Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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“V -T? ' ** fm hi - mUDS TOM ZONE REPLIES. TO AMkRl- NOTES Off’ PROTEST. BLAMES GREAT BRITAN Hopes United States Will Bring Eng land Back to Law of Nations—Will Then Call Off Its Announced Policy of Destroying Enjush Merchant* Germany’s reply to the protest of the United States against designation of a naral war zone about the Brit ish Isles is couched In the most friendly terms, but firmly maintains the position of Germany as already announced. The full text follows: "The imperial government has ex amined the communication from the ^ r ship by which the communication ap- , n ? hun ? er * ar in 8iIe nce, or pears to have been dictated. Ther^ er * ly ln re eistertng a protest, will imperial government is in accord with the United States government that for both parties it is in a high degree desirable to avoid misunder standings which might arise from measures announced by the German admiralty and (b provide against the occurrence of incidents which might trouble the friendly reations which so far happily exist between the two govern nlents “With regard to the assuring of these friendly relations, the German ^government believes that it may all f Ahe more reckon on a full understand ing with the United States as the pro cedure announced by the German ad miralty, which was fully explained in the note of the 4th instant, is in no way directed against legitimate com merce and legitimate shipping of neu trals, but represents solely a measure of self-defense, imposed on Germany by her vital interests, against Eng land's method of warfare, which Is contrary to international law, and which so far no protest by neutrals has succeeded in bringing back to the generally recognized principles of law as existing before the outbreak of war. ‘‘In order to exclude all doubt re garding the cardinal points, the Ger man government once more begs leave to state how things stand. Until now Germany has scruuplously ob served valid International rules re garding naval warfare. At the very beginning of the war Germany im mediately agreed to the proposal of the American government to ratify the new Declaration of London, and took ever its contents unaltered, and without formal obligation, into her prize law. "The German government has obeyed these rules, even when they were diametrically opposed to her military intereata. For instance, Ger many allowed the transportation of provisions to England from Denmark until to-day, although she was well able, by her sea forces, to prevent it. "In contradistinction to this atti tude, England has not even hesitated at a second infringement of interna tional law, if by such means she could paralyze the peaceful commerce of Germany with neutrals. The Ger man government will bo the less ob liged to enter into details, as these are put down sufficiently, though not exhaustively, in the American note to the British government dated De cember 29, as a result of five months' ex perience. Neutral Rights Infringed. “All these encroachments have been made, as has been admitted. In order to cut off all supplies from Ger many and thereby starve her peaceful ..civil population—a procedure con trary to international l-ws. “The American government, as Germany readily acknowledges, has protested against the British proced ure. In spite of these protests and protests from other neutral states. Great Britain could not be induced to depart fropi the course of action she had decided upon. Thus, for in stance, the American ship Wilhel- mina recently was stopped by the Britfsh although her cargo was des tined solely for the German civil pop ulation, and according to the express declaratioii of the German govern ment, was to be employed for this purpose. from her over-seas supply by the si lent or protesting toleration of neu contraband at all. “Great Britain, on the other hand toleration of neutral gov ernments, not only supplied with second, the contraband trade already such goods as are not contraband or menthoned, especially war materials, only conditional contraband, but with on neutral vessels. goods which are regarded by Great Britain, if sent to Germany, as abso lutely contraband; jiaigely, provi sions, industrial raw materials, etc., and even with goods which have al ways indubitably been regarded as absolute contraband. “The German government feel it self obliged Jo point out with the greatest emphasis that a traffic in arms, estimated at many hundreds of millions, is being carried on between American firms and Germany's ene mies. Germany fully comprehends that the practice of right and the tol- R ation of wrong on the part of neu- ils are matters absolutely at the iscreion of neutrals, and Involve no formal violation of neutrality. Ger many, therefore' did not complain of any formal violation of neutrality, bUv the German governtaent, in view of complete.evidence before It, can not help pointing ont t tot It. together with the entire pnb)ic opinion of Ger many. feels itself to be severely pre judiced by the fact that neutrals in safeguarding their rights in legitl- Irtth - cording to international law have, up to the present, achieved no, or only insignificant results, while they are making unlimited use of their right by