Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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ROBERT I. LEE The Christian Character of the Great Chieftain APPROPRIATELY EULOGIZED. An Interesting Discourse Deliver ed at the Citadel Square Bap tist Church on Sunday Night by Dr. J. Wil liam Jones. The closing moments of the lReuniou, the very echoes of its last farewells, were laden with appropriate and fra ternal meaning. 1: is good to feel that the Confederate Veterau has such a future to come from such a glorious past. They that once trod the weary ways of privation, anguish and deso!a tion know now that after the wine press can come again, the grateful sha dow of the vine and fig tree, the peace and rest of home. The services at the Citadel Sqnare Baptist Church Sunday night were a most fitting close to the various Inci dents and ceremonies of Reunion week. In the years of a battling Confederacy the leaders of the army of the South land were servants of the treat God of Hosts. From hearthstone. tent. picket lines, breastworks, forts and churches prayer was wont to be made for the cause of the men in grey. This was done "in the night-time of sorrow and care" and it was meet that the last, the very last, moments of the great Reuni on of the Confederate Veterans. while many of the old soldiers were still pres ent, should be hallowed by a noble tri bute to the "Christian character of Robert Edward Lee," the great chief tain of the Southern Confederacy. This was the subject of the sermon by the Rev. J. William Jones, D. D., at the Citadel Square Baptiat Church Sunaay night. Dr. Jones had the honor of being one of Lee's chaplains in the Army of Northern Virginia, and was with Lee from Harper's Ferry to Appo mattox; from the beginning of his e. reer as president of Washington college until the sad day of his death. And so the man and the subject were well met. Charleston would at any time give a proper audience to this man and this subject, but Sunday night Charleston. South Carolina and many of the old States of the Southern Confederacy contributed to this truly representative gathering. The church was absolutely filled, and this includes extra chairs in the aisle and around the chancel. Members of every denomination in the city were among the hearers, and the gallery was comfortably filled. Among the minis tars present were seen the Rev. Dr. C. S. Vedder, the Rev. H. A. Whitman and the Rev. John Johnson. Mrs. Stonewall Jackson was also present. She heard again, in the house of God, of Lee and Jackson, as togethei these christian heroes bad so often been in battle. The girls of the Confederate Home were out in a body, and the ex ereises were most impressively interest ing. For one hour and twenty minutes Dr. Jones spoke to attentive hearers and there was not one present whose heart did not respond to the ennobling and inspiring thoughts and feelings which the warmhearted and affectionate words of the speaker so evidently pro duced. The Rev. F. 0. S. Curtis, of Ninety-Six, was in the pulpit and read the lesson for the evening, which was the wonderful words of the Holy Book. on faith.. Dr. Jones announced the opening hymn, ."How Firm a Foundation, ye Saints of the Lord." He said that this hymn was a favorite with both Lee and Jackson, and that it had been sung at their funerals. The text was from the Acts of the Apostles, 11th chapter and 24th verse: "He was a good man and full of the Holy Ghost and of faith." In the impressive discourse which followed Dr. Jones quoted at length from letters, ofiicial orders and writings of Lee. He attempted no eulogy, and oenfined himself strictly to his subject. Many of the leaders of the Confederacy were referred to and so were the pri vates, those men of the charge, of the breach, of the musket, powder and bul let. Jackson was referred to oftener than any other. "They were swifter than eagles; they were stronger than lions. * * * Lovely and beautiful were they in life, and in death t hiey are not divided." Dr. Jones had a bundant and conclusive evidence of the christian character of Robert Edward Lee. His authority could not be ques tioned, for he quoted from what Lee *said and did, and from what the speak er saw and heard. No "second-hand" evidence was introduced. The speaker showed that Robert Edward Lee was great and humble. He showed that the military chieftain, whose genius chal lenged the admiration of the world, had a heart that was as pure as it was no ble. He showed that the inner life of this man was that of a devoted Chris tian as ever served his Maker, and that on no occation and in no circumstances did this faith in God or service and worship of Him in whom he trusted ever fail to be sacredly observed. In his official orders to his army, as in the privacy of his own tent, this Christian character was revealed- Dr. Jones had seen Lee kneeling on the ground, pray ing at a wayside prayer meeting with the privates, while Jackson ushered in and gave seats to those who came. lie told of how Lee received him when he went to see him in reference