Cheraw gazette and Pee Dee farmer. [volume] (Cheraw S.C.) 1838-1839, May 03, 1839, Image 1
CHE'RAW GAZETTE
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. AND * ^
PEE DEE FARMER. "
VOLu!^nva!, S =,!B, *, ,!l!= =^5ERAw!,SOUT^^^UNA*?RIDAY,EVEN!NG*^A7T^?!* ! *= * NUMER^^>
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EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR.
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XHFROYBMENT IN THE BREED OP HORSES.
It will bo found on inquiry that gpadJfee*.
scs have been becoming gradually scarcer
in our fairs lor the last twenty years; and
we find that many, of what was considered
the most useful sort have now entirely disappeared.
The breed is quite extinct.?
'Where for example, do we now find the
fine short legged handsome cob, whose action
and strength enabled him to go an>
pace, and to carry any weight that could
ride? How few of the splendid carriage
horses which were met with fifteen or twenty
years ago are now to be seen ! Nay, how
t'cw of unythmg really good is there to be
met with ?
The breeders having parted with their
best mares, are now under the necessity of
^employing those which remain. For these,
perhaps, they look out for a good horse ;
but whatever may be the good qualities of
the sire, the produce will, in a greater or
v less degree, receive the impression of the
v. dam. If she want size, or is defective in
her formation it is a hundred to one if the j
foal uoes not exhibit many or most or ner
defects. Too slock, however, is reared, and
"may it is thought, turn out a good horse ;
and certainly we are sometimes agreeably
surprised in the progress towards perfection
which some badlike foals make ; but, in
general we are disappointed.
In the sele tion, therefore, of breeding
stock, a fine sound eye, a pleasant counte.
nance, with the organ of benevolence (as the
phrenologists speak, fully developed in the
breadth ofthe forehead, is not to be overlooked
as an indication of mildness of disposition
; but the .previous history, ifknowu,
is the best criteriun to found an opinion on.
The most conspicuous degeneration is to
be found io the strength and due propoition
ofthe different paris ; the limbs ana body
are not in harmony with each other, and in
nlmnat nil there is want of strength. Let^
1"""w """" """* "" " o
size and strength, then'fore, be kept in
view; but let ail have proportion. In
the form of the body we have a strong
index of the constitution! on the form
of the chest depends in a great degree the
bottom and durability of the race.horse ; it
is the essential of his wind. The exterior
of the chest, the ribs and their muscles, and
the diaphragm, are the active agents in re.
epiration ; the lungs themselves are passive.
Upoo the mechanical formation, therefore,
of the ribs, depends in a great degrco the
powers of respiration ; they must be long
and circular at the posterior part to form a
large thorax. Unless the chest (thorax) be
large and easily acted on by the muscles,
when the animal is making great exertions,
us the blood is then flowing through the lungs
with a velocity increased according to the
degree of exertion, it must either pass
through in an impure state, and be sent to
other parts of the system unfit to fulfill its
proper office, thus allowing the body to become
fatigued for want of due nourishment;
or otherwise by the chest not being capable
of sufficient enlargement to admit of the free
flow of blood through the lun^s, the animal
becomes almost choked, by the inability of
the muscles to enlarge the chest sufficiently
and is thus on the point of being suffocated;
here lies the connection between the blood
and the mechanical formation.
A capacious che.$t is, therefore, essenti.
ally necessary to enable the animal to continue
any protracted and severe exertion.?
But there is a form also necessary for speed,
in order that every part may contribute to
the same end, ivc find, in all well-formed
animals for speed, that tho anterior of the
chest is somewhat flattened on tho sides,
in order that the anterior extremities may
be allowed to approximate, which is indispensably
necessary in rapid progression.?Without
this arrangement there would be a
constant changing of the centre of gravity
during motion, and instead of moving in a
smooth gallop or trot, the horse with a wide
chest would be waddling like a duck.