carrying on contraband traffic with 0reat Britain and our other enemies. “If it is a formal right of neutrals to take no stops to protect their legi timate trade with Germany, and even to allow themselves to be Influenced in the direction of the conscious and wilful restriction of their trade, on the other hand, they have the perfect right, which they unfortunately do not exercise, to cease contraband trade, especially in arms, with Ger many’s enemies. „ Germany's Necessity. “In. view of this situation Ger many, after six months of patient waiting, sees herself obliged to an swer Great Britain’s murderous meth od of naval warfare with sharp coun ter measures. If Great Britain, in her fight against Germany summons hunger as an ally, for the purpose of Imposing upon a civilized people of seventy millions the choice between destitution and starvation, or sub mission to Great Britain’s commercial will, then Germany is determined to take up the gauntlet and appeal to similar allies. “Germany trusts that the neutrals who so far have submitted to the dis United States government in the 80 far have 8ubmlt te d the dls- same spirit of good will and friend- ?. d y ai ? tage . 8 consequences of Great display towards Germany no smaller measure of tfileration, even if Ger man measures, like those of Great Britain, present new terrors of naval warfare. ^Moreover, the German govern ment is resolved to suppress with all the means at its disposal, the Impor tation of w ar materials to Great Brit ain and her allies, and she takes it for granted that neutral governments which so far have taken no steps against the traffic In arms with Ger many’s enemies, will not oppose forc ible suppression by Germany of this trade. ' Danger to Neutrals. “Acting from this point of view, the German admiralty proclaimed a naval war zone whose limits it exact ly defined. Germany, so far as pos sible, will seek to close this war zone with mines, and will also endeavor to destroy hostile merchant vessels in every other way. “While the German government, In taking action baseu upon this over powering point of view, keeps itself far removed from all Intentional de struction of neutral lives and proper ty, on the other hand it does not fail to recognize that from the action to be taken against Great Britain dan gers arise which threaten all trade within the war zone, without distinc tion. This is pnatural result of mine warfare, which even under the strict est observance of the limits of inter national law endangers every sh^p approaching the mine area. “The German government consid ers Itself entitled to hope that all neutrals will acquiesce In these meas ures as they have done in the case of the grievous damages inflicted upon them by British measures, all the more so aa Germany la resolved, for the protection of neutral shipping, even in the naval war zone, to do everything which is at all compatible with the attainment of this object. “In view* of the fact that Germany gavo the first proof of her good will in fixing a time limit of not less than fourteen days before the execution of said measure, so that neutral ship ping might 'have an opportunity of making arrangements to avoid threat ening dunger, this can most surely be achieved by remaining away from the naval war zone. Neutral vessels which, despite this ample notice, which greatly affects the achievement of our aims in our war against Great Britain, enter these closed waters will themselves bear the responsibili ty for any unfortunate accidents-thaf may occur. Germany disclaims all responsibility for such accidents and consequences. “Germany has further expressly re nounced the destruction of all mer chant vessels, as the United States seems erroneously to have under stood. This restriction which Ger many imposes upon himself Is pre judicial at the aim of our warfare, es pecially as in the application of the conception of contraband practiced by Great ‘Britain towards Germany which conception will now also be correctly interpreted by Germany— tho presumption will be that neutral ships have contraband aboard. Ger many naturally is unwilling to re nounce its rights to ascertain the presence of contraband in neutral vessels, and in certain cases to draw conclusions therefrom. Measures of Safety. "Germany is ready, finally, to de- and the ■ubmariae would be expoeed to deetructloa. “Greet Britain then was In e posi tion to mako the German measures illusory if the British merchant fleet persisted in the misuse of neutral flags and neutral ships could not oth erwise be recognised beyond doubt, ffiermany, however, being |a e state of necessity, wherein she was placed by violation of law, must render ef fective her measures in all circum stances in order thereby to compel her adversary to adopt methods of warfare corresponding with interna tional law, and so to restore the free dom of the seas of which Germany WRITES TO GOVERNOR MAYOR GRACE TELLS OT BIG / AND ITS PROBLEMS. Realizes the Lew Is Not Fully Re spected—Announces Seme New Reguietkme. Mayor John P. Grace of Charles ton Tuesday made known his pro gram of mnuniclpal law enforcement at all times is the defender and for 4b response to a communication from Gov. Manning, In which the chief exe cutive of South Carolina calls the at tention of the mayor to alleged con