The Bamberg herald. (Bamberg, S.C.) 1891-1972, November 05, 1903, Image 4
0 ' ;y: " . - F ' " ' ' ' ' ^>5" ^ '
THE BAMBEBG HERALD
ESTABLISHED IN APRIL, 1891
A. W. KXIGHT. Editor.
Rates?$i.oo per year; 50 cents for
six months. Payable in advance.
Advertisements?$1.00 per inch for
first insertion; 50c. for each subsequent
insertion. Liberal contracts made for
three, six, or twelve months. Want Notices
one cent a word each insertion. Local
" ~ . 1
notices sc. per line nrsi wees, 5c. an-iwards.
Tributes of Respect, etc., must
be paid for as regular advertising.
Communications?News letters or on
subjects of general interest will be gladly
welcomed. Those of a personal nature
will not be published unless paid for.
Thursday, Nov. 5, 1903
========
A Change of Style.
"When the present editor bought Tiie
Bamberg Herald a little over four years
ago, he found it a sheet of eight pages,
with only four columns to the page, which
"was entirely too small. We immediately
enlarged it to an eight-column four-page
yf\ sheet, and this week we carry out a prom?
ise made some time ago and again enlarge,
t- . We send out^this week an eight-page 6colnmn
rnneV. and we will continue this I
^ size. Possibly our patronage does not
"warrant the increased expense this enlargement
has been and will continue to
be to us, but we trust that our business
will increase. Certainly there is no such
>: thing as standing still in any business.
One must either go forward or backward,
( and The Herald does not propose to
N?., stagnate.
H Although this enlarged paper means
| more expenses every week, the price will
$ remain the same, $1.00 the year, but in
Bp;', the future we will insist on cash in adTance.
A large majority of our subscribers
now pay in advance, and we never
'have to send a statement to them. We
||ij> have concluded therefore that it is an injustice
to one man to take his money in
advance and allow another to pay during
or at the end of the year. Then, too, we
jSsSS cannot afford to print this size paper at
p the low pnce of fl.UU a year anct tane a
P* lot of time, trouble, and expense to collect
the dollar. Sometimes it is almost
. as much trouble to collect as it is to make
jjSy the money. True, we lose very little
. Jp iaoney by bad accounts, but it takes time
|| . and money to be forever sending out
M statements, and this we cannot afford unjgf
less we charged a higher price for subgfe:
scription. We trust our subscribers will
!% . ?ee the force of this statement, and herep
after keep the date on the label of their
gjfe paper ahead.
This size also gives us more room for
our advertisers as well as giving them
. better position, and we trust to receive an
| ^' increased patronage along this line. We
pjj/V;. do not intend to stop with this improveKi
,; ment, but^we hope before long that our
j$& people can point to their county paper
Pll: with just pride and say that it is one of
|ytv the very best in the State. We want a
' correspondent in every section, and we
&X trust hereafter to have one whole page
pil filled with news letters from all over the
county.
Bgfe Now, will not our subscribers speak a
' good word for the paper whenever and ;
If! wherever possible ? If you meet a man i
|\ who is not taking The Herald, ask him <
to take his county paper; if need be, send j
us his name so that we may send a sample <
copy and by this means get him interest- ]
f ?d and induce him to subscribe. There is <
no one so poor but can pay the small sum i
?. of one dollar a vear. and everv man in i
* Bamberg county ought to take his home ]
U paper in preference to all others. Then, <
mention advertising to the merchants i
III "with whom yon do business. If every
gfc. one of our subscribers talked advertising
to the merchants, it would not be very
long before we would have to again en- (
t0 accommodate them. If you like J
S|y ,tfce paper and believe in it, talk it up.
p.;- It costs you nothing and will help us to
print a better paper, for the more patronggv
age we get the better sheet we can and
^ will print. The Herald is not a charitable
institution and does not ask for support
and patronage on this ground, but
we give value received for every dollar
paid us. We intend to do this as long ]
||J ;r as we run the business. But we do think
^ if we print a paper worthy of support, we
fe-.', ought to have it. And we out not to have
Rpf. to beg for it, either. j
The case of Sam Parks, the New York
I walking delegate, is possibly one of the
& few (?) instances where ubad men" get in
1: control of labor unions. The courts there ?
Kr.: have iust convicted him of the crime of ?