A natural elipsis should be presented ia
the front view. On the other parts of the
trunk 1 need offer few remarks. Of length
we generally have enough, but the breadth
is often scanty. The loins should be broad
and muscular, in which case length is an
advantage; the whole trunk should describe
a sweeping natural outline formed by two
gentle curves, the posterior being tho slightest,
which is formed by the tail; unless we
have the tail well up, it is rarely set, and
animals with too low a set tail are never
i J
good gc^rs. Eat wo may see u weiMormcu
trunL, and still find some important parts
deficient; we may see a well-made body,
with legs unfit to carry it. The legs and
feet are the most important parts to be at,
tended to in the whole machine. But it is
these parts thnt are mosf frequently over
looked in breeding. Thero is a nicety ol
adjustment and accuracy of movement necessary
in all tho limbs of the horse, which
might apparently be dispensed with in some
other animals. They oughi, in the first
place to stand well, otherwise the motions
j are either unsafe or awkward, and there is
an unnatural strain on some part or other.
The princ pal power of progression resides
in the hinder extremities; but for safety, and
the conveyance of the speed acquired by
the propulsion of the hinder extremities, we
must depend upon tho well-sloped, clean and
muscular shoulder, the strong and lengthy
arm, the powerful shank with firm tendons,
the well-set fetlock, and sound foot;
without these the progression is deficient
and weak.
The most common defects in the forma,
tion of the fore-legs are, that either the toes
turn too much out or too much in. If turned
out, the foot comes in contact with tbe opposite
leg, and bruises it; the pasterns are,
at'thg aametime. r^nei-nHir too lung. iimtfSr
-tng"iiie strain great upon the tendons, and
rendering them lmht? tn ftlonneo *1
? ? q ?- .? ??%# ?v wiQ^ua^ } inv
action is almost invariably low, and theani.
mals consequently unsafe; tho feet also,
accommodating themselves to the position
and form of tho limb, become very liable tc
various diseases.
If the toes be turned inwards, tho animal
is awkward in his action, and is continually
stumbling; he is also liable to splints und injuries
of the fetlock. To insure accurate
inoiion, the fore feet should stand, in a front
view, parallel with the sides of the animal's
body.
The feet should be sound ; flat ones, with
low heels, are to be carefully avoided. But
even where the hoof looks sound, if groggyness
exist, the animals are by no means
des rable to breed from.
For safety, pleasure, liberty of action, we
look to the lore extremities; but for the
power of action, our at ention must be principally
directo i to the posterior extremities
of the horse. I would not as some are inciined
to do, deny that tho anterior extremities
ure concerned in progression, for, if
we cast our eye abroad upon the face of
nature, we are at once struck with the won.
derful accommodations to particular circumstances
in individual cases. In one, the
anterior extremities are almost entirely laid
aside as useless ; wh le in others we And
that they are the principal organs of motion ;
but in others, again, more especially the
horse, a combined and simultaneous action
: is required. Wo find the kangaroo, on the
one hand, hopping at an immense rate, upon
its hind legs with the assistance of its tail,
carrying us namis tn its poacnes, much are
only used to support the head while feeding
upon the ground : but we observe the cameleopard,
on the contrary, raised with his fore
legs to a height which enables him to nip
the buds from the trees of ;he forest, his
hind legs nearly as short in proportion as
the lore ones of the kangaroo. But when
the fore extremities are to be the organs of
motion, they are in one case found bearing
?he eagle to the chambers of light, and in
the other forming oars, by which the mon.
sters of the ocean are enabled to plunge
through the mazes of the fathomless deep.
But although wc have seen that, in particular
circumstances, either the anterior or
posterior extremities may become the organs
of motion, and that in the horse all are
required, still we must recollect that for
power and rapidi'y of motion we must have,
in this animal well-formed hind legs. In
connection with these, strength of loins and
length of quarters are of the greatest import,
ance ; but there is a variety in the form of
the quartern which must be looked to in
reference to the produce, because f>r gaL
fo-ninrr n form r\f ihu niinrlf?r_ nnrl inrlpprl.
" """ "* "<v """I ? ? 1
the whole leg, arc required, which differ
from that best suited, or usually formed for
trotting. For galloping, the lengthy hori.
zontal or finely turned quarter, with lengthy
thigh, are best adapted for speed; whHe for
trotting there is a greater degree of sloping
in the quarter, which is less pleasing to the
eye than the galloping quarter, and a rotun J
muscularity well observed in all fast trotters.
In all, however, this muscularity indicates
great strength and action, more especially
it'ii is observed on viowing ilio miinrml from
behind, that there is a fine arch, from haunch
to haunch, over his quarters, and that there
is such a swelling out of the muscles of hie
thighs, that when measured across there
would be a greater breadth than in his
haunches. The limbs should thon gradually
approximate each other, tapering with the
diminution of the swell of the musctes ?fs
they send off their tendons, until they reach
the hocks. To this point the eye of the
breeder must be scrupulously directed, because
there is no point of more importance
in regard to action, and none so liable to
disease : the diseases, too, depending upon
the formation of the part.
