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THE MEXICAN MOVEMENT HEADED AIMS TO ESTABLIS 7 FORM OF POi (The better element In Mexico Is I and integrity and the fact that hs ata not of men.) The view of th? ordinary American citizen in regtuu io Mexico Is that it has become just one Provisional President after another. Changes have been so kaleidoscopic and the dally news has been so conflicting that it has become almost Impossible for "the man on the street" to understand the true situation in the Repub UU IU lilt? bUUlii UI UtS. HI" exasperation has reached that pol.?* where he now dismisses the whole affair with a comment that "a lot of bandits seem to be fighting among themselves in Mexico as to who shall be allowed the privilege of looting the country and I reckon Uncle Sam will have to step in one of these days and straighten things out." The one significant fact that has served to make Americans believe that possibly behind the present turmoil in Mexico there may be after all something big and serious, has been the ? broad humanitarian view that President Wilson has onnaistentlv taken ill regard to the Mexican revolution. A brief history of the present revolutionary movement in Mexico tends to clear up many of the things that have remained incomprehensible to Americans and sheds a light on the entire situation that gives a true understanding of the conditions in thut country as they exist today. The present revolution actually had its inception with Francisco Madero in lulu, ilium Aiut'ncuu? art) luimiiar with the rapid and unexpected triumph of Madero over Diaz, but it is not generally known that Madero't? regime failed to be a success and live up to the high hopes and expectations that had been born with it, because he had been too generous in compromising with the reactionaries and that they on account of their dominance of the two hold-over houses of Congress were able to defeat all his plans for the betterment of his people. Assassination of Madero. The shameful assassination at the instigation of Huerta excited such a feeling" of indignation in the United States as to make President Wilson's stand in refusing to recognize the Government set up by Huerta on the dead body of Madero, as being eminently just and in keeping with the beBt traditions of thia country. Madero's death put the old cienti flooa, reactionaries and clerics back again in power. This necessitated that the struggle Madero hud successfully waged must again be taken up. and accordingly there came into existenco with the new movement a new shibboleth that has rung from one end of Mexico to the other: "Justice and Reform and no compromise." The first man to refuse to accept the authority of the dictator Huerta and to fling into his face a bitter defiance was Venu8tiano Carranza. then Governor of the State of Conhuila. Carranza has been o?e of the strong <>8t supporters of Mndero and during tho previous revolution had acted as Minister of War in tho assnssinated President's provisional cabinet. Carrunza's patriotic stand drew tho attention of all liberty loving Mexicans to Conhuila and there soon rallied around the Governor's standard a number of high-minded and patriotic Mexicans, who banded together to overthrow the usurper lluerta and reestablish a constitutional government in Mexico. Accordingly it was under these circumstances the much heard of. but little understood plan of Gundalui>e catne into existence. The miin planks of this plan are as follows: "For the organization of the military forces necessary to make compliance with our purposes, we nutne as First Chief of the forces which shall be called 'Constitutionalists,' Don V'onifui lenn Poreonoo ?.* ?Wa ? \/nnnut.a, Ul/icillWI UI IUO State of Coahuila. "On the occupation ^ the Constitutionalist forces of the City of Mexico. the Executive power shall be taken charge of by Hon Venustiano Carranza. First Chief of the forces, or whoever may he substituted in command. "The president ad interim of the Republic shall convoke general elections as soon as peace shall have been established, delivering the power to the person who shall be elected." Genesis of Revolution. This wns the genesis of the revolution against Huerta. which had, as can be s'-en. r.s its one big hope, tl.e reestablishment of a constitutional form of government in Mexico. Following f hla f rinmnh I ho nnpoqitnrv rnfnrma mat die country cried for were thought to follow as a necessary conr sequence. The movement against lluerta was a magnificent effort on the part of the Mexicans to regain the Ideals MaderoLad given them, and not to sink back -. gain into the despotic days of Diaz. The present struggle In Mexico has not Justifiable grounds for Its existinee. Villa has made this issue: "I cm to dominate Mexico." and has en.dcavored to cloak it la a mantle of v * < REVOLUTION." BY GARRANZA H CONSTITUTIONAL PULAR GOVERNMENT behind Carranza beeause of his honesty inds for a government of principle and ; verbal patriotism and empty sounding I platitudes. The element behind Carranza is not supporting the personality of Carranza. At all times it has nuuu5 iu oaci uitc nun lUl mw greater good of the country. It has simply rallied to him in this present conflict, because of his honesty, integrity and deep seated patriotism, and becuuse he stands for a government of principle and not of