to secur ing an order for the better observance of the Sabbath in camp at the very be ginning of the war. Had he been an ambassador extraordinary from the Court of St. James, bringing official re cognition of the Confederacy from this Government, no more courteous atten tion and interest could have been given him, he said. Dr. Jones said that the words of his text, "He was a good man and full of the Holy Ghost and of faith," were spoken of Barnabas, the travelling com panion, friend and co-worker of Paul. This was an accurate epitome of the Christian character of Robert Edward Lee. No text can more accurately set forth that character than the one which was announced. The religious ch arac ter of great men is frequently overesti mated, and especially true is this of military leaders. Those who knew Robert Edward Lee knew that " he was a good man and full of the Holy Ghost and of faith." He would attempt no eulogy to-night, nor would he make any statement which came from anyone else. He saw Lee on the very day that he soffered his stainless sword to the land of his birth, and he was with him from Harper's Ferry. in 1861l, to Appro mattox in 1865. He had every oppor tunity for judging Lee's character. When Lee was made president of Wash ington College he was pastor of one of the churches there. Lee afterwards appointed all of the pastors as chaplains to the College, and he saw him in this C' mo3 lr. Ca as v bu en udward Lee wazs )rne to the krave. Afterwards, throula the1 cue of Mrs. Le. he had. aeess t t e private letters and pa of Gen . L and knew positively of the bShue truth of all his informa ti on. If he had ever known an hum ble, dcvotcd christian. it was Robert Edward Lee. The Lord Jesus Christ was his personal Savior, and he trusted and believed iu Ilim and Rim alone. lie had a warni place in his heart for the curei. was fervent at prayer and ie had -cen his face flUsh and tears in his eyes when prayer was made. le could till a book Upon1 this subject easi lv. but would only tell a little here and there from what he had seen and heard, and from otlial orders. letters and in eidents in the liie of Lee. The followinz extracts from various oflicial orders a!;( letters were real as the speaker continuce: -eadquarters Army of Northern Vir Elma. "February 7, 1S.; . ''Gcueral Order. No. 15: 11. The attention of the army has already been eaik d to the obligation of a proper observance of the Sabbath, but the sense of its importance, not only as a moral and relil:ious dUty, but as con tributing to the personal health and well bcing of the troops. induces the conmmnading general to repeat the order on that subject. le has learn'ed with great pleasure that in many brigades convenient houses of worship have been erected, and earnestly desires that everv facility consistent with the re quiremenits of discipline shall be afford ed the men to assemble themselves to gether for the purpose -f devotion. "111. To this end he directs that none but duties strictly necessary shall be required to be performed on Sunday, and that the labor. both of men and animals, which is practicable to antici pate or postpone, or the immediate per frmanee of which is not essential t,o the safety, health or comfort of the army. shall be suspended on that day. ,ll. Commanding officers will re quire the usual inspections on Sunday to be held at such time as not to inter fere with the attendance of the men on divine service at the customary hour in the morning. "They will alho give their attention to the maintenance of order and quiet around the place of worship, and pro hibit anything that may tend to disturb or interrupt religious exercises. "R. E. Lee, General." Lee as a man was always a Christian, and here. again, were incidents and let ters brought into evidence. in all of his letters to his sons and to others this was seen beyond any doubt. The fol lowing extract from a letter to the Rev. Dr. T. V. Moore shows his trust in God: LETTER TO DR. T. V. MOORE. "I thank you especially that I have a place in your prayers. No human pow er can avail us without the blessing of God, and I rejoice to know that in this crisis of our affairs good men every where are supplicating Him for His fa vr and protection." III. He was a man who firmly be lieved in, and on all proper occasions expressed his belief in, an overruling Providence. He thus began his dispatch to the President the evening of his great vic tory at Cold Harbor and Gaine's Mill. "Headquarters, June 27, 1862. "His Excellency, President Davis Mr. President: Profoundly grateful to Almighty God for the signal victory granted to us, it is my pleasing task to announce to you the success achieved by this army to-day." His beautiful general order of con gratulations to the troops on their series of splendid victories during the seven days' battle opened with these memor able wards: "Headquarters in the Field, .July 7, 1862. "General Order, No. 73: "The commanding general, profound ly grateful to the Giver of all victory for the signal success with which lie has blessed our arms, tenders