The Barnwell people. (Barnwell, S.C.) 1884-1925, July 17, 1919, Image 7
WE CHIT WITH LEIff . .
; ■, CUIISE UID BEE01E THE SaiTE
w’ ^—
President Gives an Account of His Stewardship Before
/Crowded Senate; Received With Tumultuous Applause,
And Heard Wtih Rapt Attention. '
(REITEB PHUT OF HDRESS OEVOTED TO LEH6IIE OF NHTIONS
Succinctness Rather Than Verbosity Marked the Composition
of the Address Which Will Go Down Into History as One
of the Most Remarkable Documents of Any Age.
Washington.—President Wilson laid
the peacetreaty with Germany before
the senate without-attempt to explain
its specific terms.' His address, which
required 40 minutes for delivery, was
devoted almost wholly to the league
of nations.
American iaolation, the president
•aid, ended 20 years ago at the cloae
the war with Spain. Fear of Amer
can motives now also had ended, he
declared.
"There can be no question of our
•eaiimg to be a world power,** said
Hr Wilson "The only question Is
whether we can refuse the moral lend
ershtp that Is offered us. whether we
•UI1 accept on reject the nooAdeare
• ft he world *
sad the pence conference
an. the preetdent an fed had
wnpsi that paeatlaa. "and
mietehea arttna ran
grew!
arai •
kd*et astma eoray g
eramaas met
whu tawegm tea
fioMt* as fiw
jweiMo «r am uattai
ttomAanx
d trad Matf to a e
■Mfirij and %
fitaffif fiMfiVav (tie
upfiss af mi ts
ei maei psSMwa *
t •
• •
peealii
peaew Ip
Hams ta
The If
was »‘S '
ad daaw
agpssaai
eon he# I
he hnegwe
tanhn ea I
I the
f aa
wwe
Ifvtac la (hat shadow the
had coma hy oar asatetaaoe ta their
freedom, ft wne our duty to do
•▼er> thing thst It was with In our
power to do to make the triumph of
freedom. «
Old entanglements of every kind
stood In the way—promises which
governments bad made to ons anoth
er In the days when might and right
acre confused and the power of the
victor was without restraint. Entan
glements which contemplated any
positions of territory, any extensions
of sovereignty that might seem to be
«to the interest of those who had the
power to insist upon them, had been
entered into without thought of what
the peoples concerned might wish or
profit by; and these could not always
he honorably brushed aside. It was
not easy to graft the new order of
ideas on the old, and some of the
fruits of the grafting may, I fear, for
a time be bitter. But, with very few
exceptions, the men who sat with us
at the peace table desired as sincerely
as ws did to get away from the bad
influences, the illegitimate purposes,
the demoralizing ambitions, the inter
national counsels and expedients out
of which the sinster designs of Ger-
mnay had sprung as a natural growth.
It had been our privilege to formu
late the principles which were accept
ed as the basis of the peace, but they
had been accepted, not because we
had come to hasten and assure the
victory and insisted upon them, but
because they were readily acceded to
as the principles to which hoaorabt*.
and enlightened minds evsrywhers heJ
been bred. They spoke the conscience
of the world, ss well ss the conscience
of America, and I am haft?' to pay
my tribute of respect snd gratitude to
the able, forward looking men with
whom it was my privilege te eo-oper
ate for their unfailing spirit of co-op-
•rat loa. their roes tea l effort to accom
modate the 1st •res 14 they repceeeated
te the prime I pies ws were all agreed
•pan The d'.fflmltlee. which were
•may. lay ta the rtrremgtaacaa not
often ta the men almost wttbnnt ea
•'sgtlaa the mea whe led had reaght
the tree and fell eterna af the preh
I the enemy had aawveeded aa agsaf 1 mm af name e# an tadiviaehta whi
I («r these
f ready tamed the tide aff haCtte hmh
i levosde the fbemweo eg Fvwece end
'~**a tie mac the! wee ta ee*e he
eape end (he wwstd Thereafter *be |
*ieemane were ha he alwese thread I
he- 0 n«ee eeser te three! swreeae I
r* ? f hwwerd e#e e And ret there |
e e# Oe> e'■••'!»•« hear As • ^
eed w mew Iwed sg egcrete sd
4 iw» g r«et
eeS feiaw! ieee p>» ht
•« een tee re*«
rights af mnal. an
mm minorities by
interneUonal covenant, an op-
opportunity to limit and rr rulats mili
tary aatablishmcnU wherr they wyrs
moat likely to be mtacVevious; an op
portunity to effect a corvilett and sys
tematic intrenationalisation of watef-.
ways and railways which were neces-
Whwh 4B most vw»
And so the mo*t practical. tSa most
skepti'al amon? fern turned more
an.I more to the lea/t s aa the aut *.jr-
ity taroiigh t: *. h inf r .i’ mrtil act on
was to iw Sw*v. M ;\*U. the aut.'.only with
out w ni ;h, as tiev had come to see it.
