The Bamberg herald. (Bamberg, S.C.) 1891-1972, August 10, 1916, Page 2, Image 2
? SEROND YEAR OF CONFLICT.
iS:
END OF TWENTY-FOUR MONTHS 1
OF WORLD COMBAT.
?a' ??? !
Chronicles of Past Twelvemonth '
Show Bloody Fighting With No
Decisive Results.
The second year of the world wai 1
closes with the "Battle of Europe,' :
a concerted effort of the allies on ]
<
three fronts to crush the central pow- ?
ere, which has developed into a titan <
m ic struggle before which superlatives, 1
already exhausted, are completely
beggared. j J
uvanno and Oreat Britain in thejl
A' ? wuvv
west, Russia in the east, Italy in the 1
H[ south are hurling wave after wave of ]
armed men on. the Teutonic lines, to- <
gether with an avalanche of shells 1
and bombs such as the world has not <
^, known dp to the present time. For 1
the first time the Teutons are, tern ^
gg porarily at least, on the defensive on ]
the thousands of miles of the exist- '
pfc- ing battle fronts. 1
The change in the situation which 1
p* the year has brought is striking, al- ]llpy;
though the results so far have been 1
|p more potential and spectacular than
? . radical. A year ago the Germans,
gfe continuing their great drive against s
the -Russians, hurled the Slavs back 3
|||;; along the entire Eastern front, cap- :
tured Warsaw, the great fortresses {
of Kovno, Novogeorgievsk and Brest- <
Litovsk and established lines far in- 1
side Russian territory which they ]
^ maintained virtually unbroken until 1
g within the last three months. They i
f/'\ seized all Poland, a great slice of Rus- (
isia to the south of that country ana
expelled the invaders from Galicia :
and Bukowina. Field Marshals von
Hindenburg and von Mackensen were
the heroes of these great successes.
Three Big Battles.
On the western" front the changes
in position during the year were com
paratively small but the twelve
months were marked by three events
of interest: The battles of Champagne
and Verdun and the opening
of the great Franco-British offensive
on the Somme took place in this
; period.
The battle of Champaigne opened!
on September 25, after a week's ter.
rific bombardment of the German
lines by the French, British and Belgians.
In a week of the bloodiest ,
fighting that had been known up to j
that time the allies announced that
they had taken 20 miles of trenches, I
six towns and 23,090 prisoners. Butj ,
there they halted. They could hot j
break through the mighty German wall
and the grim deadlock which (
-marked the western front for so (
many months was resumed. The battle
of Champagne marked the removal
of Sir John French, the British 1
commander-in-chief, from the begin- ,
ping of the war up to that time. In *
December, 1915, it was announced j
that he had resigned to take a home I j
command and Sir Douglas Haig was 4
appointed his successor. j
3n sheer human interest the battle j
?TM>AKO KITT enmoccorl ftll
vi VC1UUU piUUUUIJ out i>u>wwvv> |
other individual events of the war. t
'$" On February 23 the German crown {
E . prince began his assault of the his- t
Wf- *?ric French fortress, known through- 1
jpfefc' out qaany centuries as the gateway <
to France. For five months the de- ^
||p tenders withstood a storm at the fury ]
p of which the world stood aghast. ^
Foot liy foot, almost inch by inch, ^
the Germans forged forward, with a ^
reckless disregard of their lives, a ,
tenacity and cool courage which was
only equalled by the heroic determination
of the French. On June 3 an
unofficial estimate of the German i
losses at Verdun placed the total at
the appalling figure of 450,000. The
pv assailants fought their way to withIn
about three and a half miles of
the fortress, but for several weeks .
have reported no further progress
O;' &n<l the force of their attacks apfv^Y
pears to have lessened.
The Allies' Counters hake.
I|^r" The Franco-British offensive on
||Y . the Somme opened on July 1, 1916.
jli was preceaea Dy a Domoardmeni
v of unparalleled duration and intensir
( ty,? featured by the appearance of i
new and gigantic British howitzers, j
Under this awful hurricane of big
gun fire the German first line defenses
crumbled. When the British
and French troops advanced they reported
that they found trenches in
which there was not a single survivor,
only the dead guarding the silent
rifles and machine guns. German
first lines were carried over an
.
extent of 25 miles and the second
positions pierced at certain points,
. but up to the present the fighting has
been indecisive insofar as the forc...