his warm est thanks and congratulations to the army, by whose valor such splendid re sults have been achieved." His dispatch announcing his great victory at Fredericksburg contains the brief, but significant, sentence, "Thanks be to God." The following extracts from an order which he issued to the troops not long after the battle of Fredericksburg show the same spirit: "H eadquarters, A. N. Va, "December 31,1862. "General Order, No. 132: "The general commanding takes this occasion to express to the officers and soldiers of the army his high apprecia tion of the fortitude, valor ind devotion displayed by ,:hem. which, under the blessing of Almighty God, have added the victory of Fredericksburg to trie long list of their triumphs. "That this great result was achieved with a loss small in point of numbers only augments the admiration with which the commanding general regards the prowess of the troops, and increases his gratitude to Him who hath given us the victory. "The signal manifestations of Divine mercy that have distinguished the eventful and glorious campaign of the year just closing give assurance of hope that under the guidance of the same Almighty hand the coming year will be no less fruitful of events that will in sure the safety, peace and happiness of our belovecd country, and add new lustre to the already imperishable name of the Army of Northern Virginia. "R. E. Lee, General." In his dispatch to President Davis, aftr Chancellorsville, he said: "We have again to thank Almighty God for a great victory. And in his general orders to his troops he holds this significant lan guage: ** "While this glorious victory entitles you to the praise and gratitude of the nation, we are espe cially called upon to return our grate ful thanks to the only Giver of victory for the signal deliverance He has wrought. "It is. therefore, earnestly recom mended that the troops unite, on Sun day next, in ascribing unto the Lord of hosts the glory due unto His name." in closing his general order for the observance of the fast day appointed by President Davis in the spring of 1863 makes the following earnest appeal: Soldiers' No portion of our people have greater cause to be thankful to Almighty God than yourselves. He has preserved your lives amidst count less dangers. He has been with you in all your trials. He has given you fortitude under hardships and courage in the shock of battle. He has cheered you by the example and by the deeds of your marty.red comrades. He has en abled you to defend your country sue cesully' arainst the assaults of a pow erful oppr~'essor. Devoutly thankful fo signa mercies. let us bow before the L'ord of hosts and join our hearts w'th millions in our land in prayer that ie will continue His merciful protec tion over our cause; that U~e will scatter Iou enemies and set at nanght their mI e 1 esws and that he wil gracious y restore to ciar counziy the biessimgc of peace and security. He announced the ;ictory at Win' chester in the following dispatch: "To his Excellency, Jefferson Davis: June15. 1 63.-God has again crowned the valor of our troops with success. Early-s division stormed the enemy's intrenchments at Winchester, captur ing their artillery. etc. R. E. Lee." 'His order requiring the observance of the fast day appointed by President Davis in August. 1S6'3, was as follows: -Headquarters. A. N. V., "August 13, 1S63. ieueral Order, No. 83: The President of the Confederate States has, in the name of the people, appointed the 21st day of August as a day of fasting, humiliation and prayer. A strict observance of the day is en joined upon the officers and soldiers of this army. All military duties, ex cept such as are absolutely necessary, will be suspended. The commanding officers of brigades and regiments are rcquested to cause divine service, suit able to the occasion, to be performed in their respective commands. Soldiers! we have sinned against Almighty God. We have forgotten His signal mercies, and have cultivated a revengeful, haughty and boastful spirit. We have not remembered that the defend-ers of a just cause should be pure in His eyes; that 'our times are in His hands:' and we have relied too much on our own arms for the achievement of our inde pendence. God is our only refuge and our strength. Let us humble ourselves before Him. Let us confess our many sins and beseech Him to give us a higher courage, a purer patriotism and more determined will; that le will convert the hearts of our enemies: that le will hasten the time when war, with its sor rows and sufferings, shall cease, and that He will give us a name and place among the nations of the earth. R. E. Lee, General.' When Gen. Meade crossed the Rapi dan in November, 1863, the troops were stirred by the following address: "Hdqrs Army Northern Virginia, "November 26, 1S63. "General Order No 102: "The enemy is again advancing upon our Capital, and the country once more looks to this army for protection. Un der the blessing of God your valor has repelled every previous attempt, and invoking the continuance of His