meu. The revolution agninst Huerta swept through Mexico with the irresistible force that has ever animated every real struggle for liberty and the dash i ing victories of Villa, Gonzales, Obrogou, Herera and others against the ' Federal troops brought the victorious revolutionists into Mexico City after 17 months of struggle. Huerta lied an exile to Spain. Only one small cloud specked the horizon of the revolution during its early days. This was when Villa being ordered by Carranza to send reinforcements to a brother general, re fused to accept the commands of his superior officer and carried his in subordination to such a length thut when his resignation as division commander was accepted by Carranza, he ! paid no attention to this action and ! continued to remain in charge of his I army. Carranza's position in this matter vas similar to that of President Lin- j coin during our Civil War, when Mc- | Clollan, Fremont, Hooker, llurnside and Meade scoffed at the President's knowledge of military strategy and refused to give any heed to his directions as Commander in Chief of the Union forces. In each case, Uncoln was compelled to remove the insubordinate general from his command. Carranza Retires. Carraqza, setting aside all personal considerations and desirous, above anything else, of bringing the revolution to a triumphant conclusion, agreed to allow General Gonzales to i hoid a conference with General Villa, in order that the personal differences between the two men might be ad- j : justed and the welfare of the constitutionalist cause not be jeopardized. I This was effected, but it was clear to j the minds of all Mexicans that unless ; Villa changed Ills mcntnl attitude and ! ceased to allow a certain clique of re- j actlonaries, who had come close to liis confidences, to inflate bis vanity beyond control, that they would use 1 him as a tool to undermine the now nil but attained success of the revolu- : tion. Events afterwards proved these J apprehensions to be well grounded. Prom the moment that Villa first began to dream dreams of an empire and the traitorous kitchen cabinet that , surrounded him begnn to see the probability of their nefarious work ripening into success, there began a well organized and systematic campaign of publicity in this country with the I purpose of painting Carranza as AntiAmerican," "ambitious," "hostile," "dictatorial," "stubborn." etc. He was dubbed an "old man in his tottering senility," and other such libelous descriptions of him were sent broadcast a^ to create In this country an lmnrp<s fion that Carranza was totally unfit .. 1 to act as the Chief Executive of Mex- , j ico. ! Carranza is not a diplomat, in fact, I his blunt honesty Is at times discon- ' ! certing in its sincerity; straight cuts ' rather than winding paths, are the fa- j ; vorite ways of his mental trains. He is essentially Anglo-Saxon in his men- j ' tal workings and utterly lacks th<i usu. nl Latin habits of circumlocution and procrastination. Vera Cruz Note. This was strikingly evidenced in his so-called Vera Cruz note to this coun- ] try. Carranza felt that the ocupation of Vera Cruz by our troops was , n violation of the sovereignty of Mexico Northerns in the Civil War would i have entertained the same feeling of J resentment against England had she ; on account of some differences with the Confederacy occupied Mobile. All America would have been united in hostile array against the Rrittsh A j somewhat similar sentiment animated j Mexico when the United States army by force took possession of Vera Cruz, j Fortunately, after a storm of aggra- j vation had swept this country over what was termed "Onrranza'a insolent stand." the administration came to ippreeiatj Carranza's position and nothing that marred the friendly feeling between the White House and the '"onstitutlonaiist came of this unfor- j tui. tie incident. In due time the greater part ol the American people also arrived at the understanding of the patriotism that had prompted Carranza. After Carranza hud established a government in the national capita! he Issued a call to all the military leaders jv;?j governors of States who had j signed the plan of Guadalupe to meet in convention on October 1st, in Mexi- , co City, for the purpose of drafting a program of reforms and to name a date for the calling of general elec- j dona. villa, evei since his first break with Oarranza, had been throwing obstacles in the way of a successful pacification of tho country. In order to show him that he harbored no ill feelings Carranzn named Villa to go with General Obregon on a pence mission to settle J a local strife in the State of Sonora. Villa in the course of. these nesotia- ' Hons became sa incensed at Obregon. who held an equal rank with him in tho Constitutionalist army, because the latter refused to accept his unauthorised dictation and withdrew GenA cyai "htii fiTsw "Soirera m -craer -rest Governor Maytorena, Villa's ally, might control the situation and array that State against Cnrranza's authority, that In a frenzy of anger he attempted to kill Qbregon. Fortunately being restrained from this by subordinate officers, he highhandedly placed Obrcgou under arrest. These events happened but a few days before the time that the Mexico City convention was to assemble. When Carranza was Informed of Villa's unwarranted persecution of