E&W . .
rBi n* 1
Some newspapers in this State are of $
p the opinion that W. R. Hearst, of New t
I York, and Garter Harrison, of Chicago, t
t . should be the nominees of the Democrat- <
& . ic party for president and vice-president '
Y next year. There is no doubt but that r
Willie Hearst is after the presidential ]
f nomination, but Harrison does not seem t
to be paaking any special efforts towards
the vice-presidency. However, he is the <
better man of the two, and would make a
good presidential candidate. Hearst need
not be taken seriously, for the Democrats j
will never be so foolish as to nominate \
him. With Hearst to head the ticket we J
might as well be prepared to accept sure 1
defeat. We do not believe the Democrats ]
have any showing anyway, certainly not
as long as Bryan and his ideas dominate
the party, but there is no use even to put
np a fight if we can do no better than
Hearst for a standard-bearer, <
I ,i
t ;
Well, the Democrats did pretty well
for an off year in politics.
*
* *
Wonder who will say now that Gorman
is not a good man to head the Demo-;
cratic party next year ?
* *
Will Patrick, the Bennettsville wife
murderer, hang ? Will he be able to prove
that his wife had her hands in her pockets
and "wriggled" her thumbs?
*
Mass meetings and resolutions will not
do much to stop the crime of murder in
South Carolina. The hanging of some
"prominent" white men who are guilty
r ? _ t a 1 _ PC
01 u mignt ue more euecme.
*
* *
We fail to see how it was possible for
a jury to have acquitted the Laurens
murderer, Wham. No matter if he was
in his own home when he fired the fatal
shot, it seems to have been a case of wilful
murder. The article in reference to
the trial, copied from the Newberry Observer,
which we publish in another j
column in this issue, gives the exact facts !
in the case.
*
* *
A sensation is on in Newberry county.
The grand jury has presented the County
Supervisor for malfeasance in office. It
is charged that he has been drunk on
several occasions, and also had a sewerage
system installed at the county court
house and jail without asking for competitive
bids. There is one item in the
bill of $400 for incidentals, not itemized,
and the grand jury is naturally suspicious.
Would that we had more such grand
juries in South Carolina.
*
* *
A special term of court was held in
Orangeburg last week to try a negro
charged with assault with intent to commit
wna nr\An o n oi nrVit-TTOO rl TC*HitP
JJLLJ.V i C* ]J\s iuyyjxx ua J vui vivi If M??v
child. He pleaded guilty, and was sentenced
to imprisonment of ten years in
the State penitentiary. The sentence
was entirely too light, hut we presume
the law does not call for a more severe
penalty for an "attempt" only. If this is
the case, it should be changed at the nest
meeting of the legislature. Make even
an attempt a hanging crime, just as if the
intent was accomplished. Sentences of
ten years' imprisonment for crimes like
this breed lynchings. Make the law for
this crime as severe as possible, and enforce
it against white and black alike.
The law is some times as much at fault
as its enforcement. There are many defects,
especially for crimes which are capital
offenses.
ft
* *
An article by Rev. C. C. Brown, D. D.,
pastor of the First Baptist church in
Sumter, published in last Sunday's State,
is well worthy of perusal. It is headed,
"Back totkeMain Question," and discusses
how far an editor may go in exposing
the character of a man who offers for
public-office. He makes the point that
when one offers for public position, he
thereby invites the fullest and freest discussion
of his life and character, in order
that those whose votes he seeks may be
informed as to his mental and moral qualifications
for the office he aspires to. Then,
is it not only a newspaper's right but
duty as well to enlighten its readers ? - If
a man is morally unfit for public position,
should not the public be informed ? Why,
r?f rrmrse and the neonle treneralJv exnect
a newspaper to perform this unpleasant
duty. The voters naturally turn to the
press for information concerning a candidate,
and if there is anything wrong in a
man's life, they want to know it. And
just so long as the people demand it, the
newspapers will give the record of those
offering for public position, whether that
-ecord is good or bad.
A REMARKABLE CASE.
One of the most remarkable cases of a
:old, deep-seated on the lungs, causing
pneumonia, is that of Mrs. Gertrude E.