favor we cheerfully commit to Him the issue of the coming conflict. "A cruel enemy seeks to reduce fathers and vur mothers, our wives our children to abject slavery; to E- i) them of their property and drive ti . u from their homes. Upon you tL se helpless ones rely to avert these t<:ri ble calamities, and secure them the blessings of liberty and safety. Your past history gives them the assurance that their trust will not be in vain. Let every man remember that all he holds dear depends upon the faithful dis charge of his duty, and resolve to fight and, if need be, to die in defence of a cause so sacred, and worthy the name won by this army on so many bloody fields. R. E. Lee, General." I give the following as illustrating not only his trust in God, but also his tender solicitude for his soldiers: "Headquarters A. N. Virginia, January 22, 1864. General Order No 7: "The commanding general considers it <iue to the army to state that the tem prary reduction of rations has been caused by circumstances beyond the control of those charged with its sup port. Its welfare and comfort are the objects of his constant and earnest so licitude, and no effort has been spared to provide for its wants. It is hoped that the exertions now being made will render the necessity of short duration; but the history of the army has shown that the country can require no sacrifice too great for its patriotic devotion. "Soldiers, you tread with no unequal steps the road by which your fathers marched through suffering, privation and blood to independence! "Continuance to emulate in the fu ture, as you have in the past, their va lor in arms, their patient endurance of hardships, their high resolve to be free, which no trial could shake, no bribe se duce, no danger appall, and be assured that the just God, who crowned their efforts with success, will, in His own good time, send down His blessing upon yours. "R. E. Lee, General." In his dispatch announcing the re sult of the first day's battle in the Wil derness he says: "By the blesseg of God we maintained our position against every effort until night, when the con test closed." And in his dispatch con cerning the advance of the enemy on the next day he says: "Every advance on his part, thanks to a mereitul God has heen repulsed." He closed his dispatch concerning the first day at Spottsylvania by saying "I am most thankful to the Giver of all victory that our loss is small." And that concerning the action of June 3, 164, with: "0-ir loss to-day has been small, and our success under the bless ing of God all that w~e could espect." He closed his announc.ement of A. P. Hill's brilliant victory at Ream's Sta tion, in August, 1864, by saying: "Our profound gratitude is due the Giver of all victory, and our thanks to the brave men and officers engaged." in his order assuming the chief com mand of all the Confederate forces he said: "Deeply impressed with the dif ficulties and responsibility of the posi ti n, and humbly invoking the guidance of Almighty God, I rely for success upon the courage and fortitude of the army, sustained by the patriotism and firmness of the people, confident that their limited efforts under the blessing of Heaven will secure peace and inde pendence. - He was a believer in and an earnest student of God's word, and was an ac tive circulator of this faith. I saw his Bible, and it was worn with use. I re joiced to see passages, so many of them of sweetness, faith and those strong passages of grice, marked by his pencil. When ne was elected president of the Rockbridge Bible Association he sent the following letter of acceptance: "Gentlemen: I have delayed relying to your letter informing me of having been elected president of the 'Rock bridge Bible Society,' not for want of interest in the subject, but from an ap prehension that I should not be able to perform the duties of the position in such manner as to advance the high ob ject proposed. Having, however, beeu encouraged by your kind assurances, and being desirous of co-ol crating in any way I can, in extending the inesti mable knowledge cf the priceless truths of the Bible, I accept the position as signed me. "With many thanks to the Society for the high compliment paid me by their selection as their president, I am, with great respect, your obedient ser vant, "R. E. Lee. "1Rev. Dr. Pendleton, Col. J. T. L. Preston, Mr. William White, Commit tee.' To Beresford Hope, who sent him a Bible: "Lexington, Va., April 16. 