Unless the hock is well formed, there cannot
be durability * and if there is sometimes
speed with a badly formed hock, it is never
for a long run. Tire most common defect
which at present exists is a liability to curbs,
such being denominated curby hocks ; these
are seen, on taking a side view, by the
' smalhiess of the log below the hock, by the
great projection of the point of the hock,
and by a bent-hke appearance at the lower
part of it, with a greater or less tuberosity a!
the back part; these hocks are also more
liable to spavins and other diseases of th(
hock joint.
There is also an opposite form of hocit
wlvch is too straight ;this is connected wit!
j a great length of pastern, und is liable tc
' thorough-pin? sr. the hock, windfall* nw
f\ sprains of the suspcnsary ligament at the
fetlock?joirit. A weliformed hock viewed
i from behind, should stand with the .toe of
i the hoof, and the fetlock, in a line running
: parallel with the body, or, if altered from
i that direction, the toe should inclino a little
i outwards. The tendon forming the ham,
string should stand clear and free from the
i back of the leg above the hock; and the
I back part of the leg from the hock, viewed
latterally, should descend from the point of
i it to the fetlock in a straight line, or if other*
I wise, rather scooped out below the point of
' the hock than in tho opposite form ; the ten*
r dons should be clean and well marked, and
I the shank equal in breadth at the hock and
i fi'Mnrt.. and the broader the hptfnr.
The limbs can scarcely be too short, if
combined with the qualities we have men?
; tioned, but the shanks from the hock and
I the knees to the ground should be selected
. as short as possible: and that these parts
, divided in duo proportion, the fet.
"Toclr shouldstaritl with the rest of the limb
I and ihe foot at an anglo of 45 degrees, in
i which case it will be of a proper length andv
. proportion.
, In addition to these remarks, I have only
i to add that in breeding, it appears to me,
i that although good horses of any desenp.
tion will alwayssell well and pay the breeder,
I strength and ac'.ion are the strongest recomr
mendations of every market,
Sussex Agricultural Express.
; tiie mores multicauli3.
; To the editors of the National Intelligencer.
Baltimore, April 11,1339.
i Gentlemen : A letter appeared in the
National Intelligencer of the Oth instant,
headed "Letter to N. B. Stoddart,"
on the subject of the culture of silk in this
country, which contains several statements
deemed by me erroneous, and which I must
ask permission to correct. The writer,
? T,. T.." nhh'cts in tho morus multicaulis
?first, because it was,4 imported from a
climate so different from ours, which cannot
6land the win:er secondly, and " which,
' by the rapidity of its growth, shows the short
ness of its life." To the first objection I
have only to remark that the white mulberry
itself is a native of China, and was imported
into Italy and France from that countiy; so
that the first objection to the multicaulis fail*;
for, if the multicaulis was imported from a
country so different from ours, so was the
white mulberry. But, reasoning from ana.
logy aside, I know, from eleven years'pos.
session of the morus multicaulis, that it is
equally as hardy and just as capable of
standing the winter os any other mulberry
wtimcrct, mien pmutva wpvii huiuiui o?f.
uation and soil. I have had it eleven winters,
and have not yet lost a single bud
i from the effects of winter. A single trco
was given to Dr. Hosac:\ by Dr. Pascalis,
i in the spring of 1830 ; the latter gentleman
planted it on his estate at Hyde Park, on the
North river, on a high bluff200 feet above
the level of the river, and exposed to the
northern blasts. That tree remains there
still, never having lost a limb or a bud by
winter. And, let me here remark, that the J
?uhi?o ninlhurri' itsplf is not found north of i
that locality, except in gardens, and not often j
there. I could mention hu dreds of instnn. I
. ces where tho morus multicaulis has stood
the winter unharmed, besides these cases,
but it is deemed unnecessary.