ditions existing in Charleston in vio lation of the law. Accompanying the program offered by Mayor Grace is a statement to the effect that he be lieves to be a reasonable program, al though not strictly in accord with the wishes of the governor. Mayor Grace’s statement follows: “Gov. Manning has called my at tention very sharply to alleged viola tions of law In this city, and has stat ed that unless drastic steps are taken St once to stop these violations. Charleston must be prepared for a rather strenuous program.. I..agree that the law is not fully respected In many particulars In this community. "But Charleston is no worse ‘hau any other city upon which odious laws have been imposed by those either misunderstanding or not caring about cosmopolitan habits and conditions. "Therefore, I have made earjMUit efforts to bring the legislature around to a proper conception of our prob lems, hoping that sensible laws might be passed which all good citizens can which she to-day is fighting. “Germany therefore rejoices that the United States had made repre sentations to Great Britain concern ing the illegal use of their flag and expresses the expectation that this, procedure will force Great Britain to respect the American flag in the fu ture. In this expectation, command ers of German submarines have been* instructed as aleady mentioned in the note of February 4. to refrain from violent action against American merchant vessels so far as these can be recognized. Suggests Convoys. “In order to prevent In the surest manner the consequences of confu sion—though naturally not so far as mines are concerned—Germany ref- ommends that the United States mako their ships which are conveying peaceful cargoes through the British war zone discernible by means of con voys. “Germany believes it may act on the supposition that only such ships would be convoyed as carried goods not regarded as contraband, accord ing to the British interpretation made in the case of Germany. “How this method of convoy ran be carried out is a question concern ing which Germany is ready to open negotiations with the United States as soon ar possible. Germany would be particularly grateful, however, if the United States would urgently rec ommend to its merchant vessels to avoid the British navp.l war zone, in any case until the settlement of flag question. “Germany is inclined to the confi dent hope that tho United States will be able to appreciate in its entire sig nificance the heavy battle which Ger many is waging for existence and that from the foregoing explanations and promises It will acqu’re full under standing of the motives and the aims of. the measures announced by Ger many. If l.a«v 1h Keetoml. "Germany repeats that it has now resolved upon the projected meas ures only under the strongest neces sity of national self-Uefense, such measures haring been deferred out of consideration for neutrals If the United States, in view of the weight which it is justified in throwing and able to throw, into the scales of the fate of peoples, should succeed -t the last moment in removing the grounds which make that procedure an obliga tory duty for Germany, and If the American government in particular should find a way to make the decla ration of London respected—on bo- half also of those powers which are fighting on Germany’s side—and thereby make possible for Germany's legitimate Importation of the neces saries of life and Industrial raw-ma terial, then the German government could not too highly appreciate such a service, rendered In the Interests of humanity, and' would gladly draw conclusions from the new situation. “TELLING U8 HOW Weakness of (Tty People To lleiiere Country Folk Backward Germany is as good as cut off liberate with the United States con -»TW lint* mvvSvtlw* W ** * 1. „ i . _ - coming any measures which might secure the safety of legitimate ship trals, not only in regard to such goods ping of neutrals In the war zone. Ger as are absolutely contraband, but also many can not, however, forbear to in regard to such as, according to ac- point out that all its efforts in this knowledge^ law before the war, are direction may be rendered very diffi- only conditional contraband or not cult by two circumstances: First the misuse of neutral flags by Brit ish merchant vessels, which is tndubi - tably known to the United States: , “Regarding tho latter point, Ger many would fain hope that the Unit ed States would come to a conclusion of real neutrality regarding the first point. The secret order of the Brit ish admiralty relating to British ships using neutral flags, has been communicated by Germany to the United States and confirmed by com munication from the British foreign oflice, which designates this proced ure as entirely unobjectionable ant 1 in accordance with British law. Brit ish merchant shipping immediately followed thia advice as is doubtless known to the American government from the incidents of the Lusitania and the Laertes. “Moreover, the British government has supplied arms to British mer chant ships and instructed them forc ibly t6 resist German submarines. In these circumstances it would be very difficult for submarines to recognize neutral merchant ships, for search in most cases can sot be aadertaken, seeing that In t}* use of a disguised British ship from