The Barnwell people. (Barnwell, S.C.) 1884-1925, October 14, 1915, Image 6
'i
•■V*
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TORE TO DEFI
sratn Of AMEUCA IS FOR
PEACE ANB INDEPENDENCE
NAVAL BOARD CONVENES
PrMtdmt Wilson Makes Address to
the Men Who are to Assist U. 8.
, Navy in Developing Ideas flecrc-
t
, tarjr Daniels Ontllnes Flans
Them.
to
President Wilson received Secre
tary Daniels and the new naval ad
visory board at the White House
Wednesday and told them the spirit
of this country Is for peace, but that
the nation must command the respect
of the world.
“I think the whole nation Is con
vlnced that we ought to be prepared
not for war but for defense,” the
president said, "and very adequately
prepared, and that the preparation
for defense is not merely a technical
matter; It is not a matter that the
army and navy alone can’take care
of, but a matter In which we must
have the co-operation of the best
bralpa and knowledge of the coun
try, outside the official service of
the government as well as inside.
“For my part, I feel that It is only
In the spirit of a true democracy
that we get together to lend each
other voluntary aid, the sort of aid
that comes from interest, from a
knowledge of the varied circum
stances that are involved in handling
a nation.
“I want you to feel, those of you
who are coming to the assistance of
the professional officers of the gov
ernment, that we have a vory serious
purpose; that we have not asked you
to associate yourself with us except
for a very definite and practical pur
pose, to get yon to give us your best
Independent thought as to how we
ought to make ready for any duty
that may fall upon the nation.
“I do not have to expound It to
you; you know as well as I do the
spirit of America. The spirit of
is sms of peace, but oue of
"It Is a spirit that is profoundly
concerned with peace, because It can
express Itself best only In peace. It
Is the spirit of peace and good will
sad of human freedom: but It Is also
of a aatioa that is esif
■I that knows and loves its
dm la the world, ead that knows
It asuat command the respect of
"80 It seems to me that we are not
working as those who would change
anything in America, but only an
those who would safeguard every
thing la America. I know that you
will eater into conference with the
officers of ths navy In that spirit and
with that feeling, and it makes me
proud, gentlemen, that the busy men
of America, the men who stand at the
froat of their professions, should be
willing la this way to associate
themselves voluntarily with the gov-
erament in the task la which It needs
all sorts of expert and serious advice.
Nothing ought to be done In this
country by any single group of per
sons everything ought to be done
by all of us ualted together—sad I
welcome this association la the most
serious and grateful spirit.”
The president's brief address,
which greatly pleased the advocates
of a large army and navy, was ad
dressed to Thomas A. Edison, chair
man of the Naval Advisory Board,
and W. R. Whitney, L. H. Baekeland,
Frank Julian Sprague. Benjamin Q.
Lam me. R. 8. Woodward, Arthur
Gordon Webster. A. M. Hunt. Alfred
Craven, Spencer Miller. William
Leroy Smmett, Matthew B. Sellers.
Hudson Maxim, Peter Cooper Howltt.
Thomas Robbins, Howard E. Coffin,
Andrew J. Rlker, Henry A. Wise
Wood, Elmer A. Sperry. William L.
Saunders, Benjamin B. Thayer, J. W.
Richards and Lawrence Addicks.
They had called on Secretary Dan
iels at his office before going to the
White House. Mr. Daniels welcomed
the members of the board and tried
to impress upon them the Importance
of their service to the nation.
He reminded the scientists and in
ventors that the old order of naval
things is passing away and that “Old
theories are crumbling daily into
dust,’’ He explained why he had
called the members of the board, who
will receive no pay, to aid •him in
formulating a plan to uphold the
navy.
“After consultation with the heads
of the bureaus charged with ord
nance, engineering and construction,
a tentative plan has been thought
out by which the experts in the navy
and the civilian members of this
board may work together to secure
the desired results,” said Secretary
Daniels. “Of course, we have not
presumed to ask you gentlemen to
take the laboring oar or to devote
your time to the work that the navy
Itself should do.* Mr. Edison has hap
pily said that the naval experts com
pose the attending physicians, while
the members of the board are the
consulting physicians. In the depart
ment we must do the bulk of work,
f£rm a clearing house for ideas and
suggestions, and call upon you gen
tlemen to aid in two ways:
“1. To give your expert advice
when called upon in the big prob
lems that the navy is always trying
to solve.