1866. "Hon. A. W. Beresford Hope, Bedgebury Park, Kent, England--Sir: letter of the 14th Gf 3oTmber, IS64. and had hoped that by this time it would have been followed by the copy of the Holy Scriptures to which you re fer, that I might have known the gen erous donors, whose names you state are inscribed upon its pages. "Its failure to reach me will. I fear, deprive me of that plea3ure, aui I must ask the favor of you to thank them most heartily for their kindness in pro viding me with a book, in comparison with which all others in my eyes are of minor importance, and which in all my perplexities and distresses has never failed to give me- light and strength. Your assurance of the esteem in which I am held by a large portion of the Brit ish nation, as well as by those for whom you speak, is most grateful to my feel ings; though I am aware that I am in debted to their generous natures, and not to my own merit, for their good opinion. "I beg, sir, that you will accept my sincere thanks for the kind sentim(:nts which you have expressed towards me, and my unfeigned admiration of your exalted character. "I am, with great respect, your most obedient servant, R. E. Lee." Lee was an earnest worker for the good of others and always encouraged his chaplains. iHe was ever regular at all services. le gave me prayer books to distribute and from his first money received at Lexington, he built the chapel which now holds his tomb. To Dr. Browne he said: "I dread the thought of any students going away from college without becoming a sin cere Christian. A Y. M. C. A. was organized at the college at his suggestion, and he gave $5,000 a year to its support. To Mrs. W. H. F. Lee: - "Camp Fredericksburg, December 10, 1862. "I heard yesterday, my dear daugh ter with the deepest sorrow of the death of your infant. I was so grateful at her birth. I felt that she would be such a comfort to you, such a pleasure to my dear Fitzhugh, and would fill so full the void still aching in your hearts. But you have now two sweet angels in Heaven. What joy there is in the thought. What relief to your grief. What suffering and sorrow they have escaped. I can say nothing to soften thoi anguish you must feel, and I know you are assured of my deep and affec tionate sympathy; May God give you !ength to bear the affliction He has i.posed and produce future joy out of present misery, is my earnest prayer. "I saw F - yesterday. He is well and wants much to see you. When you are strong enough cannot you come up to Hictory Hill, or your grandpa's on a little visit; where he could ride down and see you? My horse is waiting at my tent door, but I could not refrain from sending these few lines to recall to you the thought and love of your devot ed father. "R. E. Lee. "Mrs. William H. Fitzhugh Lee." To his son (W. H. F. Lee) on the death of his wife: "Camp, Orange County, April 24, 1864. "I received last night, my dear son, your letter of the 22d. It has given me great comfort. God knows how I loved your dear, dear wife, how sweet her memory is to me,.and how I mourn her loss. My grief could not be greater if you had been taken from me. You were both equally dear to me. My heart is too f all to speak on this sub ject, nor can I write. But my grief is for ourselves, not for her. She is brighter and 'happier than ever--safe from all evil, and awaiting us in her heavenly abode. May God in His mercy enable us to join her in eternal praise to our Lord and Saviour. Let us hum bly bow ourselves before Him, and of fer perpetual prayer for pardon and for giveness. But we cannot indulge in grief, however mournfully pleasing. Our country demands all our strength, all our energies. To resist the power ful combination now formning against us will require every man at his place. If victorious we have everything to hope for in the future. if defeated. nothing will be left us to live for. I have not heard what action has b.en taken by the department in reference to my re commendations concerning the organ ization of the cavalry. But we have no time to wait, and you had better join your brigade. This week will, in all probability, bring us active work, and we must strike fast and strong. My whole trust is in God, and I am ready for whatever He may ordain. May He guide, guard and strengthen us, is my constant prayer. "Your devoted fathor, R. E. Lee. "Gen. WV. H. F. Lee." His affection for Jackson and Jack son's love for hinm were very touching. To Jackson's note informing him thathe was wounded Gen. Lee replied: "I can not express my regret at the occurrence. Could I have directed events I should have chosen, for the good of the coun try, to have been disabled in your stead. I congratulate you on the victory which is due to your skill and energy.' It was on the rception of these touching words that the wounded chieftain ex aiwn4d: "Better that ten Jacksons should fell than one Lee." Several days afterwards, when his great lieutenant was reported to be do ing well, Lee playfully sent him word: "You are better off than I am; for, while you have only lost your left, I have lost my right arm." Hearing soon after that Jackson was growiag worse, he expressed the deep est concern and said: "Tell him that I am praying for him as I believe I have never prayed for myself." The 10th of May, 1863, wa-s a beauti ful Sabbath day, and the Rev. B. T. Lacy, at the special request of the dy ing chieftain, left his bedside to~ hold his usual services at the headgaarters of the 2d corps. Gen Lee was present at the service, and at its conclusion he took Mr Lacy aside to inquire particular ly after Jackson's condition. Upon be ing told that he would not probably live through