'jrrt
sary to the free economic life of more ! it would be difficult to ^ive assured
thgn one nation ami ta clear many I e*rect Either to this treaty or to any
autocratic authority of its govsrnors.
And In the settlement of the peace
we have sought no special reparation
for ourselves, but only the restoration
of right and the assurance of liberty
everywhere that the effects of the
settlement were to be felt. We en
tered the war as disinterested cham
pions of right and we Interested our
selves in the terms of the peace in
no other capacity.
The hopes of the nations allied
against the central powers were at a
very low ebb when our soldiers began
to pour across the sea.
There was everywhere amongst
them, except In their stoutest spirits,
n sombre foreboding of disaster The
wsr ended In November, eight months
ago but yon hsve only to reran whnt
• •• feared ta midsummer last foar
•hert months before the armistice to
rvoitt* whst It was that oar timely
•Id arcomplUked alike tor their
moral# aad thetr physical safety The
•ret. never to W-f orgof tew art lee at
rhnteaa Thierry, had already taken
place Oar redeemable aetdlece and
martaee had already rtsaed the gap
of the normal channels of commerce
of unfair obstructions of law or of
privilegs; and the very welcome op
portunity to secure for labor the con
certed protection of definite interna
tional pledges of principle and prac
tice. ,
These werp not tasks which the
conference looked about it to find and
went out of its way to perform.
They were inseparable from the set-
tfements of peace. They were thrust
upon it by circumstances which could
not be overlooked. The war had cre
ated them. They had to be set right
by applying some uniform principle
of justice or enlightened expediency
And they could not be adjusted by
merely prescribing in a treaty what
should be done. New states were to
be set up which Could not hope to live
through their first period of weakness
without assured support by the great
nations that had consented to their
creation and won for them their inde
pendence. Ill-governed colonies csuld
not be put in the hands of govern
ments which were to act as trustees
for their people and not as their mas
ters if there was to be no common
authority among the nations to which
they were to be responsible for the
execution of their trust. Future in
ternational conventions with regard
to the control of waterways, with re
gard to illicit traffic of many kinds,
in arms or in deadly drugs, or with
regard to the adjustment of many
other international undarsUndlng
upon which they were to depend for
the maintenance of peace. The fact
that the covenant of the league was
the first substantive part of the treaty
to be worked out and agreed upon,
while all else was in solution, helped
to make the formulations of the rest
easier. The conference was, after all*
not to be ephemeral. The concert of
nations was to continue, under a defi
nite covenant which had been agreed
upon and which all were convinced
warf workable. They could go. for
ward with confidence to make ar
rangements intended to be permanent.
The most practical of the conferees
were at last the most ready to refer
to the leaghe of nations the superin-
tendenct of all interests which did not
admit of immediate determination, of
all administrative problems which
were to require a continuing over
sight. What had seemed a counsel
of perfection had come to seem a
plain counsel of necessity. The league
o{ nations was the practical states
man’s hope of success in many of the
most difficult things he was attempt
ing.