••2. To initiate suggestions
which will add to the efficiency of
any unit of the navy.
**To giv* counsel, to use your Ini
tiative and resource, embraces the
full rang* of service which cin be
It Is for you end for our ex
sine the channels into
arts will flow, ao that,
ths bent results
s bin things
to nek.
EK CABINET RESKNS;
KINt TIWARTS VENIZELOS
m BY WIRELESS
H
After Being Told by Constantine That
His Support Would be With
held, Premier Quite. p.
King Constantine of Greece has ac
cepted the resignation of the Venl-
setOe cabinet, according to an official
dispatch which reached London Wed
nesday, being transmitted from the
British capital to the United States.
Athens reports via London Wed
nesday: After his conference with
King Constantine, Premier Venlxelos
returned to the chamber of deputies
and made statements of the causes
of the disagreement. He then ah
nounced the resignation of the entire
cabinet. Sittings of the chamber
were suspended.
The position taken by King Con
stantine of Greece In his interview
with Premier Venlzelos, sayfc a Lon
don dispatch, is said by the Athens
correspondent of the Havas Agency
to have been that he could not pur
sue to the end the policy of the Venl
zelos cabinet.
Athens reports via Paris Wednes
day: The resignation of Premier
Venlzelos was altogether unexpected.
He conversed with the correspondent
of the Associated Press Wednesday at
noon in a manner which Indicated the
utmost confidence in the future
course of his government. Mean
while King Constantine came to
Athens from Tatol, the summer resi
dence of the royal family, and sum
moned the premier to the palace.
After a terse interview in which
there was the plainest speaking, the
premier proceeded to the chamber of
deputies and announced that he had
again disagreed with the king on the
foreign policy, and had presented his
resignation and that of his cabinet.
This announcement led to a scene of
wild disorder. The city is greatly
excited. There is much discussion of
the formation of a coalition cabinet
A Reuter dispatch from Athens
says: “It Is a long time since so
grave a debate has taken place In the
Greek chamber as that which occur
red to-day, and never in the history
of the country has a premier faced
an opposition, determined to over
throw him with greater self-coafl-
dence and pluck.
“Premier Venltelos defied his oppo
nents to follow a different course
than that which he took.”
After Premier Venizelos had ex
plained to the Chamber of Deputlee
Tueeday the circumstancee connected
with the landing of allied troop* at
Salonlki the chamber paseed a vote of
confidence in the government, says
an Athens dispatch which comes via
London. The vote waa 142 to 102.
with thirteen members not voting.
RUSSIAN DEMANDS REJECTED;
RUMANIA GETTING READ V
| TELEPHONE CARRIES HUMAN
VOICE THOUSANDS OF MILES
EXPERIMENT OF INTEREST
Bulgaria
1'Hi maX am to Hrrbia
Macrdon ia—Time
lAmlt of £4 Hours.
Petrograd reports Wednesday via
London: Bulgaria has rejected the
Russian demands and sent an ulti
matum to Serbia concerning Mace
donia. according to Information
which has reached the Serbian Archi
mandrite Michael, says a Moscow tel
egram to the Bourse Oasette. Bul
garia demands that Serbia reply to
the ultimatum within twenty-four
hours. H
Loudon reports Wednesday: Reut
ers Athens correspondent states that
Rumania is hurriedly dispatching
troops to the Bulgarian frontier, and
otherwise taking extraordinary mili
tary measures.
The Rumanians are feverishly for
tifying Qlurgevo, on the Danube forty
miles south of Bucharest, across the
river from Bulgaria, according to ad
vices reaching Athens. Roumanian
officers of Bulgarian origin are be
ing transferred to interior posts.