. . .
ing of the Germans to withdraw their
main lines is concerned. The fighting
has been of the bitterest possible
description and the reports of
press correspondents at ' the front
teem with accounts of the most
*u.'
amazing heroism and devotion on
both sides. Instances have been recorded
of the sole survivor of a company,
wounded and without hope,
who manned a machine gun and
fought to the last amid the bodies of
V ErSr~:'*;
'
.c/.V
U'.. * r
his comrades; of isolated detacn
ments who stood off their foes for
days until succor reached them or
death; of captured surgeons who
bound up the wounds of their cap
tors; of heroic rescues of wounded
comrades under fire and of countless
similar deeds that thrilled the
watching world.
The first move in the great allied
offensive was not made by the Franco-British,
however, but by the Russians.
On June 4 the troops of Emperor
Nicholas opened a tremendous .
issault on the Austro-German lines
on a 300 mile front extending from
the Pripet marshes to Roumania.
The Teuton lines held firm in the
i
aorth, but to the south Gen. Brussi!
[off swept with irresistible force
through the Austrian defenses, tearing
a great gap about 100 miles in
extent. Through this the Russians
poured, capturing Czernowitz, the
capital of Bukowina, and overrunaing
the crown land. The Austrian
losses are declared to have been enoraaous,
a month after the offensive
I
began the Russians making an official
announcement that over 200,l
)00 prisoners had been taken and at
[east an equal number killed or
svounded.
I
Battle for Lemberg. (
As the offensive developed the Russians
"won new successes further <
aorth and at the close of the war
rear are engaged in a mighty struggle
for Lemberg, the capital of Galijia.
The fighting has also extended
to the extreme north, in the RigaDvinsk
region, but here the Germans
bave held their own and no decisive
result has as yet been gained by
either side.
ill aiiuuim iiitxitre ui tiie wai mc
rear was marked by other and important
Russian successes. Following
the disasters on the eastern front
in the closing months of 1915 the
Grrand Duke Nicholas was removed
is commander-in-chief of the Russian
armies and sent to take charge
3f the operations against the Turks
in the Caucasus. After months ot .
preparation he began a great drivb
icross Armenia in January, 1916,
vhich resulted in the capture of Erzerum
and the port of Trebizond and
ixpelled the Turks from the greater
part of Armenia. After a comparative
lull of some months the grand
luke resumed his advance simultan- 1
souslv with a serious uprising against
the Turks by the Arabs in Arabia.
The Arabs took the sacred city ot
Mecca, Jiddah and Taif and besieged
Medina, the city where Mohammed
was buried and one of the holiest
spots of the Mohammedan world. In
the meantime the Russians took
Mamakhatun and Baiburt, but these
pperations have not yet reached a
lefinite conclusion.
In connection with the Turkish
campaign the year saw a serious re- 1
rerse for the Franco-British arms 1
md a less important but highly dramatic,
disaster for the British. The
iisastrous attempt of the French and 1
British to force the Dardanelles and
seize Constantinople was definitely
ibandoned in November, 1915, and '
:he allied troops withdrawn from the '
jallipoli peninsula. About 150,000
roops had been used in this venture, 1
supported by a mighty fleet. Six bat;leships,
five British and one French, 1
were sent to the bottom as well as
some minor craft and the casualties 1
were unofficially reported to be alnost
equal to the original number of 1
:he' expeditionary force. This was
:he result of six months of some of
:he most sanguinary fighting of the
war.
The Capture of Townshend.
The second disaster of the British
was the surrender of 10,000 troops
under Gen. Townshand to the Turks
it Kut-el-Amara on the Tigris. This
expedition had made a sensational
lash more than 300 miles up the
river in an attempt to seize Bagdad.
It was within ten miles of the city
when it was decisively defeated by
n- m 1 - - - J ?A
CH0 llirKS <111U lUlCCU tu tail uavn.
100 miles. Here it was surrounded
and forced to surrender after a relief
force had made several vain efforts
at rescue.
Two new nations entered the ranks
of the belligerents during the year.
On October 13, 1915, Bulgaria threw
in her lot with the central powers and
on March 9, 1916, Germany declared
war on Portugal after the republic
had seized all German ships interned
in her ports.
The entrance of Bulgaria into the
arena was signalized by a combined
assault on Servia by Austria, Germany
and Bulgaria, which resulted
in the complete overwhelming of the
hopelessly outnumbered Servians and
the subjugation of their country.
