.back to their regiment.
( I He*was accompanied by several
f 7*ald?ii fffrliMiif Ilia thuirtwr
.v of white soldiers, Capt. Taylor
? refused to relinquish custody of his
clients. ;
The revelation that the youth?
-wore tricks into signing their name?
to a blank snee? of paper, to which
later a typewritten confession to
.the alleged assault and rape wa*
a<ild*d, brought to light another ol
^i_Jtho:iiumerous device?, resorted to-by
ovMibu aumormes to gain conviction
. of the defendants. *
Beware oisfar~
^ frw CO?oa bo? I
That Hang On
" Creomulslon rellevespromptly becailae
it goes right to- the seat of the
trouble *"TO help lOOscn kndexpel
- germ laden phlegm; and aid nature
to soothe ana heal raw. Under, inflamed
bronchial mucous memS
. branes. Tell your druggist to sell you
a bottle bf Creomulsion with the unt
detstauiilliig' yuu must 11I.S the waylt
^v-r;y:TOk!kiy aUays^the cough or yoir art
for Coughs, Chest Colds, Bronchitis
[ LUCKY 7 HMtBS
1 , fleliev 111'mum ao. try fttmo'ui 7
T H*H>a from 7 Ivinda. be4??ved moat powJSftil
tounj for 7 yTOAR* GkOOD
&UCK. Bend 3o iUump tor FRK? OfN
HdBR>?B CO.. *301 BJ.
gfraat. ,Knnna* CStty. Mp.
W' ' -""I - I 1 'V1'-*
; BRIGHTER
U?kVN "
* ft#??ttkrM4M'
& 8HA Wf.
jj 'n '.% '- "* ' " ^ _ . .' j -j"
. m ' '
- v.'- ?'. '^. "
Vfe'''*^^.1-1?Vyi-'i ~1~r~~ jst*?r~TX?*?1 T '
e "^mi
-J- - ^JIMI
!itfej?^ag~r-7 r- ~'M V^*':""" "' ..' .? ?."| .
" 1,1 .' " nil ' ' ' i 'I' i i ?x ?p '
JIVE GRtt
" 7'" . '*
on TsffiuBegSr
AMeBlCA'S COtrfSA
race papers <st
^ FCOM M\a EtrtfDR
Hlflh Council
Masons To Meet
At Allen Unh.
33rd Degrees v
To Be Conferred
. , j
Upon Several
BALTIMORE?CANP)?The united
supreme council or the sovereign
prand Injectors pen oral of the 33rd
and last, degree of the Ancient and
Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry
for th* 6outhern jurtedlc'
tlon of U?e United States of Amer.ca,
Prince Rail ^affiliation, of which
WJUarff W. AHetv is the most puissant"
sovereign-*rana commander
: *n d Jamcj T. Pcoaon the secret an
Central, will assemble in lte 55th
annual session In the audltbrtum ei
-Allen university, Qolumbla.-S. C.,
the home of Sootftlh Rite Wee
Thp delegation will leave by
special train from Baltimore, Md
on Saturday at 6:4? p.m. over the
Wnniylvanla railroad and front
Washington,- d . ct. at 7c04 p.m
*hfl?outh?r?-rallroad. anivtai
In Columbia at 8!$0 Smr Suada:
morning. y W
The session will open with t
memorial service to the decease*
members,'Sunday night. The ser
mon will be delivered by the Rt
- Rev. Monroe H. Davis, bishop o
the^ Second Episcopal district of th<
AME church. The music? will h
furnished by the chorus of A1U&
university, assisted oy oraaian
Jackson of Atlanta, noted singe;
r.nd radj0 artist.
The session will ooen prope:
IMbrtdtty morning at-0:00, at ii:0
- '.Oe sovereign -yrand? commando
will deliver his allocution.
The honorary S3rd degree will b
Tn thlc clato will be.Bishop J, S
'Flipper, senior bishop of the AMI
church, Graham Jackson - an<
others."
_x. Dr. Sumner A. Furniss of tli'
"northern Jurisdiction, Bishop Dayh
8ims and James .A. Jackson: 33r<
degree; and one of the deputies a
large, have been Invited to he th
= ^uests of the council.. '
This supreme council covers 2
states. O. C. Johnson consistor
7 of Columbia, will host this body
~ J% Dicfcen is the deputy for th
state and -7. 9. Stanback th
grand master.
