The Bamberg herald. (Bamberg, S.C.) 1891-1972, March 02, 1916, Page 2, Image 2
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I
WHY BIG GUNS MISS MAKK.
;
Explanation of Apparent Haphazard ,
Shell Fire Head About in Heports.
_____
Capt. H. J. Jones, inspector of ord%
nance machinery of the British army, ,
tells the factors affecting the accurac
cy of fire and range of big guns, and
gives some causes that will explain
the apparent haphazard shell fire that J
we read of in the reports from the '
war, and why the shots from big
c
guns so frequently miss their mark,
says the engineer.
1. Whip?The whip or transverse
vibration of the muzzle portion of
long guns may be the source of very
large errors. It becomes pronounced
with 50-calibre guns, particularly if
they lack girder stiffness. The droop
of a 12-inch 50-calibre gun is from
0.3 inch to 0.4 inch, and its cantiliver
stiffness such that it makes from 130
to 150 complete vibrations per secf
ond. The velocity of the centre of
K*"'
the muzzle across the line of depar>
ture arising from this vibration may
he as high as fifty feet per second
with wire-wound guns. Assuming
|v the mean velocity along the rifling
? -4 /\ A A ? i % J ^
- - *ir A AAA
tO De 1,500 ieet per secuiiu, wc occ
that there will be about three com- '
T plete vibrations of the muzzle while
| the projectile is in the gun. The
gjj- projectile may leave the bore with '
the centre of the muzzle in any position
between its limits of vibrational
displacement, and the error in the
angle of departure is thus q,uite indeterminate
and fortuitous, and the
error of range symmetrically dispos- 1
||||p> ed about the mean.,
fc. 2. Firing Interval?This is the in?
derval between the layer pressing the
r trigger and the projectile leaving the
| , bore. With moving gun platforms it
| is the main cause of inacurate shooting.
The firing interval is made up
of two parts, one, from 0.08 to 0.13
second, during which time the tube
is fired, the charge ignited and the
band engraved, and the other, from .
0.022 to 0.035 second, representing
? r the time of travel of the projectile ]
along the rifling. In other words, the
| firing interval for a modern 12-inch!
gun is, on the average, about 0.122
Sib second. These figures, however, may
P&. \ be greatly exceeded with defective *
tubes and firing arrangements. '
ModeVn battleships have a meta- 1
centric height of from 3.5 feet to 4.5 1
i? . feet, and a period of about 8 seconds (
I for a single roll of 5 degrees. This is *
equivalent to a maximum angular ve/
locity of 15 minutes of angle per 0.10 v
M second. Hence if we assume that .the
layer does not alter the elevation between
the instant of pressing the trigger
and the .projectile leaving the
K; bore, -the average firing interval
I means a possible error with the 12H
inch of 16.3 minutes elevation. Since
1. minute alteration of elevation at
10,060 yards corresponds to about 15
to 20 yards on the water, we see that,
due to a moderate roll of 5 degrees,
every round may be a miss, although
| ~ the marksmanship of the layer be
perfect.' Under such conditions firing
for individual hits is the merest futility;
firing by salvo becomes imperative.
3. Air Spacing?When using re|v\
duced charges a considerable space
jf' exists between the end of the charge
and the base of the shell. Wave
pressures are likely to be set up, giving
rise to irregular burning and irJ
. regular muzzle velocity.
0/ 4. Propellant?Th^ acceptance
limits of a lot of new powder define
the probable variation or muzzle ve- *
I locity from round to round. These t
: limits become extended when lots of b
varying ages of different makes are c
in use, and, speaking generally, the c
mean velocity from any one lot shows ^
/a progressive fall with age. ^
5. Projectile?Three qualities of
If.. projectiles which effect the ballistic i
co-efficient?size, weight, balance, ^
etc.?will vary from round to round.