the day, he exclaimed: "Oh! sir, he must not die. Surely God will not visit us with such a calamity. If I have ever prayed in my life I have pleaded with the Lord that .1a,~ekson might be spared to us,' and then his heart swelled with emotion too deep for utterance, and he turned away to weep like a ehiik. He thus announced the death of Jack "Headquarters, A. N. V., May 11, 1863. "General Order, No. 61: "With deep grief the commanding general announces to the army the death of Lieut. Gen. T. J. Jackson, who ex pired on the 10th inst., at a quarter past 3 P. M. The daring, skill andi energy of this great soldier are now, by the decree of an all-wise Providence, lost to us. But while we mourn his death we feel that his spirit still lives, and will inspire the whole army with his indomitable courage and unshaken conidence in God as our hope and strength. Let his name be a watch word to his corps, who have followed him to victory on so many fields. Let his officers and soldiers emulate his in Lmhc :iCncc of out beioved Country. R. E. Lce. "General. In a private letter to his w ife Gen Lee wrote: -Camp near Fredericksburg, May 11, 1863. "In addition to the death of officers and friends, consequent upon the late battle, you will see that we have to mourn the loss of the great and good -Jackson Any victory would be dear at such a price. His remains go to Richmond today. I know not h-ow to replace him; but G od's will be done' I trust le will raise up someone in his place." His last publie act was to preside over his vestry meeting,. where he made a liberal contribution to fill out the un paid amount due on his pastor's salary. He then went to his home to supper and was about to ask the usual blessing when he was stricken. le was never conscious afterwards, except for a few moments at a time, when his mind was perfectly clear. Ile had no "last woris." He needed none, for his life was indeed a living epistle, known and read of all men. It cannot be doubted that he had the plaudits of the Master, and that ages will forever echo this pl:udit: "Servant of God. well done, Rest from thy loved employ, The battle fought, the victory won, Enter thy Master's joy." Dr. Jones then added a few strong words of love and affection to the young men and to the old soldiers, his former companions of the Confederate army. To the young men he briefly called upon them to judge between Robert Lee and Robert Ingersoll. To the Confederate soldiers he spoke earnest, loving, solemn words, pleading with them that the last great reveille, the last roll-call, might let them answer, with Lee, Jackson and others of our great army, "Lord, here am I" An appropriate prayer, by the Rev. Dr. C. S. Vedder, was then heard, after which Dr. Jones pronounced the oene diction. A HOARIBLE STORY. Cruel and Barbarous Treatment of Two Little White Girls. The governor has been asked to of fer a reward for the capture of Rose Burnell, a Negro woman of Summer ville, who is wanted on a charge of cruelty to children. Such a charge, bad as it is, does not convev an idea of the savage and in humar. tortures to which two little white girls were subjected, nor does it tell of the depths of infamy and degrada tion to which the father of the children has descended. The father is named Bunch and was at one time a respectable citizen who married an estimable woman. When she died this monstrous wretch, as he proved to be, lived with a notorious Negro woman name Rose Burnell and he put his two little girls absolutely un der her control. Her word was law, and the poor little children were treated like dogs. The woman made them do all her washing, her cooking and housework. She gave them the scantiest clothing and often just barely enough to live on. They had no shoes to wear for a year and their story of their treatment by the Negro is enough to melt a heart of stone. The surprising thing is that the white people have not long ago lynched both the man and the woman. It is charitable to believe that the pub lic did not know the real situation un til recently, when the two girls having been almost flayed alive ran off and re ported the case to a magistrate. The woman wanted to use the girls for immoral purposes and because they refused to obey, she tied them up by the thumbs having stripped them of all their clothing, she literally tore their fesh off, whipping them with a rope. For a wonder they did not die, but bleeding and fainting they managed to escape and tell their story. There was, strange to say, no action taken by' the populace when the story became known, and it is even said that the magistrate was slow in acting. This gave the woman time to escape from and all that can be learned no systematic, determined effort has been made to cap ture her. Bunch, the father, was away when the cruel punishment was inflicted on his children, but he was arrested and quietly placed in the Dorchester jail. He can't be hun~g if he is con'victed, and that is the only punishment which would really fit his crime. Privrte Secretary Evans will refer the application to Governor