Young reserve officers have been
called up, and reserves who were to
have been disbanded are being kept
with the colors.
your consideration at this first meet
ing:
“A. Some days ago I wrote to
each member of the board on wheth
er it would be necessary to ask con
gress to appropriate a sufficient sum
to provide a laboratory for research
and experiment. What resources the
navy possesses for research and ex
periment are set forth in a memo
randum which will be furnished to
each member. The navy has done
much, but our laboratories and
places of research are far too small
for the needs of to-day. 1 will hope
W-8ecure your advice and recommen
dation as to the kind of national lab
oratory needed.
“B. The prime need of the navy of
to-day is a motor—a motor for sub
marines and aircraft. Since Langley
first tried to fly over tire Potomac
and the first, wheezy automobile was
regarded as a plaything, wonderful
improvement has been made in per
fecting motors, but we have not yet
secured a perfectly satisfactory
motor for- hydroplanes or sub
marines. I am pinning my faith to
you, gentlemen, to aid our experts in
perfecting such motors.
“You will find, gentlemen, that
the officers of the navy, whose.con
tributions to naval development can
not be too highly praised, warmly
welcome your co-operation in a ser
vice demanding knowledge and -sci
entific attainment.”
After President Wilson had shaken
hands with the members of the board
and made his speech, Secretary Dan
iels took the scientists on the May
flower, tho presidential yacht, to the
naval proving grounds “at Indian
Head to Inspect the laboratory and
see tested the new fourteen-inch gun
turned out by the naval gun factory
Ooasal O—I Aktaner rowing
Robert P. Skinner. American con
sul gemeral, will come to the United
autes la the nest thru* weeks to dta-
Spenker Talks In Telephone Which
Takes His Voice to the Top of the
Arlington Wireless and Transmits
It Through the Air to Ban Fran
cisco—Another Talks to Honolulu.
Theodore N. Vail, President or the
American Telephone and Telegraph
company, picked up an instrnment
from his desk in his office at New
York Friday afternoon and said in
quite an ordinary tone:
“Hello, Carty. This Is Vail talk
ing. Can you hear me?”
In the wireless tower of the United
States navy yard at Mare Island,
California, which la in San Francisco
Bay and something like 2,500 miles
from 'New York City, John J. Carty,
chief engineer of the corporation and
leading scientist in the business of
communication, caught the voice of
his friend.
“Yes, I hear you! This is fine!
This is wonderful!” he said.
Another feat of distance-oblitera
tion had been accomplished. The
sound of Mr. Vail’s voice had crossed
the continent, had spanned the thou
sand leagues of farmland, prairie and
mountain, almost entirely through
the air, almost entirely without the
use of wires. The wireless telephone
long sought, had been proved a com
plete success.
Secretary Daniels announced the
successful transmission of wireless
telephone messages from the United
States naval radio station at Arling
ton to the naval radio station at
Mare Island, Cal., a distance of about
2,500 miles. All that was necessary
to carry on thla trans-continental
wireless telephone conversation was
to connect the receiver and trans-
mitterwxpparatus of the special tele
phone outfit with the radio appar
atus and send the message.
Captain W. H. G. Bullard. U. 8. N„
who ia in charge of the Arlington
station, and other officers of the
navy conversed with officers of the
navy on duty at the Mare Island
yard
The demonstration was the result
of experiments that have been In pro
gress for some time, and their success
is expected to have a revolutionary
Influence on communication between
American naval vessels and shore
stations. By means of this appar
atus. which probably will be Install
ed at all naval radio stations. It Is
expected that officers of the navy, on
land, will be abli to carry on wire
less telephone conversations with of
fleers at sea.
Captain Bullard said that the ap
paratus had been perfected to point
where a person on shore might carry
on a long distance wireless tele
phone conversation with a friend on
a trane-atlantlc liner In mid-ocean
whenever shore station and liner
were equipped with the apparatus.
Mr. Vail’s words went from his of
flee over a wire to the top of the
United States naval radio tower at
Arlington. Va.. which ia 650 feet
high. From that point, without In
terruption, they leaped into the ether
and sped to the top of the naval
radio station at Mare Island, which
Is 350 feet above sea level. There
Mr. Carty heard them.
It was more than a wireless-tele
phony test. It was a test of wire-
then wireless communication.