The limits of variation are determin- c
ed mainly by questions of expense in I
manufacture and inspection. c
6. Steadiness?The co-efficient of I
steadiness is affected by the position ^
of the centre of form, the speed ro- c
tation, initial centering and the ac- I
a 1 1 i: ti?r
luai gu.li tjievauun. riujctmcs m tuc ^
descending branch of high-angle tra- c
jectories become increasingly un- I
!>' stable as the elevation is increased, i
Laying?As a rule, layers have a c
personal prejudice for laying either i
high or low, and in a bad light, in *
rain and mist, or when fatigued, ex- I
cited or impatient, they tend to ex- s
aggerate their specific defect. All t
laying depends on the personal judg- f
ment of the layer?the attainment of t
a state of mental satisfaction, in <
which a condition of equilibrium is ^
established between the feeling that t
"that is near enough" and -the ad- s
justment of muscular effort required s
to make it nearer. Most heavy guns *
are more easily depressed than ele- e
vated, and when following a target i
in a seaway the gun tends to take i
charge in depression, and is a very t
fatiguing mass to control in eleva- t
*ion. When laying by clinometer, if \
the bubbles be very lively, the layer i
becomes impatient, whereas, if the s
bubble be sluggisn, tne error or elevation
depends on whether the lost i
motion of setting be in elevation or 2
depression. 1
it'll ;
%
r< - isv *
l- '
m
Jump?Jump is very considerable
vith field carriages on bad ground,
md in the case of naval mountings *
raries not only with the same mountng
in different parts of the ship, but
ilso when the gun is trained on (liferent
bearings. Mountings carried 1
)n a pedastal with a ball race ot
small diameter, particularly if they
ire balanced mountings, are extremey
unstable, the jump varying be- x
iween positive and negative limits of
is much as half a degree. Errors of
elevation with those mountings are
Uso caused by the movements of the 1
t
?un members 011 the platform and by
:he tilting of the mounting by the a
;hrust at tne elevation an;. wim
lydro-pneumatic mountings the re- 11
3oil and angle of departure are great- E
v affected by the mere rate of fire, E
;he frothing of the liquid and the lib- 0
oration of air being dependent on s
the time interval of rest between the
r
rounds.
Dials?The dials are graduated c
from a calculated range that has been *
correlated to the shooting of one or f
more guns of the particular nature. f
A.ny individual gun, however, may
range consistely short or over, due to s
some pecularity not possible to de- e
fine. T
Instruments?There are a consider- 3
r
? v">? JnefrnrnontQl orrnfS
iUlty JLi U. ill U^i UI 1UOU UXXiVuv%?A V*?
which arise mainly from imperfect *
adjustment, such as telescopes out of s
r
plimation, displacement of the zero
reading of dials, range finders out .
pf level or incorrectly datumed, tide s
?ages incorrectly set, etc., that give a
permanently loaded error to the c
shooting of the gun.
Droop?This is caused by the heat
strains of unequal cooling during
manufacture or by a lack of girder c
stiffness. In both cases perceptible f
modifications of the droop are f
brought about during firing or by c
:he heating effect of mere sunshine. 1
liases have been met where the bend t
pf field guns is beyond -the condemn- t
ing limit when measured in the gun C
park, but four or five minutes less 1
after the guns had been heated by "v
exposure to a tropical heat for three I
lours. c
Choke and Metalic Fouling?The 1
effect of choke and metalic fouling c
is not only to increase bore resist- a
ance and thus cause variable muzzle s
velocities, but also to make one gun *
liffer from another of the same na
:ure at the same period of its life. a
The effect depends on whether the E
jhoke or coppering occurs in such a *
position that the fate of burning of *
die charge is affected by lowering '
;he normal rate of explosion of the 4
pore gases. Heavy guns, which cop- a
per rapidly, may lose as much as *
Ifty yards per round at 5,000 yards, f
Driving Band?When projectiles 1
ire fired for recovery their driving 1
pands are found to be fanned, ec- c
jentric, worn smooth or multiply *
mgraved. This irregular action t
mplies variable engraving and 1
efiling resistance, and, in con- '
sequence, variable muzzle veloci- c
;y. In addition, with long shell, or *
vith a gun eroded at the commence- 1
nent of the. rifling oblique loading
esults, and heavy groove marking
>n the body of the shell itself.