Willard W. Allen, in addition tbeing
tne ^sovereign " grand co.ti
stats of Maryland, is one of th
regional vice presidents of the Na
i- -tlonal -Negro Business League ~an<
a member of the executive commit
tee of the ' National Negro Insur
ance association. Hfe is also a trus
tee of the Morgan State Collegt
and one of the' hiest-active citizen
" In Maryland. : " ' ;
The delegates will leave Columbii
on 'meacufy and will arrive h
_ .Washington ,*nd Baltimore Wed
neftday morning, ? ?I
? - p Am tk , ... i i n
k MANY GBT IIBO JOgS./
f WASHINGTON, ?(ANP)? Fas
tei^and^aster new men are beini
X>f the United Service Organization
= fui eimu^TiwTi iiramtg. Th<&
men are b#ing assigned to spot
nearby the taxt\yn> and will loci
after their recreational activities it
an effort .to keen down the .vice
which usually follow camps.
..., ? , i i
ft requires thy "latex obtainct
L from two hevea trees for an entlri
. vcar to provide enough rubber fo
a six ply tire for a small a u tomb
--btter -
TUSKEOEE Al* ?03 N S>?N*:
^nife^Efc: Week, beginning No
vember 17 and continuing through
--the 33, will 1*> eetebr?Wt ?t Tu>kpspt'.
Institute, by the opening ct
- th? new erf w^'ns ih conntiotloii
. ^lthiHfclie^0eOffge Washington Car*
. Many choice paintings and rare
- , 1 ;> * T
.,\.; -' /. " !\- ..: ... ' " -: ..-'
, . -V.-J.4- ,
, | .
B ^
Y S :
? -?- *. :?- - w?: : ?
i _.. ^ ^ "Vw ' j, ' i ' i *r*- s\-r^r^n:r^ v .^.TTlTcr^T"
As Convoy Rei
I ft ' ' -ll
I
< I
' 4
f
M--H
e ...J
1 Jfl
r vfl
i 11H
e '
?~ "9
3 -<BHHBHIHBBI
Checking over the route and 1
T V* convoy from For*- Dix, N. J.,
y ' Mesa., of the 372nd lnfaritry, at th
of the George Washington Bridge
" right: Capt. Leroy Clay of the Se
Infantry inr charge of the convoy]
0 :' ~?? ;
Probe Of
1 Building
r NEW YORK?(SNS) ? Tilt ef,
fecft on ..colored \*<orkers of the virtual
eln^pri <thnp agreement gr'anten
hy the Ofltao ei Production
Management to the Building Trades
Union of the American Federation
of Labor, was urgently requested
for Inclusion in the investigation
; of monopolistic pra.ctl.cea being eon?
ducted T3y Thurmond Arnold of the
ioxiK...tia.?M*rln?at.i - ^
?J tire NAACP on October 10.
c The NAACP pointed nut the
1 grave importance *of the matter-to
s Negro jivorkers beca\use many-AFL
building trade unions cvmpletelv
?deft??memnm.blp fo F?5gToeTi
1 through copj titiulouaK provisions,
s ritual H?d other means,
r In supporL of its request the As
sedation 'named specific instances
of excltislon AFL (ThTOns'TnsSl
I I .11 .^Jr- - ?f?g_krt
Week
pteces of intricate laco wot:*, ele
fingers of Dr. Carver, jvill be ox
htbltW o-tha puUlle fUr the fH'Bt "
time.
especially invited -to see this rare
- collection -of rrrt - tn?its:?many
i L: phases.
" , " "^ *' ' ' * " 1 1 "
r r .
- ' r ' ' ' - " '
. -.f .v T*'""IGHTHOUSE
AND iWoRMB
j. v * ^\
UJipr.WELw ojve>H I
BtLUB
time schedule of Greene, of the S
to Fort Devem, wald JL Wines,
e New York end try, and Major
, are left to ments for the
rvice Co. '372ed Capt. Clay and 1
I Lt. Vernon K." L.t. Wines from
AFL Mon
v*.
Jobs Is
Many Locals
Openly Bar T
Negro Workers
- s
Louis, in Milan, Tennessee*., where
tfce Carpentora' Local No. of
"Jackson, Tenn, refused to grant
Clearante to anv Negro wnrlror iu
^ lte of the repressed wimneness
of the company tf) hlrq colored
labor: in Chicago, 111., where
Plumbers Local, No. 130 bars Negro
members, j?nd In Jollet, 111., where
local No! 107, Electricians Union
grfusbd'clearmiw To Negro electricians.