Had there been a radio tower of
sufficient height In New York City,
the message might have been went
entirely through the air. But that
would have been easier to do than
what was actually done!
Mr. Carty's reply to the president
of the company was made over a
wire-telephone—because there was
no wireless sending apparatus at
Mare Island. If there had been one,
and a tower in New York City, the
entire conversation would have been
through the air.
But—as if to make the thing more
amazing than it really was—here was
Mr. Vail in New York talking to his
engineer across 2,500 miles of space
and, the receiving end of the same
instrument, hearing his reply over
2,500 miles of wire.
“What a glorious success!” ex
claimed Mr. Vail, as he listened to
Mr. Carty's voice. “I want to con
gratulate you and the others who
have brought it about!” This went
by wire-and-air.
“What next?” answered the engi
neer. “We can’t tell, eh?” This
came by wire.
Mr. Vail spoke certain sentences
through the air and asked Mr. Carty
to repeat them, to show he was ac
tually-hearing. To the president of
the company, and to a score or so of
others who sat close to him, each
with a receiver at his ear, came back
the words, repeated exactly. ^
There.,was no doubt that the new
marvel had been wrought success
fully. It was the culmination of
many months of tests at lesser dis
tances. If became known at the New
York offices of the telephone and tel
egraph company that in August Mr.
Carty had talked wltll Lieut. Cran-
shaw, an army officer stationed at
Panama, which is 1,800 miles away.
The discovery is, of course, of tre
mendous significance in the work of
lx>ng distance communication. For
instance, it would have been much
easier, it waa declared by Mr. Carty
from San Francisco to have talked
to London, Paris or Berlin than to
talk to San Francisco. Were It not
for the war that vort thing would
have been done.
It will q^fallv he a vorr mimmlM
matter ^4r. Carty said, to call up a
friend wtjp la on a ship la wid-oftsan
and have a convorsatloa with him.
A ad. ovaatoalty agala. then will
be ao flans I-art, mouatala top.
I* aot have Ms teto-
tho
lag of wins, Mr. Carty axplalaed. will
not bo necessary. Ths romoto hamd
lot will simply have 1U wireless tals-
phona.,.
A reporter was permitted to have
nearly an hour ol talk with Mr.
Carty between 16 Day Street and the
Bell main offices In San Francisco.
It waa just at easy as though the re
porter had been in the office of the
engineer.
When the San Francisco connec
tion'was made, the reporter said:
"Mr. Carty, this Is Mr. -, who
wrote January 26 last 6f Ihe open
ing of the transcontinental telephone
wire. That waa supposed at the time
to be a wonderful thing.”
The readily recognizable tones of
the engineer.responded:
“Oh, yes—glad to hear from you
again. Now we have a much more
wonderful thing. It seems to be a
complete success.”
“Dr. 'Bell, the Inventor of the tel
ephone. said a few months ago,” the
reporter recalled to Mr. Carty, “that
eventually human thought would be
sent by wire or wireless.”
“Who knows?” laughed the Engi
neer 3,000 miles away.
Mr. Carty was asked at this “point
if he would describe the instruments
and the electrical processes which
were used in wireless telephony
across the continent. He replied that
because of the patents, and because
this was not a final test by ftny
means, he was obliged at present to
decline to do so.
“Will the wireless telephone ever
replace the wire telephone?”
“I do not think so,” Mr. -Carty re
plied. “In my belief, the number of
wireless telephone calls will remain
in the thousands, while the wire calls
run up into the billions. Wireless
telephony is a much more difficult
process. As I see it now, the great
est value of the wireless telephone
will be in reaching places where
wires can not be strung>—for in
stance. deserts. Jungles, remote
mountain tops and so on.”
“How about talking to a ship at
sea?. How about talking across the
ocean?”
"Well, as things stand now,” the
far away engineer answered, “the
editor of your paper oould as readily
call up his correspondent in London
and give him instructions about send
ing war news as he could call up your
reporter In uptown New York. Yes.
I think there is no doubt we could
easily reach ships at sea. If they were
properly equipped, and have wirel<
telephonic cdmmunlcation with thoee
on board.”
’’Will this be of value to the
navy?” Mr. Carty was aaked.