Wear and Windage?Wear at the 1
jommencement of the rifling gives t
'ise to over-ramming and to an en- a
graving resistence less than that nor- g
nal for a new gun. Heavy guns I
lave a rapid rate of wear and rapid
ate of fall of muzzle velocity i:
or about the first eighty sounds of ^
heir life, a feature that is not exibited
by guns below about 51 inches *
:alibre, these latter having a greatly t
rntft nf fall of milZZle d
lllUAUAOU*u0 * v?vw w? .....
relocity through their life. General f
vear of the bore gives rise to gas r
jscape, fusing the driving band, ir- a
egular rotation and a fall of muzzle 11
velocity. a
Wet Chamber?This is a fruitful
;ause of lack of agreement between s
)erformance and intention. When e
charges are burning in a gun the e
>rincipal mode of heat lot to the
T
vail is by radiation. Tne magnitude x>?
this heat loss is not generally apireciated,
although it is of the order
>f 10 per cent, of the total heat of
:ombustion. The most important
iractical fact to remember, however, ^
s that the rate of absorption of ra- '
liant heat greatly depends on the
nere condition of the surface differg
mce of polish or of wetness hardly
perceptible to the eye, causing a condi
siderable change in the rate of heat
xansfer. Water in the chamber affects
the ballistics in two ways. Wa;er
being opaq,ue to radiant heat reluces
the initial heat loss to the .
vails by radiation, and water left in '
he chamber after sponging out absorbs
heat on being converted into
steam. The initial greasiness of the _
?un in its effect on radiation, may n
wnlnin f Vi"mvetorv" n f thp first S
;Apiaii.i (.110 IIIJ ukv v*. - - ?
ound. The quantity of water left p
n the chamber depends largely on 1
he drill, and also on the shape of c
he chamber and the elevation of the f
?un. Quick-firing guns with fixed
immunition are not liable to this e
source of error. li
Ramming?Just as an over-ram- 0
ned projectile causes a loss of muz- r
sle velocity, so also does the slipping a
jack of a projectile cause a rise of e
TRIALS OF FARMER IX TOWN. j
"ouiid it Unbelievably Hard to Separate
Luxuries From Necessities.
A farmer sold his property to live j
a the city, because his city friends
wore good clothes, had money in
heir pockets, went to the movies, beonged
to clubs and enjoyed a yearly
acation." He found, however, that
he city man pays dearly for these
uxuries.
"We came to know," he said, "that
t was just as hard for the city man
o get up at 7 o'clock in the morning
s it was for the country man to get
ip at 5. Why so? Because he must
iot relax; he is ever on duty. He
nust smile at this person. He dares
iot notice any one's peculiarities or
ddites or unreasonableness. The reult
is he must find his relaxation in
he evening; therefore, the family
arelv gets to bed before 10 or 11 1
'clock, and 7 in the morning finds *
hem just as sleepy and far less rereshed
than 5 found him on the (
arm. (
"We found going to work for .
omebody else every day in the year {
ixcept Sunday and perhaps a two j
veeks' vacation, under somebody else I
ls manager, didn't exactly suit our t
ountry spirit of freedom. We came 1
o know that our friends saved ^
carcely a cent; and, furthermore,
ne couldn't exactly see how they
vere extravagant. In the city it
eems unbelievably hard to separate
uxuries from necessities."?Philalelphia
Public Ledger.
In the Ocean Graveyard.
One very satisfactory explanation
>f the high rates now being charged
or shipping cotton abroad will be
ound in the marked disappearance
>f ships as a consequence of the war.
The sigr ificant fact stands out that in
he 17 months during which there
ias been fighting at sea, nearly 2,- I
i00,000 tons of ships have been sunk. .