And it had validated itself in the
thought of every member of the con
ference as something ihuch bigger,
much greater every way, than a mere
instrument for tarrying out the pro
visions of a particular treaty. It was
universally recognised that all the
peoples of the world demand of the
*ff Mtafaala. haft af lagMaa aad
•a
nghi
nrrint ; conftme , th . t rt thottW rrMU «,ch
a roatiauiag concert of free nations
as would amke wars of aggression
and spoliation each as this that has
just ended forever impossible- A cry
had gene cut from every home ta
every stnekes land frees which sons
aad be ethers and fathers had gone
forth la the great sarndre that such
a aarnftn should never agsm he ea-
acted It was manifest why it hud
■ isrled It hud been started
The ufttaeaphefe hi which tike run
fevunee washed seemed muted Mi
hy the aseiMmM ef strong govern
Wees*, but Ir the hegea and eegtm-
I tent of small aatmue and af paagisa
| Mtftueta endec bondage ta the genes
~" m rr ** 1 * tea! ewtscy bud Mailsctd end da
• *+ t —4 • \ # '*•%-»'>»* */ ■ v* ff ms*% ^.fwyed T'
ef Jhffc net pegc ta ^hrtt egf ef gen
eeuws mustgna—au henta toe
toe hone
^ • •
arrangements coaid not be assured If
the treaty were ta provide no perma
nent common international agency. If
Its vserutien ta such matters was ta
he toft ta the slew and uncertain
procosace ef re-opera ilea hy ordinary
awthnto ef me If the peace
confers fw-s i tee If was ta to the snd af
ea epecntivt authority
cuunavf among the
whtah the world was 1
faces jostles and gtm
enduring flNtouuud re
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rtam
asodevs
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it men
goyd
what was going on there—of the proh
’Irma with which the peace conference
had to deal and of the difficulty of
laying down straight linos of settle
ment anywhere on s field on which
the old lines of Internstional relation
s bog# sad
It forecast
Finer men never went Inte battle,
and thetr officers were worthy of
them This is not tho occasion upon
which to otter an eulogy of the armies
America sent to France, but perhaps,
since T am speaking of their mission
ship, snd the new alike followed so | may ,puak also of the pride I shared
Intricate a pattern and were, for the every American who saw or
most part cut so deep by historical with them there. They were the
circumstances which dominated ac- gort mMl America would wish to
tion where It would have been best c i a t m a .s fellow countrymen and com-
to* ignore or reverse them. The cross ! rR( i Pg | n a fre at cause. They were
currents of politics and of interest terrible In battle, and gentle and help-
must have been evident to you. It f u j out Q f ^ remembering the mothers
would be presuming in me to attempt j Rn( j t ^ e sisters, the wives and the lit-
to explain the questions which arose 1 t j p children at horn". They were free
or the many diverse elements that en- ! men un( j er arms, not forgetting their
Cered into them. I shall attempt i(j ea i s 0 f duty in the midst of tasks
something less ambitious than that 0 f violence. I am proud to have had
and more clearly suggested by my j t ) ie privilege of being associated with
tnlefua
The SI
Wfchy af *
which, sto had sa
m aw acti
final part, wad tto
pgftMvota
tp hrtweaa A-st/ia
wary had
leca om rather ef
thaa af h
Iwahap eg •ymphtoff •
a vs w Keui
* hr*e*n
duty to report to the Congress the
part it seemed necessary for my col
leagues ajid me to play as the repre
sentatives of the government of the
United States.
That part was dictated by the role
America had played in the war and
t>y the expectations that has been
created In the minds of the peoples
with whom we had associated our
selves in that great struggle.
The United States entered the war
upon a different footing from every
other nation except our associates on
this sida of the sea. We entered K.
not because our material Interests
ware directly threatened or because
any special treaty obligations to which
ws were parties had been violated,
bat only because we saw the suprem
acy, and even the validity of right
men and of calling myself their
leader.
But I speak now of what they
meant to the men by whose sides they
fought and „to -the people with whom
they mingled with such utter simplic
ity, as friends who asked only to be
of service. They Irere for all the
visfMe embodiment of America. What
they did made America and all that
she stood tor a living reality in the
thoughts not only of the people of
Prance, but also of tens of millions
cf men and women throughout all the
toiling nations of a world standing
everywhere in peril of its freedom and
of the loss of everything it held dear.
In deadly fear that Ks bonds were
never to be loosed. Its hopes forevsr
to be mocked and disappointed
And the compulsion of what they
put ta jeopardy and tr— stood for was upon as who represent
it likely to bo everywhere ed America at the peace table It
ts-peruied bp—tha taleiermble aggree was oar duty to see to K that every
atoa ff » power which rsapected ! leHstaa we tank part ta coetribute*
eers bept to thetr sbedteace by nelh-
tag bat fear Their hearts were with
thetr kinsman ta the Balkans. These
were all arrangements ef power, not
arrangements of natural union or as
sociation. It was the imperative task
of those who would make peace and
make it intelligently to establish a
new order which would rest upon the
free choice of peoples, rather than
upon the arbitrary authority of Haps-
burgs or Hohenzollems.