, **
Others named were thP Jnte.rna-'
tional , Brotherhood of Carpenters
and Jciners^Xosa: <88, Mobile, Ala.:'
mDtiivi Jtufcwi* raumers. i,)??DrJXz.
trfs" and Paper Hrinsrors. Baltimore,
Md.. and Omaha. - and?CarP'
ov*1" ^ JOinrn> Wa&lUim^^
The N"AACP said that prejudice
on the pnrt of AFI< lnbor onlpns
invades the aircrafi industry and
quoted -the ritual of the ..interna-.-.
V"? I nWtK lcW!nji OI- MHv'rin WW ,
oc ntracted by Boeina Aircraft ftempany.
Seattle. Washington, which
sa vi ;??.?? ; ; ' '
.-"I further nrrinUe-th.it. T will
never propose, for merrtbernhip in
this Association any other than a
cOttjper*m.. tyiUtowahcfidale "
The t>nme xmlon if? in control'of
the-\hutec Aircraft plant - i?i Nashville,
TeniY., and at neither plan
Li_ f., _ x. .. n , \ ..
- " , " ; i - * ? ? . j
^ f
. . -i .' . : .
. -v* , . ' f
>r1 .
? ,.,., ?*? Wr~r1
X;1 ?-?1?r? i v*. ??^?
?. CHAUCB^TON, B. c ,
v
V" -w'afi* & ' ij i>>, ^ ' .
i'; '; .," ' " ' 't" ' r
"V
db
1- i
w?:
ervice Co. 372nd Infantry, Lt. 0?of.
Headquarters Co, 37^nd InfanII.
A. Bruce, observing the movel?Adqijartert
of the Second Army. I
A. Greene are from Baltimore and j
Washington, D. C.?(ANP^
't *
opoT^On]
Souaht_?[
f are Negroes doing production work.
II Through the same Machinists unl
ion Nc-groeS have been .barred at
I the Bethlehem Shipyards, __San_
Francisco, Calif.
Tfta jfrlAftGP plaoari wwpotwibttltv'
for clearing up the situation on the
overnme-nt in ylrjir nf tint Prfrt?:
: Executive^ ortter.
I TllYJu4* rtnk t>A??"?ta ^ # '
I -w m wiuwi *copa nair in
place longer adds that glossy ?p
pearancs smart dressed men want.
I Qftt Tuxado Club^SSP Uw Jtffth- ^
7 MM. At Drug Storai
I'.^TW^l **" ******* ** mAwnw
\ . ' ' ;- ' *"
ury Vo
Negroes
Defense
. / ?.,. % -t V; * ; - ; - *
-?WASHINGTON, D. C. H
both individually and throuyt
patiug actively in me i\atlOn
according to information reach
of various types, in the United
States, more than 25 already have
notified?the?Treasury . of Iplt.lni
purchases of' Defense Bond*
amounting to a total of $469,074.
Stx of these companies bought
?50,000 wo r tli of Senes y and Q,!
the maximum amount any corporation
Is perns^tto;! to buy m one
venr Th?- Muinmoil^ LiU,
and Accident, Louisville; Supreme
CtmrpTTAmerlcHn'Woutliiieij, Denver;
Atlanta Life, Atlanta; Southern
Aid Society of Virginia, Richmond;
North Carolina Mutual
Durham; ami Universal Lite, Memphis,
'
The Federal Lue insurance Company
of Washington, D. C. 'reported
purchasing $33,800. Other companies
include the Pilgrim Health
and "Life, Augusta, Ga. and the
Metropolitan Funeral* 'System- Association,
each $20,000; Virginia
Ritual Benefit Lire. Richmond"
$15,000; Domestic Life and Accident,
Louisville, $15,000. '
Five companies reported "purchases
of glO.OOO worth of Defense
Bonds each. They arer The Great
T JlVnc TVifnfuol ex J ? -
??u 'uu> uai, evvyviv; uoiacn
State Mutual ^lfe, Ijos Angeles;
United MutuaL Benefit Association
New York; Guaranty Life, Savannah;
and Afro-Americair' Life;
TatkSbnyille. ~ * '
? T? Memphis _lhe Negro Division
nf the Defense SavIng5~~G?mmitta?_
^as laid out for itself fnllnw.
trig five-point program (1) Canvas?
all Negro business houses. to en*
plain the allotment ,plan; (2)
"Buy-a-Bond" Sunday;?Bpeak n-s-buteau
lu serve club and lodfee
The Globe \
Another $mokescr<
HUNTING EXCUSES to Ve
the valiant Russian foi-ces to ste
avalanche of Hitler's hordes, Ame
ventjohists, whose ranks include Jt!h
fascist-minded -apd those down-rig
the ex-pap^rhangcr's "new order"
cr rquot't, during the past week rei
to bring out one of the most in
inents they have yet advanced.