This tonnage was represented by 990 j
ressels of all kinds. The record for
England is 602 ships, with a tonnage >f
1,192,551. Against this is a Gernan
loss of 65 ships, with a tonnage \
>f 161,888. The United States, not I
Lt war, has lost seven vessels repre- ]
enting a tonnage of 14,087. Lloyd's
tegister Book for 1915-16 places the 5
sntire British tonnage at 1,732,700, j
md by these figures England's ton- |
tage now afloat amounts to but 540,.59.
On the other hand, Germany's
onnage has been reduced from 4,
'06,027, leaving afloat at this time,
,544,139. The figures are for steam
md sailing vessels. In the losses are
ncluded 50 steamers of over 5,000
one, but the giant victim was ,the
jusitania, with a tonnage of 30,396.
.Tiere should be no confusion of ships
>n which Americans were lost and
Lmerican-owned ships. As indicated
he latter have been few, the Willam
P. Frye being the most no-table.
7hat ship was sunk by a German
ruiser. Of the remaining six, four
ver& sunk by striking mines.?Char- ,
otte Observer.
Girl Soldiers? No!
1 i
A full battalion of girls, physical- j
y vigorous, well balanced and able- j
>odied, prepared and trained to fight j
,nd thoroughly armed, would be a .
xeat asset to our country.?Mrs.
Mitnam, at Vassar college.
An asset in the show business, but
n war a liability, like the Prince of
Vales at the front.
"There is no such thing as sex ineriority,"
says Mrs. Putnam, and in "
he large sense that is true. But in
etails, like soldiering, there is in-j
eriority, and she tells some of the'
easons for it: Because "a man hasj
, stronger physique * * * and more
ervous and emotional stability than ,
woman."
Why train first-rate girls to make!
econd-rate soldiers when there are;
nough men for that industry? In an j
xtremity, when men are scarce, j
here is something to be said for it.? j
Ate. |
Growing.
Little Sydney had reached the maure
age of three, and was about to;
liscard petticoats for the more many
raiment of knickerbockers, says
he New York Times. The mother
iad determined to make the occa-:
ion a memorable one. The break
ast table was laden with good things I"
nd the newly breeched infant was
ed into the room.
"Ah!" exclaimed the proud moth-'
r, "now you are a little man!"
Sydney was in ectasies. Displayng
his garments to their full vanage,
he edged close to his mother _
,nd whispered: 1
"Can I call pa Bill now?" 1
- c
nuzzle velocity. A six-inch shell, J
lipping back six inches, may be ex- j ected
to give a maximum pressure of j
5 tons above the normal and an in- j ,
rease of muzzle velocity of about 60
eet per second.
External Ballistics?The general j
xternal ballistic conditions, particuarly
the extent, direction and speed!
f gusts of wind, are quite indeter- J '
ainate, and the errors of direction j *
,nd range to which they give rise are j
ntirely beyond prediction. !
mil ORDERLIES
THE IDEAL LAXATIVE
Prominent New Orleans Druggist is
Authority For This Statement
7Z ]
... .
P. A. CAPDAU
tvho owns and operates one of the bij.
stores in New Orleans, says:
"1 am of the opinion that Rexall Or
ierlies are the ideal laxative for men
svomen and children. This opinion is
based upon my knowledge of the for
mula and upon what my customers
say about them. Through personal ex
perience, I know they are pleasant to
take, gentle in action, and give the
same pleasing results when used by
men, women or children."
iVe have the exclusive selling rights for
this great laxative. Trial size, 10 cents.
MACK'S DRUG STORE
THE REXALL STORE
mgl PORTABLE AND STATIONARY
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AND BOILERS
Saw, Lath and Shingle Mills, Injectors,
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Saws, splitters, snans, runeys,
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ARQESTOCK LOMBARD
Poundry, Machine, Boiler Works,
Supply Store.
AUGUSTA, GA.