which sa attack the searching party One of the interesting observations of the National News Bureau is that there is nothing more irritating to the people of a small town than the air of superiority that people from larger towns have towards them and their village. "It is hard to say just what prompts the city man to feel greater than the villager, but he al most invariably does, and what makes it worse, shows it in his ac tions'. "It is the weakness of city people, thir belief of theirs that country peo ple are back numbers. The man from a city concern pays the country busi ness man a visit and shows plainly that he considers the little merchant a very small potato: but if he were wise enough to realize the truth of their respective businesses, he would know that the back-number mer chant, as he looks upon him, is lay ing by each year more than the city chap is drawing as a hired man from a company that could find a thousand like him in a day's time. “The narrow-brained lecturer drops into the small town, and at the beginning of his talk, mentions that he has changed bis subject* “for fear the one announced would be over the heads of his audience,” and then pro ceeds to ramble along for a couple of hours with stale stories and discon nected ideas, boring his auditors half to death. The Chautauqua entertain er, until he has had a good deal of experience; the traveling salesman, up to the time he becomes of some value to his house; the transient visi tor, on a chance business or pleasure trip; the young city employee, before he learns the lessons of the relation of capital to business, wherever it is employed—all of them make the same mistake of misjudging the ca pacity, the intelligence and the char acter of country people.' “If there is such a thing as super iority between city a.nd country folks, tne latter have the best opportunity of securing it. But as people, there is no difference between those who live in efties and those who live in the country. They all read the same newspapers, the same magazines and the same books; they hear the same 1 lecturers, and see the same theatrical performances; they attend the same high schools and graduate from the same colleges and universities; they take the same trips, visit the same vacation resorts, and make aa many, exenraiona abroad- they ride in Pull mans as often, and pay their bills aa regularly; and when everything is counted. It In hard to point out any difference between them, except that join in obeying and seeing obeyed. Unfortunately while we have made a great impression and much progress with the legislature now sitting, we have again failed to get relief, i^ut the future is full of hope. Irf'the meantime, and especially now under the mandates of Gov. Manning. I feel It my duty to republish the following rules which the police department will more rigorously follow, begin ning March 1 “I. The closing of blind tigers at 12 o'clock and on Sundays. ”2. The banishment ofMlot ma chines and all forms of miifcanlcal gambling. ‘‘3. The closing of turf exchanges and the prevention of handbooks in that connection. "4. The suppression of lotteries. “R. The shutting off of Illuminated signs which lead to places of lawless ness "6. The absolute prevention of li quor selling to boys (>nd especially those in school uniforms) and to men when they reach a certain rtage of intoxication. “7. The measurable restriction of houses of 111 fame and assignation "It will be recalled that these are practically the rules tw’ce heretofore promulgated and sporadically enforc ed until by the intervention of com pelling Influences they were rendered more or less nugatory. I understand now that it is Gov. Manning's Inten tion to prevent henceforth a repeti tion of those Influences. “Gov Manning is by no means sat Isfled with nor does he accept the rules above laid down u a full com pliance with his ideas of law enforce ment. Rut I have assured him that under all the circumstances in Char leston, if I can carry them out. it will be as far, for the present, as it Is humanly practicable to go. “Of course he would like to see the enforcement In Charleston of every law on the statute boks. So would I. That is a very high Ideal, but like every other Ideal, altogether un attainable; especially when some of our statute law Is in downright op position to an almost universal senti ment. I believe that the minds and hearts of 90 per cent of our people will instantly‘accept the foregoing program as reasonable, and therefore enforceable, which will be a far bet ter condition to achieve than by any more extreme effort to plunge the whole community Into a state of tur moil and hopel «s outlawry TO SEND NOTES. Government Intends to Communicate * With England and Germany. Drafts of notes to Great Britain and Germany—one relative to the use of the American flag by the Brit ish liner Lusitania and the other con corning the attitude of the German navy toward neutral vessels in the newly prescribed sea zones of war worn given pert nal consideration by President Wilson Tuesday, after con ferences with Secretary Bryan and cabinet members. It is understood that no protest against any violation of international law is fo be directed to either coun try. The administration view of the Lusitania’s hoisting of (he American flag is