The second objection," the rapidity of its
growth shows the shortness of its life," is the
greatest recommendation that can be given
of the mulberry tree. It grows so rapidly
that we can plant it this spring, and get a
crop of silk from it this summer f Is
i this on objection to an American ? Is not
the speedy return of the proceeds of an investment
the greatest recommendation that
the investment of capital can have ? And
j suppose the 'rees were all to die in ten years,
(my old tree is now eleven years old, and no \
signs of dying yet,) the returns they will
have made by the "rapidity of their growth"
- will have more than paid for replanting
i them. So that this second objection is dis|
proved.
M L. T." next says that " the drought of
i some parts of Europe iujures them exceed'
inglv." The fact is directly the reverso in
i this country. During that most unparral.
i lelcd drought of last summer, the morus :
t multicaulis preserved its luxuriance more j
i perfectly than any other tree, native or for>
eign. Indeed, the old trees were entirely j
i unaffected by if, and none but the very
young ones suffered at all, and even those
> not ns much as the majority of our native
i trees. With us its large leaves are not j
i more easily spoiled than those of the com- j
monjwhite mulberry. "L. T." also asserts <
, that the morus multicaulis leaves " contain a j
! less quantity of nourishing substances ; the j
i worms fed with them are often subject to ,
i many distempers," &c. The whole of this
sentence is directly opposed to the truth.
, From the most careful experiments, it has
been found that 80 pounds of morus multicaulis
leaves contain as much nutritive mat.
ter as 100 pounds of the best of other varieties
; that 80 pounds oft c morus multicaulis
will produce as much silk as 100 pounds of
; the best of any other kind ; and that the
j worms are just as healthy on one kiud as
i the other, diseaso beincr caused exclusively
' by mismanagement in some form or other.
1 | Let me quote another sentence from this
5 j writer ; and that it may not escape the ati'
tontion of the reader, let me make it the
! more conspicuous by placing it by itself pal
I ragraphically.
j I * Good God! have they not eagerly a)
| dopted all the improvements lately introduc. j
j j ted in the culture crsilk by Verri and Dan
dolo ? Have tliey not lately preferred to <
the common white mulberry with which their i
ancestors used to feed the silk worms, the
Alpine morns, which grows even in the <
n st northern climates, and the morus mor 1
tttif or machrophylla, which can be equally I
propagated both from seeds and from cut- '
tings V' I
If the reader has done reading this ex- <
8 . ? r ... t -?
ijuisr.e paragraph, 1 wui just remarK, tnut |
tic people ot France and "hally have not adopted
all the improvements of Verri and
Dundolo, and that these improvements are '
only adopted in a very few large establish^
ments in either country, the mass of silk
pulturists continuing in the old routine of
their forefathers, in spite of Dandolo and
nil others. They have not preferred the AL
pine morus, forthey nevtrsaw it; it is an
American production, raised, it is true, from
fee seed of the variety of white mulberry
billed the moretti; but it is American, both
wtH and name, and never vrus seen ur "
heard of in Europe. If particulars aro desired,
here they are. The Alpine mulberry
was raised from seed of the Moretti mulberry,
by Mr. Whitmarsh, of Northampton,
Massachusetts. Out of many thousand trees
thus raised from the parcel of seed, and nu.
merous varieties, he selected a few of the
best, and named them The Aipine ; and
this only two years ago. This name never
was know in Europe until it was seen in
American newspapers. Let me stop here
to ask what can be thought of a writer who
rnak^s such blunders.
4 L. T." also confounds the morus moretti
and machrophylla, or considers these
names as synonymous, which is another instance
of his knowledge of the subject on
which he writes. He aljo says the moretti
equally propagates from seeds and cuttings.
Now, 1 do know that the moreiti is very
difficult to raise from cuttings, and that it
cannot be raised from seed at all ! The
moretti being i'self but a variety of the white,
the produce from seed aro almost as var
ious"as their numbers. I saw some thousand
raised from seed last summer, and the
varieties were loo numerous to count; the
most of them were evidently the common
white mulberry, and a few like what arc
called the Alpine.
I must conclude this by assuring "L. T."
and A to Z, that the morus multicaulis will
never be superseded in this country by eith.
er " Alpine morus," morus moretti, macro*,
pbylia, Dandolo, aiaia, Calnbrian. or any *
other. It has been fully tried, and found
superior to all other kinds in all the valuable
requ'sites for the silk culture in this
country. Respectfully, yours. ---
mnroM ? Ml TFT
PEACII TREES.
Peaches arc propagated by budding.?
The stock should be of plum, and the tree
is to be planted ss young as circumstances
will allow. The season is just when the
leaves become yellow, or as early as possible
in the spring. And now for the pruning
and forming the tree.