Piles Cured in 6 to 14 Days
four druggist will refund money 11 PAZO
)INTMENT fails to cure t ny case of Itching,
Mind, Bleeding or Protruding Piles in6 to 14 days.
The first application gives Ease and Rett 50c.
Best material and workmanship,
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catolog showing Engines, Boilers
and all Saw Mill supplies.
LOMBARD IRON WORKS &
| SUPPLY CO.
Augusta, Ga.
ro Drive Out Malaria
And*Build Up The System
rake the Old Standard GROVE'S
rASTELESS chill TONIC. You know
ffhat you are taking, as the formula is
printed on every label, showing it is
Quinine and iron in a rasieiess lorn.
Fhe Quinine drives out malaria, the
[ron builds up the system. 50 cents
FRANCIS F. CARROLL
Attorney-at-Law
Office Over Bamberg Banking Co.
GENERAL PRACTICE.
.BAMBERG, S. C.
RUB OUT PAIN
with good oil liniment. That's
the surest way to stop them.
}The best rubbing liniment is
MUSTANG
LINIMENT
? Good for the Ailments of j
I Horses. Mules. Cattle. Etc. I
Qood for your own Aches,
\ Pains, Rheumatism, Sprains,
Cuts, Burns, Etc*
25c. 50c. $1. At all Dealers.
R. P. BELLINGER
ATTORNEY AT LAW
Office Over Bamberg Banking Co.
General Practice
nvlgorating to the Pale and Sickly
Che Old Standard general strengthening tonic,
DROVE'S TASTELESS chi'l TONIC, drives out
dalaria.enriches the blood.and builds up the sys?
em. A true tonic. For adults and children. 50c
LIFE, FIRE, LIVESTOCK
HEALTH and ACCIDENT
INSURANCE
\>reiit for Superior Monument Co
?an Save you Money on Tombstones.
W.MAX WALKER
KHrtHAKIVT. S. ( .
"The time /
will come J
when you r /i
wish will be r
a new home* I
Save money now.
Small savings have beei
stances the means of mal
payment on a home.
The fact that you have
count brings about a con
results in better terms of ]
you could make if you did
is not so much the monej
standing a Bank account
That's where we can helj
with one dollar.
4 per cent Interest Paid on Sai
PFHPI FQ
I Bamberg, Imjurw
i*
A ARE YOU SATISFIED
A THEM? IF NOT, GIVE
A TRIAL. I KNOW HOW
A AND SELL GROCERIES, A]
A PLEASE YOU.
it
* Good Goods?Lo
t
V
I APPRECIATE ALL TH
i> NESS GIVEN ME, AND \
V ALL IN MV POWER TO J
V PROFITABLE FOR YOU 1
I WITH ME.
T
?
J. J. BRABHJ
X "THE LIVE WIRE GROCER."
V
ly y y T^r y
I Which of the young men like 1
will hold his job if one of them is t
one may be discharged if he does
habits?
Just this sort of a thing is goi
young men?young men and OLD!
Do some THINKING and YO
our BANK.
Make OUR bank YC
We pay 4 per cent, int
pounded quarterly on sav
| Farmers & Mercl
V
At
N'v. x
WM .
q in many inking
the first K
s a Bank acfidence
-which
jurchase than
not save. It '
r as it is the
gives you?
) you. Begin
f
rings Deposits.
BANK
South Carolina
^J
tpiec ! t
/UlllJULT f )
Y\ 1
T
T
WITH *:
ME A A J
TO BUY A 4
SDI CAN A V
l
w Prices |
E BU8I- X
VTLL DO #
flAKE IT
ro DEAL Y
upcl
BAMBERG, S. C. I
Y
rW V V V V V V V ^
:
1/5 THE ?f
"PRUDENT*
YOUNG MAN? *
those in this picture j
;o be let out? Which m
\ not GHANGE his 1
ng on every day with
?R ones.
U will put money in
?UR bank j
;erest, comi
ings depsits
i. n i_ u
lanis oanK i
? \