Fenner, Marion, Ind., who was entirely
:ured by the use of One Minute Cough
Dure. She says: "The coughing and
straining so weakened me that I ran down
n weight from 148 to 92 pounds. 1 tried
i number of remedies to no avail until I
lsed One Minute Cough Cure. Four bot;les
of this wonderful remedy cured me
entirely of the cough, strengthened my
nngs and restored me to my normal
veight, health and strength." Sold by
lt TT?
LI X' . UUUYC1.
Circus Tries to "Beat" (Greenwood.
Barnum and Bailey's circus exhibited
n Greenwood last week, and tried to
beat the town out of a license of $200 on
iircuses by pitching their tents outside
)f the incorporate limits. However, they
sold tickets, ballons, etc. on the streets,
md the Mayor didn't do a thing but arrest
several of the officials of the show and
nade them pay the $200 before they were
released. The circus people have had a
;ood deal to say in the daily papers about
he harsh treatment they received and
;alked of sueing the town for damages,
2tc. They will hardly do this, however,
rhey simply got what they deserved,
rhey tried to bluff Greenwood, but got
pinched, and we are indeed glad that
hey got the worst end of the transaction.
CHAMBERLAIN'S COUGH REMEDY
IS PLEASANT TO TAKE.
The finest quality of granulated loaf
sugar is used in the manufacture of Chamberlain's
Cough Remedy, and the roots
ased in its preparation give it a flavor
similar to maple syrup, making it quite
pleasant to take. W. L. Roderick, Poolesrille,
Md., speaking of this remedy, says:
T have used Chamberlain's Cough Reme3y
with my children several years and can
;ruthfully say it is the best preparation
bf the kind I know of. The children like
t and it has no injurious after effect." For
sale by Bamberg Pharmacy, Bamberg; H.
C. Rice, Denmark.
.. . *' r^>- i,; ^ v ;?*> J*"--.- '
TUESDAY'S ELECTIONS.
Democrats Win in Many States Considered
Republican.
Elections were held in several States
and in the city of New York on Tuesday.
The results are as follows:
McClelian, Tammany's candidate for
Mayor of New York, won by 70,000 votes.
Gorman wins for the Democrats in
Maryland. The Republicans will possibly
elect the governor here, but the legislature
is Democratic.
In Rhode Island a Democratic governor
was elected.
The Republicans carried Massachusetts
and Ohio. Hanua carried everything be
i fore him badly defeating Tom Johnson.
Pennsylvania also went Republican.
In Kentucky the Democrats were victorious
all along the line, and Governor
Beckham is re-elected by a handsome
majority.
In Iowa, Colorado, and Nebraska the
Republicans elected their candidates, and
in San Francisco the union labor candidate
for Mayor, Schmitz, was elected.
In New Jersey the Republicans won
enough members of the legislature to
control both houses.
I In Virginia a large majority of the
! general assembly elected are Democrats.
Taken all in all, the Democratic party
has reason to be proud of the results in
the several States. It puts the party in
fine fighting trim for 1904.
Robbery in Bennettsville.
Bennettsville, October 31.?Last
night robbers from the country drove a
team to the front door, on Main street, of
Simon Strauss's store, broke the thick
plate glass and entered the store. Much
clothing, several pairs of shoes, a number
of ladies' skirts, dry goods, some flour
and bacon were stolen. It is difficult to
discover just how much was stolen.- There
is no clue to the robbers.- Attempts were
made to enter other stores.
NOT A SICK DAY SINCE.
"I was taken severely sick with kidney
trouble. I tried all sorts of medicines,
none of which relieved me. One day I saw
an ad. of Electric Bitters and determined
to try that. After taking a few doses I
felt relieved, and soon thereafter was entirely
cured, and have not seen a sick day
since. Neighbors of mine have been
cured of rheumatism, neuralgia, liver and
kidney troubles and general debility."
This is what B. F. Bass, of Fremont, N.
C., writes. Only 50c, at J. J. Black's,
Bamberg; H. C. Rice's, Denmark.
BIRDS SING ON THE WING.
Their Notes ire More Chtrmlas
When WMtled During Flight.
The songs of all birds gain in beauty
when they are uttered on the wing.
They seem to be delivered with more
abandon and greater volume. The water
thrush's first cousin, the oven bird,
famishes a striking example of this.
His ordinary song consists of a repetition
of the same note, hammered out
with a constant crescendo.