”1 want to aay,” he replied, "that
the navy baa been moat kind and
courteous in allowing ua the use of
Its towers and In eo-operatlng with
us in every possible way. While the
Invention is the property of the
American Telephone and Telegraph
Company alone. I would like to eey
thnt the United Statee navy, and no
other navy, will have it.”
"Would It be poeelble to tend n
secret meeeege by wireleee tele
phony? Would It not be poeelble for
any one having n receiving apparatus
to listen to’?”
Mr. Carty laughed.
”Yaa,” he aatd. “I guess it would
As things are now, any one who
could tnne a receiving Inetrnment In
to the eeme pitch aa ours could hear
everything thnt was said. In fart, 1
suppose Mr. Vail’s remarks to ms
were heard by hundreds of persons
throughout the country. As a mat
ter of fact, more persons will be able
to listen in on n wireless telephone
conversation than now are able to
listen in on n party-line wire tele
phone.”
The possibilities seemed to amuse
him.
“But perhaps that may be reme
died some time.” he added
Asked again about the faaciuating
prospect of talking to ships at sea.
Mr. Carty said:
“We have to contend there with
the same thing with which wireless
telegraphy has to contend—that un
explained electrical condition In the
atmosphere which is called ‘static,’
which makes noises and interrupts
our currents. There is a lot to be
done, of course, but I am sure we
will be able to talk to ships. ^Indeed,
a lot of quiet, unsensational work is
to be done yet with the whole mat
ter of wireless telephony, but it has
been demonstrated to-day as a suc
cess.
“Here is something I would like to
have pointed out; we had better re
sults to-day. talking across 3,000
miles of air, than Alexander Graham
Bell, the still-living inventor of the
wire telephone, had when he talked
a few feet in Washington over the
first wire Instrument—and that is
really only a few years ago."
“Do you require higher power for
a wireless telephone than for a wire
less telegraph?" was asked.
“That is unsettled,” the engineer
answered. "I may say that our ap
paratus is much smaller than a wire
less telegraph apparatus. As to the
relative power, I’m not sure though
I’m inclined to think we will require
more power."
This interview,- tlirftough it was
over a span of 3,000-miles—and if It
had been paid for, the rate would
have been twenty-odd dollars for the
first five minutes, and nearly as much
per minute afterward—ran on for a
considerable length of time. ME-L concea | e( j
Carty was happy and enthusiastic,
and was delighted to talk. His voice
was just as distinct as though he had
been uptown.
The.reporter asked him to call up
the San Francisco correspondent of
the paper and have the San Francisco
man send x story about how .the ex
periment was received on the Pacific
coast. This was promptly done.
As a final question Mr. Carty was
asked: “tVUl It be possible to start
a telephone conversation over a wire,
then have It go through the air, and
then go aefoss another wire, finally?
Could we * resident of San
Francisco snd have the message go
hi lift & AdlMfcttr ,
Mare Island, and then by wire agato
Into a hose to Saw Francisco?”
Certainly: thnt wotfld present no
1 dtmenmes.” the
rtpBsd. rhscfcttmg ever the ai
■keel el the interrogator, vtMfc
to bona audible S.6M alien away
After Mr. Vail had made the first
experiment, various other officials of
the American Telephone and Tele
graph company talked by wireless to
Mr. Carty la San Francisco. Among
them were Union. N. Bethefl, the
senior vice president; John I. Water-
burg, a director, and Bancroft Gher-
ardl, engineer of the plant. Several
scientists witnessed the tests.
At Arlington, Va.. representatives
of the government experimented on
their own account. Cnp. Bullard,
chief of Utonavy’s radio service, was
eol^H ‘
j i .
--r y
NOTE TOjNOLWO
STROM PROTEST AUWSL
BLOCKAMNQ ACTIVITIES
VIOLATE LAW AND RlfiHI
In charge dfnhe experimentation. All
those present—as was the case in
New York and San Francisco—were
equipped with receiving Instruments
so they might hear the conversation.