The practice is to plant the tree, and let
it grow in its one way. The consequence
is that it runs up to a long naked stem, with
two or three naked limbs, having some
weak little bought at the top. The tree
should, in the first place, be budded very
near to the ground. After it be planted,
cut it down to within a foot and a balfof the ;
ground and always cut sloping close to a
bud. In this foot and a half, there will be
many buds and they will the first summer
send out many shoots. Now, when shoots
begin to appear, rub thorn all ofTbut three.
Leave the top one, and one on each sidet
at a suitable distance lower down. These ,
will in time become limbs. The next year!
top the upright shoot (that came out of the
top bud.) again so as to bring other horizon.
Lai limbs, pointing in a different direction
from those that came out lust year. Thus!
the tree will get a spread. After this you !
must keep down the aspiring shoots, and \
every winter cut out some of the weak wood, ,
that the tree may not be overbuidened with i
wood. If in time the tree be gettingthin of ;
bearing wood towards the trunk, cut some
of the limbs back and then they will send
out many shoots, and fill up the naked
places. The lowest branch of the tree
nnme nut nf flip trunk at Not mnrn i
than nine or ten inches from the grouod. !
By this management, the tree is always in j
astute of full bearing ; always young.
ON THE PREPARATION AND EMPLOYMENT OF I
ASPHALTUM.
Translated fyr the N. Y. Observer from the St J
Petersburg Northern Bee.
Asphaltum has the appearance of hardened
pirch, is of a black or dark gravel color ; j
and .when broken, the fracture has a glussy !
appearance. It is hard, docs not melt in I
water, b^t is easily melted by heat, and '
cools with equal rapidity. It consists of
lime and bituman, and its production is easily
explained by the solution of mineral coal by
subterranean heat, during which the bituminous
vapor3 arising from the coal are imbibed
by a stratum of lime covering the coal,
bed. As far back as 1825,1820, and 1827,
in the 7th, and 9Ji numbers of a French
Journal entitled " Memorialde Poficier duffcnicmilttaric"
was described the employ.
ment of asphaltum for covering the vaults
of fortresses ; but in consequence of the lim.
lied circulation of this Journal, which is published
exclusively for a corps of military
engineers, usphaltuni has but just begun to
be employed in public works in France.
The first experiment was made about five
years ago, in Lyons, on the bridge Morun,
across Th^ trnt?n;?*c v*>r0 cov
sred with a layer of asphultum, procured
lear Seyssel,in the Department of the Am,
In Paris, for the fir3t experiment, a part
of the trottoir upon the Port Royal, was
laid withSeysse! asphaltum; after two years1
trial, this was scarcely worn at a!!, whilst or
the surface of the surrounding stones, which
had been laid at the same time, the traces
of feet were very perceptible. Atler this experiment,
a small part of the boulevards al
Paris was laid with Sey3sel aspha turn; M.
Pouloceau empl yed it for the trottoirs of the
Carrousel bridge, In other parts ol
France asphaltum has been employed alsc
in the wny of experiment, for covering the
roofs of houses as well as in several hydraulic
works.
Notwithsanding the complete success ol
almost all these experiments, the expensive,
nfisa of Sflvsstil aanhaltum has DreVented tin
extension of its application to building, an
its Mtf^Sttttioirnmrgenerat use." Leaving
out of view the increase 6f price occasioned
by the company which hns obtained tin
privilege of exclusive proprietorship of the
Seyssel asphaitum beds, its price will ah
ways remain on account of the expense incurred
in cutting it out, me.ting in order tc
purify it, and in carriage.
In Paris, Mr. Bnlliante substitutes artifi.
cial asphaitum for natural, with great success.
He bays up at a very low price the
bituminous remnants from coal thrown oui
of the retorts employed in preparing the car
buretted hydiogen gas used for lighting th<
streets ; to these he add? pitch, and melu
the whole together in boilers, mixing it uj
with earth reduced to a hoe powder, oiftet
and dried, and at last pours it into forms ii
which the composition cools and hardens.'