They got ,cramps in their fin
.yvhrft they terme
their- frantic effort to stym>6 fK
foreign policy ^hich is based 01
these freedoms now being so serif
by the* Hitler-inspired world rjev
THE "REAL TRAGEDY
Thr tragedy is that many ui
sons will fall victim t? thifc hogu
^on-interventionists are now show
called (Jod-drprived Russians. ~Ttr
why President Rqosevelt spoke oi
on the issue at. his press conferen<
? Thr Rrcrsridierrt" called attention
i'Lttius ?! Ttssss:
stop further than AMnericVifin gui
dom of anti-reiigiOus propaganda.
A virtual hornet's nest waa<
statement. A chorus of complaint
American clergymen /followed an
twiwt#, happy in the kwowledflo th<
th?r served to^. becloud the issue,
ft/rain. ^ .v-z^r?. - . . r
TT nt this religious issue was a bp
attention to^'be TivOTtad^frhm''they'll
_ _Poriottcn amid the emotional
up by this religious dispute was th
Russian religions ideology, but the i
was th?f principal businesa - at h
Russia's mighty anhies are the,onlj
?-?. .* ?-?i- ?
? :*\T- ,
, _ ..;
-'j. JC
>1 Harrington V"?jow'
_2. : ^ rV 1 \ ^
Kr
^?'~ B^Buyt
^
Bonds
;g,NS)?Th# American Negro, >
i his organizations, is particial
Defense Savings Program,
ling the Treasury Department.
meetings; (4) . School parades; (5)
Distribution- of posters and placards,
etc?., by Negro Boy Semite.
?The Iirhiman chain of Negro
theaters in Washington, D. C., has
inaugiyaAed the sale of Defense
Savings Stamps in their theater
i^PEfes^and a notlcg on th? acraw^
asks patrons 15 takiT their change
In Defense Stamps.
?Many
cnurches and social clubs are actively
interested in promoting .Ahe
calc of Defense Bends add Stamps,
the reports - show. In addition,
special meetings designed to gttmTftate
lilteiesl In the DefenaHaav-r
In Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati,
O., Indianapolis, Ind?
Braddock, .' Pa., . Durham and
| Greensboro, N. o.| St. bonis, Mo.,
St Paul, Duluth and Mthneapdhs,
Minn,, Spokane, Seattle and Tacoma,
Wash., Portland, Ore? Stack tuii,
Sacramento. Salinas, Venice,
Los .Angeles and Pasadena, Calif.,
EI Paso, Tex., Pueblo and Denver,
Colo., and Omaha, Neb.
' RELEASES LATE BOOK
t NEW YORK ?(ANP1? The Negro
Publication Society of America
1 recently announced the publication"
,of "The Kidnapped .and the Ransomed."
a true story of Peter Still
and family, written by Kate Pickajd.
The novel is a tragic tale of a-boy
who waa klfliyapped. sold into
slavery and then ransomed after
forty years; and it is held to be,
forerunner of inspiring works dealing
with historical and. culiuraL-lruformallon
of the"N?gfO people. ~?
rrotter . ^
- t.ius far been i
5en ""plans of the wo
ep from helping NONSENSICAL
m th? sw?er?in? .
rica's non-intejrVr *1 . Nonsensical
e appeasenj, the ^
ht in love with. ' Christians, If
' plan of. world fHCe n<*vsnothe
n'chod way down k**P 7?? r
congruous orguger.
pointing to I1* ?'?"??> ?
d Russia's * lack v You'would
iedom," conven- rescuer for get
Christ's admo- ^T^,?0,
luck the beam might bd weU ft
~eye.,^theh thou?to Pttt in every*
he mote In thy Principles they *
.XXZL' It & no se
. \ that boasts the
ixr non jnterven- - nnd the most ?C
really?seriously also boast the i
gioUs freedom, blind intoleranc
>ther four free- "One Americ
'resident Roose- sian constitutior
10 forcefully. If nn a "hnTfmnr thnr
yt~i*iW T)ecre- could justly tne<
confusion In United States C
e government's umendqientg, V9
JuinMSs *re n
dution. o -* It certainly
ing provisions o;
with racial issui
iBuspmnig per. I llgloualy and fii
s sympathy the Surprising
injj for the bo knowledge that
it, no doubt, ir discrimination a
it. ho forsefhtty die Amowean tfe
v . Article 123
i to Arttele lfl4 the w
Trot only Ifunr-- "hollow mockery
P. hut gees - aranteein#
free- 0
9. K., inaejMM
in all fieMs c
\atin-ed by the p?hll*-|H?Htl?a1
-a 'from many, "AayJ^I*
d non-interven- rl|fcu> ^ C4W
it they- fur- liici gi jadhna
joined in the ent aipon ffcair
: y T" ~ ~ ~' . M tfjy " W? fSt
loltescroem goes ?*chs?We<ft?.
us allnWea thitk puniilu)>U by
lain issue. " \ Strong wori
confhet ftirreij insuring deinbcn
ie fact that not vlded by our dw
defeat of^Hittev" Governor Rujren
an<? And that animosities, yrou
t forte that, has geon.