President Theodore N, Vail of the
American Telephone and Telegraph
company later received a message
from J. J. Carty, the company’s chief
engineer, at Mare Island, Cal.'; a mes
sage that earlier in the day Lloyd
Espenschied, his representative at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, had cabled
that the success of communication
between the naval wireless station at
Arlington, Va., and the station at
Pearl Harbor Wednesday night had
been repeated Thursday night.
Bat the ifaost astounding part of
Espenschied’» message was that on
the mld-Paciflc island he was able to
recognize clearly the voice of K. A.
Heising, of the engineering staff of
the Western "Electric company, who
was talking to him from Arlington,
four thousand miles away Thursday
night. Mr. Espenscheid and *Mf.
Heising are friends and know each
other’s voice.
Engineers of the telephone com
pany pointed to the circumstance of
Espenschied being able to identify
the voice of the man talking to him
as illustrating their claim that wire
less telephony would bring persons
into more reliable communication
than Impersonal wireless telegraphy.
The projection of personality through
the ether waves they regard as a
most important feature of the perfec
tion of the wireless telephone.
Espenschied’s message to Mr. Car
ty said that Rear Admiral Rousch,
Commander Furor and Lieutenant
Lande, of the United States navy,
stationed at Honolulu, had listened
in while Mr. Heising was talking
from Arlington and that their en
thusiasm over the. success of the ex
periment knew no bounds.
The mechanical Inventions which
made possible wireless telephony
from Washington to Hawaii, and set
a new milestone In the development
of human Intercommunication, will
he kept a profound secret because of
their proposed use for national de
fense.
The secret W known only by high
officials of the American Telephone
and Telegraph company, which u>n
ducted the successful experiments
this week, and one or two navy offl
cere, who aided the engineers of the
telephone company
These facta became known In reply
to a request for a technical descrip
tion of the apparatus which has made
a reality of the dream sc tent lata have
had for a decade. The request waa
referred to Bancroft Gherardl, auper
Intendent of plant for the telephone
company, who worked with Chief 1
gineer J. J. Carty ip perfecting the
invention, or inventiona. for wireless
telephony represents many Inven
tlons
“The request Is not n reasonable
one nt this time,” said Mr. Gherardl
"In the first place oar company Is In
terested to the commercial possibili
ties of the project, for it means the
expenditure of much work and
money. We have not yet obtained
the patents, and to reveal the details
now would mean to give ourselves
away.”
"Suppose a foreign nation were to
offer a vast sum of money for the
rights to the Inventions,” was sug
nested to Mr. Gherardl.
“We would not listen for one mo
ment.” was the reply. "This com
pany and Its engineers will do every
thing possible to safeguard the in
terests of the American government
in the wireless telephone.” .
Mr. Gherardl said he desired to
correct the report that the invention
belonged to the government. It be
longed to the telephone company,
which would do everything to facili
tate its use by the government, he ex
plained.
American Decisions Cited by Sir Ed*
ward Grey Do Not Justify Opera
tions of Blockading Forces—Block
ade Ineffective, Illegal and to Vio
lation of ML S. Sovereignty.
The administration is satisfied that
the German crisis has passed safely,
and the president now has turned his
attention to Great Britain.
Many messages of congratulation
were received at the White House on
the successful culmination of the
German controversy.
Sir Cecjl Spring-Rice held a long
conference with Secretary Lansing
concerning the tfade situation. While
neither Secretary Lansing nor the
anjbassador would discuss the details
of the conference, it Is understood
that Sir Cecil made it plain that
Great Britain is aaxious to accom
modate American shippers.
The belated statements made by
the British ambassador will not in
terfere with the administration’s
plans to send to London, without de
lay, the long, carefully prepared note
protesting against the methods by
which the British authorities have
injured overseas trade of American
shippers.
The note has been completed. Sec
retary Lansing probably will take it
to the White House within the next
twenty-four hours, to' go over th
details with the President.
It is probable the president wt
make some changes before it is pu
on the cable for London. It appears'
likely the note may be dispatched to
Ambassador Page for presentation to
the foreign office before Sunday.