More than that, great populations
bound by sympathy and actual kin to
Rumania also were linked against
their will to the conglomerate Austro-
Hungarian monarchy or to other alien
sovereignties, and it was port of the
task of peace to make a new Rumania
as well as a new Slavic state cluster
ing about Servia.
And no natural fronties could be
found to these new fields of adjust
ment and redemption. It was neces
sary to look constantly forward to
other related tasks. The German col
onies were to be disposed of. They
had not been governed; they had been
exploited merely without thought of
the interest or even the ordinary hu
man rights of their inhabitants.
The Turkish empire, moreover, had
fallen apart, as the Austro-Hungarian
had. It never had any real unity. It
had been held together only by piti
less, inhuman force. Its peoples cried
aloud for release, for succor from un
speakable distress, for all that the
new day of r hope seemed at last to
, , j r»_ i v.:*v
might Ml prweo af tasting advantage
at entirely fair if too long safsmed
weald to iwpmrtnahta Tto preen-
wee guvemamata were making la om
aneiher akaal tto way ta tatach tabes
was to to dealt with, by law aa« only
mere humane ttoaw if thdre was to
to m cemmoa tribunal af opinion
and judgment te which liberal states
men could resort far tto influences
which alone might secure their re
demption. A league of free nations
had become a practical necessity. Ex
amine the treaty of peace and you
will And that everywhere throughout
its manifold provisions its framers
have felt obliged to turn to the league
of nations as an indispensable instru
tto
national sitaaattasw which
faced and dealt with aa tm
I sh?!l presently have
lay before >eu a sncctal treaty
a ranee, whose o\ 5 #ct Is the
rary protc.ijon of France from un
provoked 'ftginrt v on by the power
with whom this treaty of peace has
been negotiated. Its terms link ft
with the treaty. I take the liberty,
however, of reserving it for special
explication on another occasion.
The'role which America was to
play in the conference seemed deter
mined, ss I have said, before my col
leagues and I Kot to Paris—deter
mined by the universal expectations
of the nations whose representatives,
drawn from all quarters of the globe,
we were to deal with.. It was univer
sally recognized that America had en
tered the war to promote no private
or peculiar interest of her own but
only as the champion of rights which
she was glad to share with free man
and lovers of justice everywhere. Wa
had formulated the principles upon
which the settlement was to be made
—the principles upon which the ar
mistice had been agreed to and the
parleys of peace undertaken—and no
one doubted that our desire was to
see the treaty of peace formulated
along the actual lines of those prin
ciples—and desired nothing else. Wo
were welcomed as disinterested
friends. We were resorted to as arbi
ters in many a difficult matter. It
was recognized that our mid would bo
indispensable in the days to come, i
We were generously accepted %s
the unaffected champions of what
was right It was a vary responsibta
role to play; but I am happy to re
port that the fine group of Ameri
cans who helped with their expert
advice sought in every tranaaetioa
to justify tto high confidence im
posed ta them.
Aad that coo fids act. it seems to
am. is tto measure of our opportunity
aad ef our duty ta tto days to come,
ta which tto aaw hope ef tto peoples
of tto waetd ta to to fulfil tad or dis
appointed Tto fact that America is
tto frmad of tto aatmaa. whether
, (toy to rivals er aaaermiss. m m aaw
Cacti It b aafy the dtarevery af „
by tto fast af tto «oft4 that ta saw.
Aamnca may to said to have jast
i ^ I/only as s wertd pew-
aad aMtoaeea War had tala at (to ttot (to I
heart af every a
seadhaaaeea effertiag
f.«repe—of every a
esitld tto I p
paeptaa bad been totd I
artotaa wtoffi they testad to
Mm! they had haea tod to
pratoato
they have
aeystoag eiaa hat ferae, feres always
feme Aad (toy haww that II was
totoAsaahfia Beery
e«rt4 eed every etagh
■eat drawatod that, at whatever
af todeyeedeat artte^ every
meal Mat tosh ibeegbl fee Ito peeple
etme ee far ovderad t
Maelf to a new pegpvoa
aad stflrfty dsetrey the eld erder af
tetecmeimaal peiitwe file
might see ddfiveltiMw hat the
tewid see aaM sad nesM he
deeel A war la wtorh they
teee hlvl w S 1v hve’. tk
that lay raaraalad la every
ef pewer must aet sad la a amra sta-
tory of arms aad a new be I sacs Tto
msaator that had rraartod toff
•met to pat ta chaam that coaid aet
to toebsa. TV nailed pwwee af free
eetmas mart pat a
sten, aad tto weetd meat ha ft
peace. If there was net tto wifi or
tto Inlelflfuiww t
now. ttorv must be aaoumr sad a
final war and tto world must to swept
ctann of every power ttot could re
new the terror. The league of na
tions was not merely an instrument
to adjust and remedy old wrongs un
der a new treaty of peace; it was tto
only hops of mankind. Again aad
again had the demon of war been
cast out of the house of tto peoples
snd the house swept clean by a treaty
7 1 * # Vil J-TZL 777k of P* 1 *®; onI y * • time when
mentality for the maintenance of the ; * . r
/ . ... he would enter in again with spirits
new order it has been their purpose
bring within its dawn. Peoples hith
erto in utter darkness were to be led
out into the same light and given at
last a helpful hand. Undeveloped
peoples ready for recognition but not
yet ready to assume the full respon
sibilities of statehood were to be giv
en adequate guarantees of friendly
protection, guidance and assistance.