Very effective it is, too, as a part of
the general music of the forest though
iac&ing lOUJVXlUiiJ aiiratuvcucBB vru
account -of the monotony of its iteration.
But when the bird rises above
the treetops and descends after tbe
fashion of the indigo bird to an accompaniment
of scattered notes he takes
far higher rank as a performer.
Not always, however, does he-require
the exhilaration and inspiration of an
aerial toboggan to cause him to abandon
his plain chant for a more florid
song. I have heard him sing the latter
perched on a grapevine not two feet
above tbe ground. And as if to show
that he did not reserve his superior
powers for special occasions he mingled
it with his plain chant and ending
with the song and sometimes reversing
this order.
I love to see the oven bird on the
ground. There is such a ludicrous assumption
of dignity on his part as he
strides about the stage, never for a
moment forgetting himself so far as to
hAn Thprp 1s the samp even, meas
ured steadiness about bis movements
that there is in his chant It is only
when he launches himself into the effervescing
song that he forgets his
staid demeanor.?Lippincotfs.
The Faee of an Engine.
A writer in the London Saturday Review
comments upon the fact that a
railway engine has a face and that the
face has on expression. "Look at an
engine," says the writer, "and you can
see that one looks noble?simply noble
in its strength; another, gigantic in
force, but not noble? an expression of
mere brute strength. Some engines
have a lofty, almost supercilious, expression;
others almost foolish. Some
have an air of smug stoutness. Then
there are engines that distinctly look
angry and others comparatively gentle.
What is the key to this physiognomy?
Where is the seat of expression? On
the whole, it seems to be the funnel."
The Wisdom of Foola.
Folly, in the abstract, has been denounced
alike by Scripture and ancient
heathen sages. "If I wish to look at a
fool," says Seneca, "I have not far to
iook. i nave omy 10 iook m a mirror.'
The Emperor Maximilian distinguished
the dullest of his counselors by the title
of the king of fools. Once when he addressed
a prosy adviser by this title the
gentleman neatly enough replied: MI
wish with all my heart I were king of
fools. I should have a glorious kingdom
and your imperial majesty would
be among my subjects."
Could Keep a Secret.
Smith?May I make a confidant of
you?
Jones?Why, certainly.
Smith?Well, I'm hard up and want
?10.
Jones?You can trust me. I am as
silent as the grave. I have heard
nothing.?Pick-Me-Up.
His TkrlftT War.
Muchmoney?Do you usually order
your dinner hy the card?
Nocash?No; by the price,?Cincinnati
Commercial Tribune.
Learning without thought is labor
lost Thought without learning is perilous,?Ctoxtfudus.
;r^ ;' ' >
ANCIENT FISH CURES
MEDICINAL VIRTUES THAT USED TO
DECK THE FINNY TRIBE.
Perch Wti Valued In Germany For
Its Curative Properties, and Carp
Was Held In High Esteem In Old
England?The Physician off Fishes,
Fishing literature prior to the days
and writings of Izaak Walton opens
up points of interest which are unique.
Isot the least interesting are the constant
references of the early writers to
the medicinal virtues of fish. Of course
many of the salt and fresh water fishes
mentioned by the old writers are
not recognised in the waters of today,
hut the fresh water nerch. earn, tench
and eel are yet recognized, and it is in
connection with these fish that some
of the quaintest ideas as to their medicinal
virtues have prevailed.
The Germans have a comparative
proverb which says, "More wholesome
than a perch of the Rhine," and it is
certain that from the earliest times
this familiar fish has been esteemed as
one of the best gastronomic productions
of fresh water. It has also been
ascribed medicinal virtues. Gesner says
that physicians value the perch so
much that they recommend it to be
freely eaten by wounded men, women
in childbed and those suffering from
dangerous fevers. Aldrovandus praises J
it and mentions that the two otooliths
("round bones") found in the head of
the perch are marvelously good for
stone in the bladder.
That the carp was esteemed In olden
times in England is certain. Dame
Berners, writing in her quaint "Treatysee
of Eyssbynge Wytb an Angle."
published in 1496, says, "The carpe be
a deyntous fish, but there ben few in
EngloDge." Being "deyntous"?L e..
"dainty"?it must have been a good fish
at that time to eat It has certainly
lost its character since then.