Obregon, he ordered the train service north of the City of Aguascalientes. some distance south of where Obregon was held by Villa, discontinued temporr.rily from Mexico City, until he could determine whether or not Villa intended his treatment of Obreeon to presage a hostile military movement against Carranza. Villa's Insolence. Villa sent a telegram to Carranza asking him to explain what he termed this hostile action against his division of the North. Carranza sent him the following reply: "Before answering your message which I have just rer i J i * SlilS A ' I ^ VENUSTIANC Flrrf P.hi^f n# (hi t ceTved T desire TO explanation "bT your conduct towards General Obregon In Chihuahua." Instead of Villa giving the requested explanation to his superior officer he replied insolently that he would no longer recognize Carranza the First Chief of the Republic. In explanation of this traitorous conduct Villa gave the ridiculous and petty reason that he had broken with Carranza and was willing to plunge the country into a civil war, because Carranza did not have sufficient intelligence or ability to govern Mexico. How farcicai this statement reallv was can be best understood when it is ex- | plained that Villa can scarcely read j or w rite and has never read a single ! book in bis life, whilst on the other band Carranza is a man of education, culture and business experience. The convention that Carranza had railed to meet in Mexico City opened its sessions on the appointed day. Carranza tendered his resignation as First Chief to the convention and asked the delegates to accept it if they thought thereby such action would be conducive to establishing permanent peace in Mexico. The convention unanimously rejected his resignation and passed a vote of confidence in the First Chief. Villa and his army of the North had refused to send delegates to this con- ; \ention. In a last efTorc to settle the difficulty between the Division of the ! North and the remainder of the Constitutionalist army, certain leaders among the Constitutionalists proposed that a commission be sent to treat with Villa and that the convention itself adjourn from Mexico City to Aguascallentes. Carranza, foreseeing, as afterwards came to pass, the futility of this action, opposed it, but finally allowed the delegates of their own volition to move to Aguascalientes to treat with the chiefs of the Northern Division. Primarily the purpose of the Aguasenlipntes meeting was simply to endeavor to persuade Villa to send representatives to the convention. After wards it usurped sovereign powers that it did not possess and which Cnrranza never sanctioned. But Carran/.a, putting aside the considerations and rising nobly to the demands of the situation, expressed to the convention in writing hla willingness not only to resign as First Chief in charge of the executive power of the nation, hut to become an exile from his country if the delegates ask this of him. The single condition that he stated must govern this abdication was that Villa should resign his command of the Constitutionalist army of the North and If the convention so decreed, must also leave Mexico. Story o* Convention. The convention on November 6th pass*>d a resolution calling for the re- i Urement of both Carrnnx* and Vlllc .1 I - I II ? "Xntonfol. A'iliareai. Chairman of the | convention, thus describes subsequent ( events: "After the absurd selection of General Gutierrez as Provisional Presi- 1 dent for 20 days, which had been done : In deference to the wishes of Zapata, j myself and three others were comrais- j stoned to serve notice on the First i Chief that he was to resign. Villa | had already agreed, so his represents- j Hvok ctntpfl to tnnHnr hla moionatl/vn v. . W- u%w%wu, V V ?vu?iva UIO I coi^iianuil. j We would have shortly secured Carranza's retirement had not General Gutierrez, bullied Into action by pressure brought upon him by Villa, summoned the latter to Aguascalientes and placed him in command of all the military forces In the country. "This act violated the previous resolution of the convention and was contrary to its own mandates, or in other words, contrary to the desires of what was left of it. as it must be remembered that out of the 155 registered delegates many had withdrawn for one reason or another until at last there were only 60 members left and 18 out of this 60 had been recalled by their signatories. A quorum in the convene tion necessitated 79 delegates. ?i I CARRANZA s Constitutionalists. " \ hrtpf rpanma r\f Ihp uWm.fi>.., this critical time might be stated as follows: We said to Carranza: 'Retire or we will fight you. your retirement being made with the understanding that Villa will be forced to withdraw." i We said to General Gutierrez and to j the convention: 'That Villa retire or ; we will fight him and uphold the reso- ; Iution of the convention. Villa's retirement being with the understanding thut Carranza will be forced to retire." "The reply wo received from Gen- j eral Gutierrez was that he had given Villa the command of the forces which were to fight against Carranza; that is, he had violated the fundanfental resolution of the convention, which was the basis of tho'whole agreement and the essential condition of our obligation. "This violent and illegal decision relieved us of every obligation toward an assembly without patriotism