In this simple manner a material is obtained
which has the same qualities as natural as
phaltum.*
Tho bituminous matter must he melte<
carefully, without allowing the fire to be
come too powerful, as it very easily take
fire. After it has been a sufficient tim
melted, a considerable part ofthe oily matte
evaporates, and the mass becomes thicket
The degree of liquidity ought to be sue
that it may be easily mixed up with the pul
verized earth. This should be done wit
great care, so as to make of it a complete!
uniform mass, in which the unassisted ey
should not be able to dis.inguiih the parti
cles of earth.
In imitations of natural asphaitum lim
was at first mixed with the pitch ;but expei
ience soon showed that any pulverised mi
teial would answer tho purpose, only it mui
be thoroughly dry and very finely powdei
. -aA . -T\h*? pr.iprtrtif?n in yllip!l I* gtirmM I'
added is not as yet positively determinci
At present four parts (by weight) ofpowdei
cd oarth nrc mixed with one of bituminou
matter. The forms in o which the artifice
asphaltum is poured may be varied at iriii
For greater convenience of carriage, th
size of the pieces does net exceed a cub!
foot. The inner surface of the forms mus
be of polished metal, that the asphuiuin
may not adhere to it. M. Brilliante make
use Offcast iron forms.
Asphaltum possesses a quality inva!uabl<
in the art of building; that of being perfect
ly impenetrable to water. In warm weath
er it is somewhat flexible, so thatu slight in
equality of the surface on which it is laic
does not prevent its durability ; but in col<
weather it becomes brittle. 11 attaches itsel
strongly to any dry, rongh surface, ond doei
not allow water to pass through whero i
has been joined together by heat.
Artificial blocks may be made of asphal
turn, and laid like blocks of stone or bricks
but a preferable method of using it 19, t<
j .ofit by its property of being easily melted
and to pour itjout upon the spot, in one soli*
mass, it is generally useless, and only oc<
casions unnecessary expense to have it vcrj
thick.
Its ptroper use is evidently to cover th*
surface of a pavement or building, when i
is required to render them water-proof, o
to give them a considerable as well as uni
form power of resistance against friction.
For this purpose it is sufficient to pou
a thin layer from one to two inches in thick
ness, over the surface of a building, of what
ever material, earth, wood, stone, &c.', i
may be composed, and in whatever positioi
'he surface to be covered may be placed,
ft is only necessary it be dry and rough
The usphaltum shoald at once be poure<
over to the full thickness required, as ho
asphakum will not attach itself to cold, au<
it cannot therefore be poured over in sue,
cessiirc layers.
It is equally useless and unnecessarily ex
pensive to make use of pure osphaltum ; i
it is melted on the spot where i
is wanted, and to one part of it are adde<
three of dry, coarse-grained, hard sand
which has been first passed through a seivc
in order to cleanse it, and to obtain grain
of uniform &iz2 ; it is then carefully mixei
together, and this composition is used in tin
work. For the sake ot brevity, howevei
we will sometimes call it simply asptialtum
I will now describe, as I witnessed it ii
Paris, the way in which one of the boulevard
was paved with natural and artificial asphal
turn : the method in both cases was precise
ly the same.
One each side of the boulevard is laid
oorJon of hewn stones ; the one towards th
houses rather higher than the opposite one
consequently the surface of the asphalturr
extending in a straight liuo between then
>fr. Lebianc, engineer of biidges and roa<3
at Lyuna, first discovered that with a mixtur
of pitch the composition hardens very speedil}
but without if always remains in ? soft condi
is inclined towards the street, which allows
. water to run off. After levelling the ground
between tbese cordons, a hydraulic beton
is spread over it and levelled ; the surface of
' this must be as much lower th&n the top of
i th-* cordons as the thickness of the layer of
' asphaltum, viz. about an inch and a half.?
i When the beton is thoroughly dry, it is
time to commence pouring the asphaltum
upon it.
It may, however, be observed, that the
> beton beneath the layer of asphaltum hat
7 been more of lately found to bo altogether
' superfluous. If the quality of the soil itself
1 be good, it is sufficient to spread over the
place a layer of the same kind of earth, then
to level, tread down, and smooth it with the
f roller just before pouring over it the (petted
asphaltum ; where the soil is soft,a layer
> of clean sand will prove as durable a found!
ation for the asphaltum as a betdn.
> The wwftjrcririftliM 10 drt wesifitr,
1 because aapfialTum will 'not adhere to the
1 wet surface ; besides, any water remaining
1 under it, not being able to evaporate, wiH
- freeze in cold weather, and consequently
force up the layer of asphaltum.