And out of the execution of these
great enterprises of liberty sprang
afideaca I opportunities ta attempt what states
to set up in the world—the world of
civilized men.
That there should be a league of
nations to steady the counsels and
; maintain the peaceful understandings
I of the world, to make, not treaties
alone, but the accepted principles of
international law as well, the inter
national rule eff conduct among the
governments of the world, had been
one of the agreements accepted from
the first as the basis of peace with
the central powers. The statesmen
of all the belligerent countries were
agreed that such a league must be
created to sustain the settlements that
were to be effected. But at first I
think there was a feeling among some
of them that, while it mu&t be at
tempted, the formation of such a
league was perhaps a counsel of per
fection which practical men, long ex
perienced in the world of affairs,
must agree to very cautiously and
with many misgivings. It was only
as the difficult work of arranging in
all but universal adjustment of the
world's affairs advanced from day to
day from one stage of conference to
another that it became evident to
them that what they were seeking
again with spirits
worse than himself. The house must
now be given a tenant who could hold
it against all such. Convenient, in
deed ‘indispensable, as statesmen
found the newly planned league of
nations to be for the execution of
present plans of peace and repara
tion, they saw in it a new aspect be
fore their work was finished. They
saw it as the main object of the
peace, as the only thing that could
complete it or make it worth while.
They saw it as the hope of the world,
and that hope they did not dare to
disappoint. Shall we or any other
free people hesitate to accept this
great duty? Dare we reject it and
break the heart of the world?
And so the result of the conference
of peace, so far as Germany is con
cerned, stands complete. The diffi
culties encountered were very many.
Sometimes they seemed insuperable.
It wks impossible to accommodate the
interests of so great a body of na
tions—interests which directly or in
directly affected almost every nation
m the world—without many minor
compromises. The treaty, as a result,
is not exactly what we would have
written. It is probably not what any
one of the national delegations
would be little mors than something would have written. But results were
written upon paper, to to interpreted worked out which, on the whole, bear
and applied by such methods as the teat. I think ttot it will to f<
chances of politics might make avail- j ttot tto rnmpromines which
can to m question of
to a world power. Tto only
ta whether wa can refuse tto moral
leadership that ta offered us, whether
we shall accept or reject tto confi
dence of the world.
The war and the conference of
peace now sitting in Paris seem to
me to have answered that question.
Our participation in the war estab
lished our position among the na
tions and nothing but our own mis
taken action can alter it. It was not
an accident or a matter of sudden
choice that we are no longer isolated
and devoted to a policy which has
only our own interest and advantage
for its object It was our duty to go
in, if wo were indeed the championa
of liberty and of right We answered
to the call of duty in a way so
spirited, so utterly without thought
of what we spent of Mood or treas
ure, so effective, so worthy of tho
admiration of true men everywhere,
so wrought out of the stuff of all
that was heroic, that the whole world
saw at last, in the flesh, in noblo
action, a great ideal asserted and
vindicated by a nation they had
deemed material and now found to
be compact of the spiritual forces that
must free men of every nation from
every unworthy bondage. It is thug
that a new role and a new responsi
bility have come to this great nation
that we honor and which we would
all wish to lift to yet higher levels of
service, and achievement.
The stage ta aet, tto destiny dis
closed. It has come about by m
plan of our conceiving, but by tto
hand of God who tad us into this war.
We cannot turn hack. We can only
go forward, with lifted
■pirn, to fallow
It was of this ttot we
fi