The remnants of the Servian army
were driven across the frontier into
the wilderness' of Albania whence
11 3 1 XT T~> _* X? 1,
uiey were rescueu uy uie dhusu,
French and Italians. They were
shipped to Corfu, where they were
reorganized and reequipped and later,
to the number of about 100,000,
joined the Franco-British forces at
Saloniki. The survivors of the Gallipoli
campaign were also gathered
at the Grecian seaport as well as a
large British army from Egypt. This
combined force is estimated at 600,t
000 men and is presumably being i
held for an attempt to wrest Servia t
from the Bulgarians. a
The Italian Seesaw. ^
The principal success won by Austrian
arms during the year was a c
g
great offensive undertaken against .
J
Italy in May. The Austrian forces
swept the Italian invaders back over
a wide stretch of country in the
southern Tyrol, reconquered about ^
270 square miles of Austrian territory
and carried the battle into Italy.
The Italians rallied, however, and at
the close of the 12 months had re
c
gained a large portion of ground and
were vigorously pressing a counteroffensive
in accordance with the plans
of the entente for concerted action. 0
c
On the sea the year witnessed an .
event of surpassing interest. The 1
g
German grajid fleet, steaming out
from its mine fields and impregnable
g
harbors of Kiel and Wilhelmshaven,
engaged the British fleet in the
mightiest naval battle of history.
g
The battle was fought off the coast
of Jutland on May 31. Its results
are so obscured by the conflicting r
g
claims of the combatants that they
will probably not be definitely known 0
until the war is over, if then. The y
Q
Germans assert that the British lossg
es were far heavier than theirs and
?
on that ground claim the victory.
The British, denying greater losses,
point to the fact that they still control
the seas as the basis of their
r
right to the title of victors. London
j
also claims that since the battle 200
1 "V
British ships, which had been tied
up in Baltic ports since the beginning
of the war, have been able to
make their way to English ports unmolested
by German warships.
The German omciai account or tne
fight says that the British losses were
117,150 tons as against 60;720 tons
?j
sunk by the British. The British ad?
i
miralty makes no attempt to estimate
the loss in tonnage, but unotflcial
British estimates place the Ger?
man loss at 109,220 tons against
112,350 for the British. Officially
the Germans have admitted the loss
of only one capital ship, the Lutzow,
26,600 tons,'a battlecruiser surpassing
in tonnage and armament many
g
battleships. The British claim to
have sunk in addition two dread\
noughts and probably a third. The .
principal losses admitted by them for
their side are the three battlecruisers,
the Invincible, the Indefatigable and
the Queen Mary. '
Great Kitchener Lost. l
One other event on the sea aroused ^
intense interest. On June 5 Field $
Marshal Earl Kitchener, Great Bri- x
tain's famous minister of war, was c
drowned with his staff off the Ork- t
neys when the cruiser Hampshire g
went down. It was ay first though a
the cruiser had been the victim of a
submarine but this theory was gen- \
erally discarded when it was learn- s
ed that the warship had struck a t
mine and gone down in the midst ot a
a terrific storm. c
The second year of the war was a t
memorable one as far as the United e
States was concerned. It marked the
apparent final passing of the crisis j
between this country and Germany r
over the submarine warfare which \
threatened more than once a rupture t
of relations and even war. The sink- c
ing by a submarine without warning r
of the White Star liner Arabic, with
the loss of two American lives, created
a profound impression in the
United States. Germany sent a note
to Washington in September plead- 1
ing self-defense and offering to refer
the question of compensation to
The Hague but this was regarded c
with disappointment by the Wash- I
ington government and the situation 1
became very tense. In October Ger- i
many disavowed and regretted the t
sinking of the Arabic.
Five months later the French i
steamship Sussex was torpedoed with- i
out warning while carrying more <
than 300 passengers, including a t
number of Americans, across the t
English channel. About 50 persons i
were killed and this incident brought 1
the submarine situation to an acute <
Germany at first disclaimed ?
responsibility for the attack on the
Sussex but the evidence accumulated (
by the United States appeared so 1
overwhelming that President Wilson 1
on April 18 dispatched to Germany a 1
note which was virtually an ultima- 1
turn, and on the following day per- i
sonally appeared before congress and <
laid the entire problem before that <
body. On May 10 Germany admitted <
the submarine attack on the Sussex s
and promised that no more liners or f
merchantmen would be sunk without <
warning and without ample oppor- 1
tunity for the escape of crews and 1
passengers. These promises were
considered satisfactory by the presi- <
dent and the war cloud lifted. Since t
that time a large number of ships 1
have been sunk by German and Aus- i
trian submarines but the rules of
international law have been generally
observed.