' In cose of a sudden and brief shower, of
rain, the work is stopped, and the surface
? prepared for the reception of the asphaltum * ?
' is covered over wi.h mats, which imbibe-a
5 phrt of the water. The work is not renewt
ed until the surface upon which the aspbqi* r V
' turn is to be poured has become sufficiently
1 dry.
1 A moveable s'ove is employed in tl*?
5 work, made of sheet iron, 3 1.2 foot high,
and 2 1-2 in diameter. The upper part
1 contains a boiler, which is used for melting
? the asphaltum, or for drying the coarse
'? sand and gravel which is to be mixed with ft.
Around the lower part of the stove are
drawers (or boxes,) used also for drying
3 sand and gravel.
After filling up the boilor with one part
8 of asphaltum and three parts of clean and
perfectly dry coarse-grained sand, the mixr
ture is stirred up thoroughly, until it becomes
' a uniform mass; it is then ladied out into
h small buckets, and immediately carried to
I* the place where it is wanted. The stove is
h placed within ten fathoms Of the place
y where tlie work is going on, that the asphalB
tarn may not become cold on the way thitbi
er. The number of stoves mwit of course
. depend upon the extent of the work, and the
18 degree of activity with which it is carried
r- on. The asphaltum is poured across the
i- boulevard in stripes of 2 1-2 feet wide. An
st iron rule is first placed perpendicularly 16
r- the cordons, its height being equal to the
' upper surface even With and touching the
- edge of the cordon on each side. The as
* phaitum ia then poll red from a bucket, be.
d ginning from the upper cordon, in order that
' it may flow down the decliviiy. By meant
0 of a wooden shovel it is spread over the
c whole width of the stripo, is levelled, and
aided in its course downwards, or kept back,
n in order that the thickness of the layer may
8 be nowhere less than that required. A t the
tame time a hot iron is drawn along the
9 edge, in order to unite it with the adjoining
* stripe already cooled. After this a very thin
* layer of coarse dry sand or gravel is scatter.
- ed upon the still soft surface, and irome*
J diately pounded ro; this enters theosphal*
turn, and form9 a firm crasf, preventing it
f from melting by the heat of the sun, and
* adhering to the feet of passengers.
1 The Asphaltum is poured out every two
or three minutes, from buckets containing
' not above half a robic foot each. The tea.
? son of the smailn sas of the backets, as well
> as tho narrowness of the successive Vripes
* of asphaltum, is that one may have time to
' spread out and level it with a shovel be'
fore it cools.
f In some parts of the boulevard the artificial
asphaltum has been forced upondeven
? split; this proceeded not from the bad ^an11
ity of the material, as some suppose, but
r merely from the work having been cftrticd
" on in wet weather. fc ^
? / i r
j The repairing 01 a layer u? aspiM^M ^
r a very simple affair; it is only necessary to
' break out the injured part, remeit it, and
* pour it back again, uniting it with the aor- 1
rounding osp.iabum by means of a hot iron.
D in England M. Cassel has taken out a
jiflfpnt fnr th*? nf artificial asphaitum. In
this patent his mode of employing itisde 1
scribed at length; but it is much mo re comj
plicated, and not a whit better than the
French, for which reason I spare my readi
- ers the details of it.
Some have tried to muke asphaitum from
' common far, and.with success; but k m
1 quires to be boiled for a long time in order
J to expel a groat part of the oily particles,
* and thus to obtain a consistent mass, which
'? will harden at the usual temperature of the
? atmosphere.
s Asphaitum may be also employed with
^ advantage in paving streets and cliaussies,
e beingpoured in a layer over the broken
'? stone employed in Macadamizing.
a From thr> New York Obvserer.
8 THE DAGUEBEOTIPS.
The following isnn extract from a private
letter of Professor S. F. B. Morse to the ed*
itor of the Observer, dated, Paris, March
a 9ib.
0 " You have perhaps heardoftho pagoer?'
rotipe, so called from the discoverer, ?.
' guerre. It is one of the most beautiful dis
'? coveries cf the age. I don't kuow if you
recollect some experiments of mine in New
" - ? wh^n I had my
,* Haven, many yean ugi'i f%
printing room next to Prof. SiUimun'g, ejc,
i. periments to ascertain if it were to fix the
imago of the Camera Obscttrrt* I frm Abb
' T. / A<