or moral force, the tool of an ambitious and savage faction to which we had shown undeserved complacency out of love for peace, but whose blind and , unconditional figureheads we could not and would not be. "TlrnrntnrAn nra i??UK # ?!! consciousness of our act, certain that we were following? the courBe of patriotism and duty, to fight Francisco Villa with all our force until we had removed from the horizon of the na tion this menace of reaction and barbarity." Carranza a Civilian. Carranza Is essentially a civilian rather than a military man. From the inception of the revolution he sought to direct its destinies ns did Presidents Lincoln and Davis control events In our Civil war. Accordingly when Villa commenced his military campaign against Carranza the latter had not a single soldier directly under his personal command. His only strength lay in the justice of his cause and the only means he used to organize an army was to unfurl the banner of patriotism and to allow such generals and their armies to gather around it ns desired to combat for *Jght and Justice. The entire Constitutionalist army, exclusivo of the Division of the North, commanded by Villa, flocked to the support of Carranza. Carranza withdrew from Mexico City anil established the national capital at Vera Cruz. Pathetic in its note of helpiessn^m is the story that President Gutierrez told of condition* existing In Mexico City while he occupied the presidential chair. He narrated this after he had fled from the city and endeavored to attach himself to Carranza. The following parts of his narrative are taken up after he recites in detail (he executions of Alberto Oarcia Aragon, Vice-President of the Aguascallrntes convention and Professor David MerlanRo, another distinguished mem D6r or the convention; both oT WhOTn had been brutally murdered by the orders of Villa. He says: "The members of the A'_,uascalientes convention which was now meeting in Mexico City, Justly alarmed by these daily murders, informed-me that they desired to change their residence from Mexico City to the town of San Luis Potosi, where they expected tp convene in safety. "A large number of the members of the convention proceeded to the above city and General Villa having been informed by his agents of what had happened had the audacity to issue orders of arrest and execution against these persons whose immunity was absolute and who were the source from w hich Villa derived the authority with which he is invested. Delegates Flee. ^ "In view of these terrible orders the delegates, carrying the flag of the convention. called for protection on the Carranza Governor of the State of Nuevo Laredo, in which State they are at present," Indicative or what an empty honor Gutierrez held and how the so-called convention party now means but one man?Villa?is the following excerpt from the same narrative: "On Sunday, December 31st, General Villa came to my home, revolver in hand, accompanied by ten or twelve armed men, besides two thousand cavalry, who surrounded my house and removed the meager guard of twenty men who were defending tne. With the courage instilled in him by such an nrray of force, Villa shamefully insulted me and hurled baseless, mortifying and criminal charges at me. 'With shame and Indignation I had to be a spectator of all these outrages because I did not have sufficient force to halt the reign of murder and robbery that Villa conducted." The flight of Gutierrez from Mexico City, accompanied by many prominent men in the so-called Convention party, strikingly illustrated to the world the impossibility of this or any other kindred government ruling in Mexico that was not subservient to the wishes of Villa The abandonment of Gutierrez and the other prominent men of the Convention party has left Villa isolated and alone and made the issue in Mexico now -Teflnite and certain. It is: Shall Villa be allowed to become the dictator of the country, or shall the people themselves rule? The outlook in Mexico at present is really encouraging, though 'he confusion attendant upon military opera tions has served to make this eountry consider the situation more dark than ever before. A11 the patriotic elements in Mexico are rallying to Carranza's standard. Villa with his own division of the army is fighting the rest of the nation and an indication of what his movement really signifies is the fact that he has invited all the old Federal army officers against whom the Madero revolution and its successor that drove Huerta from power was waged, to join him. World conditions are such that no government in Mexico can exist without the friendship of this country and without its moral and financial help. In a sense then, Americans are in duty bound to look upon the situation in Mexico from an intelligent and a sympathetic angle. Carranza Misunderstood. Carranza has been grossly misunderstood in this country. He is a man of probity, clean living and intense patriotism. He is not a wealthy man. He has reared his family in comfort, having made his living from the raising of cattle. He himself has visited the United States many times. He hftfi had htn fomilv oHnrntorf In this country.. Every man whom he has selected to become a member of his Cabinet he has first sent to this country to become acquainted with the American idea, system and plan of conducting the office