The Going of Pumba. ,
Another cause of friction between i
the United States and the central
powers was also removed during the i
year. Since the outbreak of the war
certain propogandists had been busy :
nstigating strikes in munition facories
which had contracts with the
illies and in endeavoring in other
rays to interfere with this trade. For
lis activity in this respect the recall
if Dr. Constantin Dumba, Austrian
imbassador, was requested by Presilent
Wilson in September. The folowing
December, for similar reaons,
the president requested the reall
of Capt. Boy-Ed and Capt. von
3apen, naval and military attaches
espectively to tfte (ierman emoassy.
number of convictions were obtained
in the criminal courts in other
ases and the propaganda ceased.
Apart from events in the actual
yar theatres the most striking event
>f the year in connection with the
onflict was an uprising in Ireland
n April. The outbreak was organized
by a society known as the Sinn
""em, committed to the principle of
.n independent Ireland. Bloody
ighting took place in Dublin in
rhich hundreds of lives were lost
,nd the heart of the business secion
destroyed, at a cost of many
trillions of dollars.. The fighting was
poradic elsewhere in the islands and
>f minor importance. The revolt
vas finally crushed and the ringlead.vs
executed. It led, however, to an
.gitation which resulted in the govirnment
preparing a temporary home
ule bill which it expects to pass
hrough parliament this fall.
Just before the outbreak of the
ebellion Sir Roger Casement, fornerly
in the British consular serrice,
was arrested on the west coast
>f Ireland where he had attempted
o land a cargo of arms sent from
Germany, j He was tried later for
ligh treason and sentenced to death.
The Terrible Cost.
No definite figures can be given of
he cost of the great war in blood
tnd gold but the most reliable estinates
present figures so vast that
hey become'practically meaningless,
n March, 1916, the United States
general army staff estimated that the
otal losses in men to all the belligerents
since the war began were 13,)33,000.
The exact figures for any
eountry are unavailable.
As to the money question figures
Lre more reliable but still vague,
rhey present sums which are so berond
anything previously known to
nternational finance, so impossible
>f any human comparison, that they
>ecome little more than a jumble of
igures. In march Dr. Karl Helferich,
secretary of the imperial treasiry
of Germany, estimated that the
var was costing all the combatants
n rrr AAA AAA ^ ^1* ?. ? {>11 f A A AAA
>?5 < d,vuu,vuu <x ween, ur
100 a year. William Michaelis, an)ther
Germans financial expert, put
he yearly cost at the vaster sum of
>15,000,000,000 and other financial
mthorities gave even higher figures.
On July 17 Reginald McKenna,
3ritish chancellor of the exchequer,
tated in the house of commons that
he expenditures for Great Britain
done were $30,0000,000 daily. He
lid not say, however, how much of
his incredible sum represented war
expenses.
Within the last few months there
ias been some talk of peace in Gernany
and considerable peace activity
)y unofficial bodies in various counries,
but there has been little inditation
that the chancelleries of Euope
are at present seriously considering
a close of hostilities.
BYRNES AND BYRNS.
low Kindly Tennesseean Aided
South Carolina Congressman.
Representative James F. Byrnes,
>f South* Carolina, is certain that
tepresentative Joseph W. Byrns, of
Tennessee is about the most accomnodating
man in congress, if not in
he entire country.
You can see for yourself the simlarity
of the names. When Byrnes
vas nominated for congress in South
Carolina, where the nomination on
die Democratic ticket is equivalent
;o being elected, several hundred
voters in the district assumed that
Byrnes was henceforth a member
ind began to write to him, making
ill manner of requests.
All this mail went to Joe Byrns,
)f Tennessee. Byrns reads the papers,
and soon figured out what was
:he matter, but did not have the
leart to shove off congressional dudes
on a man not yet a congressnan.
He simply looked after the
correspondence himself. If a South
Carolina man wrote for a horse book
jr a document Byrns of Tennessee
supplied it out of hi^ own quota. The
South Carolina folk passed many
sncomiums on the promptness with
which their congressman caught on
;o his new official chores.
Joe Byrns used up tons of good
energy looking after the correspond3nce
of the man with the name like
his before he even knew the man by
sight.?Detroit Free Press.
Proved.
The Sunday-school teacher was not
satisfied with Ellen's unsupported assertion
that she had been christened
in orthodox manner.
"How do you know you have?"
she asked.
"Because I've got the marks on
ray arm," said Ellen.?Puck.
f
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