The note contains a severe ar
raignment of the theories upon which
Great Britain has arrogated to her
self the right to control the high
The note, in effect, declares:
$
PRESENT EVIDENCE TO SHOW
PERSECUTION OF ARMENIANS
Facts Br<night to Light by Committee
Who Denounce Worst Horror of
One Thousand Years.
Documentary evidence of atroci
ties inflicted by the Turks on the
Armenians was made public at New
York by the committee formed by
Charles R. Crane, Cleveland H.
Dodge and others to investigate the
facts of the Armenian massacres and
to aid sufferers.
The committee states that the evi
dence was collected from sources that
are unquestioned as to the -varaclty
and authority of the writers, but tfiat
for obvious reasons their names can
not be given, and in most cases
names of towns and cities must be
Quotations are given in the com
mittee’s ’ report from twenty-four
sources, some of which describe in
detail Instances where Armenians
havp been put to death, wbmen,vio
lated and children slaughtered, of
robbery, torture and death by star
vation and of terrible privations en
dured in long marches to the desert
regions to which the Armenians have
been exiled—crimes deccribed by the
committee as surpassing “to their
horror and cruelty anything that his
tory has recorded during the past one
thousand yeara.”.
1 The blockade ia not effective,
for the reason that German porta
on the Baltic Sea are allowed to
trade freely with the Scandinavian
countries.
2. A legal blockade meat affect
all aentral nation* equally, where
as In thla case the Scaadlnavian
countries trade freely with Ger
many. although the same privilege
to dented the United States
S Tits blockade violate* the
principle of Internal tonal law pro-
hihtiing Interference with acres* to
nentrai porta.
4. The practirea of the British
authorities and the prize court In
dealing with seizure* of American
cargoes constitute an aa warrant
ed *ub*titeflon of Brttlah manUi-
pal law fur international law.
S The operation* of the block
ading force are not Jaa tilled aader
the principle of “continnon* roy-
nge,” as laid dawn to the Ameri
can Judicial decisions cited by
Great Britain.
6. Great Britain has ignored the
rules of evidence required by all
legal tribunals to the treatment of
“continuous voyage" cases, sad
has established s procedure based
upon suspicion of ultimate desti
nation.
7. In placing the harden of
proof of dratination upon the ship
per, the Britiith government baa
riolated a fundamental principle
of International law.
I. The seizure of American
ships on the high seas snd the de
tention of such cargoes in Kur
land ronMltnte an invasion of the
sovereignty of the United fitatrs.
The United States protests agalngt
the declaration of cotton and oth<j
articles as contraband, without
tablishlng the use of such aitlcles
the military forces of Germany.
The plea made by Great Britain,
to the effect that the commerce of
the United States has Jumped three
hundred per cent, with the neutral
countries since the war began, will
be explained Just gg Sir Edward Grey
explained the increase of British ex
ports and re-exports to those coun
tries.
Sir Edward stated that these in
creases resulted from the fact that
the British colonics had lost their
normal ports in those countries, and
were compelled to reship their pro
ducts frim British ports to their old
customers.
The American note will explain
that European countries which for
merly depended to a great extent up
on Hamburg and other German ports
are now compelled to look to the
United States for their supplies.
$15,000,000 IN BOOliS LIMBS
Allies Place Big Order With Pitts*
burg Manufacturing Co.
. Fifteen million^vdollars’ worth of
artificial legs and arms for crippled
soldiers will bo made by t,he J. E.
Hahger Artificial Limb company of
Pittsburg to fill orders from the Eng
lish and French governments. The
company plans to ship two hundred
and fifty legs and arms each month
till the order is ctiippleted. The first
shipment from the Pittsburg factory
has been made.
VUU Ready lor
iTke foreign minister of General
Villa stated Wednesday the! the VU-
ta gorerumeat waa reedy to i
“personal sacrifice*' to the Uti
ef henrfser, rays aa E)
Fleet to War Game.
Two of the battleships defendln^fe
the American coast from the attack^B
tog squadron put into NarragansetWl
Bay Tuesday to the course of their
manoeuvre*, left for the sea Wednes
day moratog. „ .
British Ship Submarined
A then* report that the British
ahlp Arabia wee seek by aa Austrlaa
•ubmarlae near Cythare
Thirty five ef the crew were