In the art of healing the carp plays a
respectable part One old writer speaks
of the fat of the carp as being of miraculous
power for the alleviation of
"hot rheumatism." The manner of its
application was by frequent rubbing
on the painful part and the effect was
said to be eminently mollifying and
salutary. The triangular bones in the
throat of the carp on* being ground to
powder and applied to a wound or
bleeding nose were said to act as styptic.
The gall was also said to have
been used for sore eyes, and "above
the eyes," says an old jEsculapius.
"two little bones exist semicircular in
shape, which are diligently preserved
by noble females against the lunatica!
disease."
In the "Haven of Health" carp are
also comprised in "the ten sortes of
fische which are reckoned as principal
* % %Al. M A
in tne preservation or neaiixi, auu,
adds the qnaint old writer, "this fish
is of great wholesomeness and great
value, and its tongue is very pleasant
to carping ladies."
A kind of first cousin of the carp is
what is known as the barbel. Such
ancients as Juvenal, Albertus and others
of that ilk evidence that it was
known and esteemed by the Roman
gourmet Plutarch mentions a curious
fact In its natural history. Dr. Badbam
in his "^rose Haleutks" translates
this passage as follows: "The roe
of the barbel is very poisonous. Antonio
Gazius took two boluses and thus
describes bis sensations: 'At first I felt
no inconvenience, but some hours having
elapsed I began to be disagreeably
affected, and as my stomach swelled
and could not be brought down by
anise and carminatives 1 was soon in a
state of great depression and distress.'"
It appears that his countenance was
pallid, like a man in a swoon. Deadly
coldness ensueo, anu vioiwji cuuiua
an<l vomiting came on. The barbel
(Barbus vulgaris) of today has survived
such poisonous qualities. Its flesh has
the taste of stewed white blotting paper,
and its roe is as innocuous as
bread pills.
All the same, good July ana Berners
shared the bad opinion of the earlier
writers. She says: "The barbyll is a
swete fish, but it is quashy mete
and perylous for mannys bodye. For
comynly be ynyth an introduction to
ye febris (fever), and if ye be eten
rawe he may cause of mannys detbe
whych hath often beene seene."
The tench which has been introduced
into some parts of this country, is an
olive greenish carp which has been for
long time termed in England the "physician
of fishes." According to a score
or more of authorities, ancient and
modern, the thick slime with which it
is covered exerts healing effect on all
wounds or diseases in which it can
come in contact on or in other fishes.
Whence this belief originated is not
known, but one instance of exact observation
is well worthy of credence.
Mr. Wright in his book on "Fishes and
Fishing" tells how a minnow accidentally
hooked in the water of an aquarium
in which it was swimming, on
breaking loose, immediately descended
three parts of the way down the water
and swiftly approached its nose to
the side of the tench which was its
companion in the aquarium. It rub'
' M a
oea lis noee iur a ten bkvuus uywn
the tench and then again swam about
as lively as before. To this testimony
Mr. Wright adds: "We (my friend
and I who were watching the performance)
were both of the opinion that it
is really no fable as to the tench being
the JSsculapius of fishes, for here was
an example before onr eyes of a fish
being wounded and immediately instinct
directing it to seek a remedy."
One piscatorial truth is known to all
who fish for pike or piekerel The pike
(esoxlodus) will ravenously seize as
his prey the fry of almost every fish,
including his own species, and all the
bait minnows are also caviare to him,
but be will not touch the teach.?
Brooklyn Eagle. ffvjfevfe*.
v
/
/ , -f- r- " - igf:
mrnirnmmmm?mmmmmmm?m^mmtmmm?mmmmmmmmmmmmimmmmmmmmm^mmmm?mm?mmmmmm'
Gained Four Pounds A Week
MRS. LUCY M. COOPER, 79 Carlton Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y, J
Gained Four Pounds a Week, Thanks to *
DUFFY'S PURE MALT WHISKEY
" I have used Duffy's Pure Malt Whiskey
for the past 18 years, and can truthfully say
JEgSy \ it has cured me on several occasions of the
Km, \ grip, and once of a severe attack of rhenmaGmmmz&d
WQ tism. I gained in strength and flesh, gaining
9v four rounds a week. I believe if any one
fr&e7 1 used Duffy's Pure Malt Whiskey they would
wm raA u?t have any serious illness. It will keep off .