he is about to assume. Carranza Is unmilitary, educated, having taken a law degree, intensely Mexican, and whole-heartedly desirous of helping the downtrodden peon to obtain "his chance in life." Villa contrastingly is uneducated, ignorant, brutal, unrestrained in his passions, totally unapprecialive of the needs of his country and Is simply riding his vanity to what he hopes will be the dictatorship of Mexico. Illustrative of the character of the two men is the fact that Carranza, not even to gain valuable political ends, would stultify himself to the extent of currying favor with the Washington administration as long as our troops were at Vera Cruz. His feelings of friendship he kept locked In his heart until the time he deemed proper to express them. Villa, on the other hand, has been one thing to this country and another to Mexico. He has taken every occasion to slobber ingly express his regard and frlQndship for this country and the admin Istratlon. while In Mexico he has attempted to gain recruits for his army by demagogically declaring that the Halted States Intends to annex Mexico and that he In the role of his country's savior calls upon the ex-Federals to join him in resisting the invasion that he announces soon is to come. Villa is forced to make this explanation to his own troops because otherwise they would keenly resent the presence of these Huertistas in their ranks. Carranza and the Constitutionalist cause has been assailed in this coun try as being not only Anti-Catholic, but Anti-Religious. The true facta show both these accusations to bo false. The Constitutionalist cause is opposed to any church taking part In the politics of the country and Is ?? hemently opposed to its aligning itself with the reactionaries and privileged classes, as unfortunately the Catholic ehurcn has done fiinrn tlie onlnnliotlnn of Mexico by the Spaniard. Rafael Zuberan Capmany, former agent of the Constitutionalists in Washington, and now minister of the interior in Oarranza's Cabinet, stated in the following manner the Constitutionalists' position in this respect: Church Question. "Let the Catholics of America understand that the occurrences which have happened and are explainable under the present disturbed conditions, do not, nor cannot constitute a part of the program of the Constitutionalists who are pledged to the principle of the separation of the State and church, and are firm belle vera In the principle of religious lIBertyT* One of the main reasons that has prevented a better feeling of cordial* 1 ity existing between Mexico and this country has been the fafct that the ordinary American looks upon all Mexicans as "greasers" and affecta an air of superiority towards the nation, that has bred the worst of understanding between the two countries. The tower, class of Mexicans, commonly * i called the "peon," is undoubtedly ig| norant and ill-kempt, but he has Bter| ling virtues of honesty and a genuine love of his country that deserves re| spect. ^ President Wilson by his Just atti tilde towards Mexico has wiped out the old memories that country haa held of us since the Mexican war, when we took fron it the Ki eater tion of its territory. Mexicans now universal'/ recognize that the only ambition this country has in regard to Mexico is to be of help and assistance to it. MADE STUDY OF THE LiuL~ Writer Tells of Times When There Was Almost Universal Search of the Scriptures. I committed to memory and recited in Sunday school, between my seventh year and my sixteenth, the whole of the four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, portions of the epistles, the story of Joseph, from the thirty-seventh chapter of Genesis to the close of the hook (omitting *110 thirty-eighth chapter), with quite a number of the Psalms, and not one verse of all this did 1 learn in Sunday school; it was all committed to memory at home. It was not possible that I should forget this task; those who hail the can' of me made sure that my lesson was ready every Sunday morning. Family worship, also, in those old times, was not universally hut was quite generally practiced; morning and evening the whole family assembled and a chapter was read, usually "verse about," each child with a Bible taking his turn in the reading. The reading was always in course, and in this way the entire Rible was read through several times during my boyhood. Ordinarily we skipped the lists of names in the Chronicles, but once wo labored through most of them, with some uncertainties of pronunciation?perhaps for the reason which a friend of mine once gavejiie: "If I should happen to meet one of those old duffers in heaven, it would be rather awkward to have to confess that. L had never heard of him."?WashingIon Chidden, in the Atlantic. She?Ah! James, couldn't you . just stand here and gaze at the view forever? He?Sure?Come on; there goes de dinner l>ell! MAKE YOUR OWr\T ? ?PAINT" I f YOU will SAVE ^ 56 Cts. PElt fiAL. P31" i THIS IS HOW /J/ms. 4 /Buy 4 gals. LAM. SemiV WS ' Mixed Ksol Paint $5.40 J /?[ I And 3 gals. Linseed Oil ft I j to m>* with it at Yft \ ' estimated cost of 2.40 1 1 A Makes 7 gals. Paint for $ 1C.80 1/ \ 11 It's only $1.54 per gal. The L.& M. SEMI-MIXFU REAL PAINT IS PURE WHITE LMU, ZINC ?nd LINSEED Oil.- the best Uuwn Ituinl materials lor 100 years. 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