that it is a customary war ruse But at the same time representations pointing out that neutral commerce might suffer through continued prac tice of the stratagem were deemed advisable. As for the German proclamation that it may be difficult to determine the character of a vessel In the war zones because of misuse of neutral flags, the United States intends to ask for more information as to meth ods by which the order will be car ried out. It will point out that it expects every effort to be made to verify the nature of ships flying neutral ags, assuming that due respect for the safety of Americans will be given. ■ . m the country people have the advan tage of freedom from the life in throngs, and from the scramble for a livelihood with great numbers con testing^ for jl share. “We have no contempt or criticism for these who prefer to live In a city, bit we do object to thetr attitude of scorn for the deters of those who live In the c?entry or la small towns There U no bants fo*.their feeling of superiority and. to a person with a proper understanding of the relations of things, it is son sea steal and ua- cailed-ter.** HUT JAPAN WANTS ♦ • ; PEKING GIVES OUT ALLEGED LIST OF DEMANDS. NATIONS CANNOT AGOEE SHIP HLL SLU1BE1S DEMOCRATS AND REPUBLICANS AGREE TO A TRUCE. * Japan and Chinn, Unable to Reach Terms of Settlement on a Basis Satisfactory to Both Coua- trtce—China Reject* First List of Japanese Demands. ■ . _ . — - t ; If information from presumably well informed sources is correct, the memorandum recently given by the Japanese legation to American, Brit ish, French and Russian diplomatic representatives respecting Japan's demands on China, omits certain of the requirements originally presented to Peking. These negotiations, which began late In January, had for their object determination of the future status of Japan’s relations with China and a decision respecting certain questions regarding the future devel opment of the Chinese republic. Their course has been guarded with great secrecy. Oh February 6, Sun Pao-Chl, Chi nese foreign secretary, rejected Japan's proposals on the ground thak they were incompatible with China's sovereignty and conflicted with exist ing treaties between China and other foreign powers. The Japanese min ister then asked for acceptance in principle, stated that the detailed ne gotiations pould be conducted later, China returned the same answer as to the principles involved. The original demands, according to Information from Peking sources, were 21 In number. The memoran dum as handed to the legations of the United States. Great Britain, France and Russia is understood to contain but 11 demands, substantially as fol lows; • In relation to Shantung, efiina Is to transfer to Japan all rights and concessions previously enjoyed by Germany and must consult Japan on all matters previously agreed upon between Germany and China in that province. China is to agree not to alienate or lease Shantung or any part of the coast to any foreign government; and no island near Shantung is to be leased to any foreign power. China is to grant Japan the right to construct a railroad from Kiao Chow to Chi-Fu. Certain cities in the province of Shantung shall be opened as treaty ports. In southern Manchuria and Mon golia terms of the lease of Port Ar thur and Darien and the Manchurian A Mukden railroad are to be extend ed In the same region Japan la to ac quire rights of residence, ownership of land, mining grants for her na tional*. \ Before granting railroad conces sions to any third power China must agree to previously consult Japan. Before endeavoring to obtain capi tal for loan* from any third power China must consult Japan. Before choosing any foreign politi cal, military or financial advisers. China must consult Japan. Transfer of manageir.ent-<and con trol of the Changohln railroad Is to be made to the Japanese. China is obliged not to alienate or lease any ports or.bays on any island near the Formosa coast. Among the original demands not included in the memorandum as handed to foreign legations are said to be the following: That if China employs foreigners as controlling advisers in her police, military or financial departments, Japanese shall be preferred; that one-half of the ammunition and arms used by China must be purchased from Japan, or an arsenal be estab lished in China employing Japanese experts and materials; that China must grant to Japan the same privi leges as other nations to establish missions, schools and churches throughout the country to propagate Buddhism; that mining concessions conflicting with existing concessions at Hanang, Tayeh and Find Slang shall not be granted t> other foreign ers if the Chino-Japanese company, hereafter to be formed, shall disap prove; that certain railroad conces sions shall be granted; that foreign ers other than Japanese shall be ex cluded from future railroad, mining and dock building concessions unless Japan shall consent. It is learned that China has made three counter proposals concerning concessions in Manchuria, Mongolia and Shantpng and has signified will- igness to make a public declaration that China shall never cede a port, harbor or island to another power, but declined to pledge Itself to that effect to Japan. ’ China also has expressed willing ness to discuss