2z~ W*- \ a cold, or cure one. I an sixty-one years old,
I uud don't look more than 42. I have recomniended
it to many of my friends, and all say j
^ helped them, and are satisfied with its
benefits. I think it the finest stimulant in
/> , tne woria, ana would not De without it." d
1 jIts. Lucy M. Cooper, l .
^ Mrs. Cooper once recommended it to a
iSSWw^Ml stranger WHO HAD CONSUMPTION and
\ ^^v\v\ \, ?Ki w^? was seized with a paroxysm of coughing. ,
\ \\\\A \V M When he finally stopped coughing he replied:
W , \ \ \ \\\ \ \\ "I have tried everything, madam, and have
JjHY -'^1 U "V\\ A\ \\ lost all faith in doctors and drugs, but I will ?
fl/ V . 1 k 'h\ ' \ h\ 5 ,f| take your advice." <
L ?! % ,A j I Pi (fill) Several months after this she met the
?' i/HnS1 Stranger, who said: "Madam, I want to
' V'Mwfi [fl $ III jj 111 jf I thank you for saving my life the day you
M J1'iff {' y 1 told me to take Duffy's Pure Malt Whiskey. \
\i J ' - ^ / You are the best doctor I ever knew. Iam
J now able to attend to business, and my cough
has disappeared."
He is now a well man, and goes to his office daily. Mrs. Cooper spoke to him through mm
pity when she saw his concntion. and is glad to know she helped him.
DUFFY'S PURE MALT WHISKEY is invaluable for overworked men, delicate
women and sickly children. It strengthens and sustains the system, is'a promoter of good
health and longevity, makes the old young and keeps the young strong.
Duffy's Pure Malt Whiskey is the only whiskey recognized by the Government as a
medicine. This is a guarantee.
7,000 doctors prescribe and 2,000 hospitals use Duffy's Pure Malt Whiskey exclusively. .
CAUTION.?when you ask for Duffy's Pure Malt Whiskey be sure you get the genuine. ?
TTTieAtnirMilAno /Iflolarc mindful r\f tlift hT^nanpa Af fliic nv^noihifirm trill J i?u coll tr/vrt
U^UiVU?9 O) v* vuv VAVVMVUVV VJ. WUM ^iV^OiauvU) niu W J W 0VU J vu
cheap imitations and so-called Malt Whiskey substitutes -which are put on the market for.
profit only, and which, far from relieving the sick, are positively harmful. Demand '
"Duffy's," and be sure you get it. It is the only absolutely pure malt whiskey which . -(-i
contains medicinal, health-giving qualities. Look for the trade-mark," The Old Chemist,9
on the label. *
The genuine Duffy's Pure Malt Whiskey is sold by all druggists and grocers, or direct,
at $1.00 a bottle. 2s ever sold in flasks or in bulk. Write for free medical booklet containing
symptoms and treatment of each disease and convincing t^gtamnniaia to the Duffy
Malt wmskey Co., Rochester, N. Y.
For Sale in South Carolina at all Dispensaries.
Ii : ^ ~ : nl
mniinery, uress uooas,
Trimmings, Silks,
and Notions.
Prices the Lowest, :r M
Styles the Latest.
Goods the Prettiest.
COME TO SEE US,'
|Mrs.K.I.ShuckACo|
SYRI IP 1
~ MAKING
!? HARDWARE
oj au Kinas on nana zne
^Km year round. You should
s3SBBBBBm^/gjP see my line before buying
THE HUNTING SEASON
is here, and I have the best selected line of Guns, Rifles, Shells,
Cartridges, Leggins, and in fact anything in the sporting line,
ever shown in Bamberg. Take a look before yon bny.
C.J.S. BROOKER. SSgR 88
?? f ? . ,~j
1 A CAR LOAD ' J
liinnrrro ifinrr I 3!
PUKXamilXMSi
1 ' gf
|jj ARRIVED THIS WEEK gl ,
I AT OUR STABLES Il?
1 If you need an Animal for Any Purpose, |f
M we can suit you. A full stock of . . .
I BUGGIES, WAGONS, HARNESS J
B UfUIDQ I IP PORES Ftp Etn B
|| Willi U] tni iiuubvj kimj kiui I
H See us for anything in our line. We mill give *
S|j yoa easy terms at closest prices. Come and see gas
IJOHES BROTHERS I
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... : : : . - . , . .V...
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