- . ;"
zsxaetmim' *> ' l - 1 "i i'njn wr Wj'.1!. ? 1
>AY, OCTOBE*rl9, 1?41 y
iph^TROlT
Mlch.-(SNB) - i*
l^lu
SStiT^ at? S^i&a^maw- ?1
try? Committee of the local br&nfch
tf ~~^
\&pr??< Sowlay, October 4
I tftn*1iilil^ g&tfcSed in
Detroit. Era?-:: -. ..
It was c6jnplalned f that jthcre
could bc.;no effective follow-up af __
FEPC investigations tod other effort?
to stop violations of tfe* Pies- ?
ident's Executive Order under the
present plan where the preafent
repmentahge?"ha$ to o???t_ thtgc
states?Ohio, Kentucky and Wfchlgnii.
?A number of outstanding spAk- -Uers,
including Horace R. Cay ton,
labor expert and newspaper colttmnwt;
Walter Harditf, interna-.; ' .
tloftai representative of the TflHEf*
CIO and* Horace , White^mission
er^nf the nptwUt; Homing
Commission, acquainted the ^udi~
enqe with step? V be taken W|et- 1
ting Job training ami irfwlTilii.
imfoh and. plant procedure; andtbe
work of the Office of* Production
Mariagementrand the Pain Employment
"Prartlfl? irVwWmUt^#. Jja ^
nection with employment of Ne?roea.-.
... _ _ ' ,
m in i . rrjrtht-r???
Aggie Graduates
mr?mt? onritiwn MBMiiJ posdUllties
oT^Es Willi Urn
ment u Junior "*)1
lsts, the salary range of which rtms
from $1,630 to $2,000 per annum.
Students or graduate* verseil |n
agronomy, anlmgl husbandry, and
agricultural education,. etbeSttfly
are needed inthl* field.
. Examinations will lie held and
Uve appUcaUons are receivable'- un^l :
til December'81.
Tpis offers one of the finest opportunities
for trafbed persons that
nave be?v presented recently and
there is* great need for such per-7
sons: - ... - *
Applications may be had by writing
th? rwvil Hwnt^ rVM^niliBlgn
hi "Washington.?? ______
Bi! Cliff Mackay
1 in" 111 *' J iisi
able to thwart the carefully laid
trtd^be-^lfgsRr conqueror* -? .
ARGUMENT
** - . \ > .. ' <:l'V - titfs--''* ' *
is this plea tha^we not peip RusSjtfs
because IK' Russians ars
a bandit is holding a gun in yotsr rr.
armed man appears, would you
tsr anpwng uiq panqit long - 1
iim whether or not he beHewed in
ligion"? Hardly. Jbat as silly i*
>f the Russians. be
entirely too gratefutyib Touting
that gun out of your face, .*
i pointing .go hard at jtussffc, it
>r some of our religious Americana
lay practice soma of the Christian ?
K> atdontlj profess.
cret that the section of America
most churches, the most preachers
bristmna," is the eectioirwh^h^ui
es.
:an churchman sneered st the Rus
ml provision of religious ibsadsm ??
.-T," f"ifiVn |*tl thri Rgesians . .
?r back at certain proViskm^of WiA rr
onstitution, -say the 14th and lstb
trelTO "hollow mockeries."
OT MOCKERIES
cpuld be argued tha* correspondf
tKc kutiian rAl1*tifiiHAn Jmltna
is are not mockeries, but are' raid!
y onforrsa; - " . *m
to most Americans will ba the '
Russia unqualifiedly ou^mws^ the
ewe. ?? ? r?:?r~~t- ?2?of
the Russian Constitution, which
m-inter?entieaiets saw trtwn k a ^
a! rlfbU fcf ei*Mr attlJttrSs??""
lent of their nationality and race. " J
I economic. State, cultural and vd
any erftabllmlmaont of di~
t tiiiifswaiM ?f 4Hsaa4tnal
' ** ?l M?d national Swiia itifc
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