any demand she does not regard as infringing on her own sovereignty or affecting existing treaties with other powers. The status of the negotiations now is rather clouded. Whether Japan will press for her demands In full or decide she can not insist on any ex cept the 11th set forth in the com munications to the foreign govern ments Is not known. Rubber Found in Cotton. One hundred and seventy-eight bales of cotton were held up at New York recently when rubber was found concealed In all- of them. Four pounds of rubber were In each bale, and the entire consignment wax to fo to Adriatic ports. British Boat Torpedoed. The British collier Dulwich ‘was torpedoed end sunk on Wednesdhy by a German submarine. t Norwegian Ship Hit* Mine. The Norwegian steamed Nordcap struck a mine la the Baltic and foun Bill Will be Taken Up Again on Feb* ruary 27—Republican* Win Renew * FUibostor. Blocked in their efforts to get a vote on the House ship purchase Mil, Democratic senators Thursday agreed to take up appropriation billa and sent the shipping measure to confer* ence until February 27 when it must take its chances of being flllbustered to Its death on March 4. ,’r Republican aenatora entered idto a “gentleman’s agreement” with Demo cratic leaders to let the bill go to conference on condition that appro priation measures be passed within the next ten days, to avoid an extra session. Th« Democrats. It was reported, agreed- to a reasonable cut in the rivers and harbors bill, and the Re publicans in turn gave assurance# that they would not filibuster against any appropriation measures. Demo crats further agreed that when the ship purchase bill comes cut of con ference, the Republicans will be given an opportunity to renew their fight against it. The compact which broke the long struggle was reached late In the day. Administration leaders, maintained that it was the best they could hope for and Republican senators, insisted that the action meant the bill was dead. All seemed to gree there would be no extra session. When'lhe time came to put the agreement into operation revolting Democrats and other senators oppos ed letting the bill go to conference until votes could be bad on their amendments.' There was a flood of qrstory and many roll calls, and all amendments were voted down. Senator Bankhead started the trouble with an amendment to pro vide that government ships be admit ted to coastwise shipping. This was defeated, 54 to 43. the alignment which has prevailed for many weeks breaking up. Twenty-two Republi can senators voted with the adminis tration Democrats and some regular Democrats joined with the recalci trant Democrats and Progressive Re publics. Senator Hitchcock then renewed his amendment to prevent the expor tation of munitions of war bellig erents. This was tabled. 51 to 34; an amendment by Senator O’Oorman to prohibit purchaae of belligerent ■hips was tabled, 45 to 43; one by William Alden Smith to create a com mission to study the problem of ocean transportation was tabled. to 31, and one by Senator Poindexter to prevent government skips plying between the United Slates and bellig erent ports met n Ilka fata. Another Poindexter amendment to authorise the president to expend 930,000,000 for construction of ships In American ship yards and to oper ate them outside of the war sons nine was defeated. The Fletcher motion to send the bill to conference then prevailed without n dissenting vote. TO HELP POLAND. Negotiate t German Authorities. With America and Germany are joining hands, says a Netherlands dispatch. In relief measures for the civil popu lation in the war devastated districts of Poland. Representatives of the American Red Cross and the Rocke feller Foundation, after investigation, found this work as essential aa relief for Belgium. While American representatlvee were negotiating what amounts to n formal treaty with the German anfi Austrian authorities providing guar antees not only that Imported food supplies shall not be requisitioned by the military authorities, but that all requisitions shall cease in occupied region*, a German committee had be gun raising money to buy food for n people who officially are their eno- znies. I AEROPLANES BATTLE. Ilritish Machine Destroyer Near Brussels by Germans. Repeated attempts have been made of late by British and French airmen to reach Brussels. On Thursday an English aeroplane approached the Belgian capital, presumably to bom bard the German camp there. Ger man aeroplanes ascended and a fierce fight ensued, ending In victory for the Germans. The British machine sud denly crashed to the ground and its occupants killed. England Will Take Foes. Great Britain has announced that all subjects of enemy nations on board neutral ships will be taken If they enter any principal British col onial port. ZEMERINE HAS CURED ECZEMA That irritating itch of eczema, and other skin diseases, has been relieved by the use of ZEM ERINE. Many sufferers in this county have found their only relief from skid disorders by treating with ZEMERINE. “It has positively cared every person who has used it than far.'' says the manufacturers, and they aril it with a money-back guar antee. If it doesn’t end your trouble, yon get your aauuey hack-./ Manufactured In twu fifty cents and nan will be am drees by the ITAL OOl.