Ellerbe, and in the meantime has written the sheriff to do all in his power to capture the woman. There ought not to be any incentive of a reward in such a case. Tne natural instinct of the peo ple should be sufficient to rid the com munity of such inhuman pests. Worse Than Liquor. The national convention of charities and corrections was addressed recently in Cincinnati by George Torrence of Pontiie, Ill., superintendent of the Illinois State reformatory, on "The relation of the cigarette to crime." Af ter reciting his experience with boys coming to his institution, Mr. Torrence said: "I am sure cigarettes are destroy ing and making criminals of more of them than the saloons." In his ref or matory now there are 278 boys. '-Of 63, averaging 12 years of age, 5S were cigarette smokers. Of 136, averaging 14 years of age, 125 were cigarette smokers. Of 82, averaging 15 years, 73 were cigarette smokers. This de monstrates that 92 per cent. of the whole number were cigarette fiends at the time of committing crimes for which they were committed to the reforma tory." The general discussion devel poed a similar experience with others connected with reformatories for boys. A Brave Black Man. The New York conference of the A. M. E-. church finished its sessions Thursday. Many strong speeches were made denouncing lynching, but H. C. C. Astwood, colored, former minister to San Domingo, evoked some expres sion of disapproval by admitiing that he had been quoted correctly in a newspa per recently as having said that lynch ing was no worse than the crime of rape. He added: "If I am to be unfrocked, why, let that come. I believe that raping is as bad as lynching. I would rather defend a woman than a criminal. I, for one, do not stand up for murder." Launched Three Men of War. Mrs. John O'Keefe, wife of a well known and popular sign artist of Nor folk, Va., Wednesday night presented her husband with three sons. Today the proud father named them Dewey, Sampscn and Schley, in honor of the three naval heroes of the late war. The mother and the three young rear admi al ar doing well. SAVED BY A POCKET KNIFEi A Survivor of the Ville de Havre Telle of Remarkable Escape. By the sinking of Ta Bourgogne and the awful loss of life is recalled the accident to the Ville de Havre of the same line in 1872, when the latter named ship was struck at night and went down at once, carrying almost all on board. Pitifully few were those who were saved from the Havre, but among them was the prominent New York lawyer Witthaus, and the way in which he escaped is so extraordinary that it sounds like a well-concocted tale, instead of the plain fact that 'Mr. Witthaus vouches it to be. The afternoon preceding the accident to the Havre Mr. Watthaus, with an other man, was on deck, and Mr. Witt haus was leaning against the taffrail under the flagstaff in the stern. As the two men stood there talking the friend put his hand on the large life buoy that was hanging over the side, and called Mr. Witthaus' attention to it. "Look," he said, "these life buoys are simply screaming farces. This one here is so stiff and hard with coats of paint that you couldn't get it free ex cept by cutting it with a knife." Mr. Witthaus attempted to move it, but found it glued hard and fast. The friend took out his knife and began idly sticking it into the soft pine ol the flagstaff, and amused himself sc the rest of the time that they talked before they were interrupted by the dinner gong. Then they both went be low. Early the next morning while the passengers were still asleep the col lision occurred, and in the mad panic that at once followed Mr. Witthaus did what he could to get the women and children into the lifeboats. From the first he regarded himself as doom ed, for there were not nearly boats enough for all the passengers, and it was evident that the ship would float only a few minutes. Several women whom he knew on board he found places for at once, only to see the boat overturn as soon as it was launched, and all go down, one of them with her two little children in her arms. Horrified and sickened by the sight, he went back to the stern of the ship, which was higher out of the water than the bow, to wait until he, too, - went down, and stood leaning again on the taffrail. As he did so in a flash he recollected the conversation of the af ternoon before, and looked over the rail. There still hung the life buoy stiff and immovable, and the instinct of self-preservation sprang to life once more. A knife to free the buoy and he might be saved, but he had none with him. and to find one was impossible with the ship liable to go down at any second. At the same moment his eye caught the flagstaff, and there, where his friend had evidently forgotten it the afternoon before, stuck the knife. With the haste of life and death Mr. Witt haus pulled it out and began to saw away at the buoy, and he freed it and threw himself off the deck into the sea just in time to get beyond the vortex that came as the great ship went down, sucking hundreds of victims with it. Mr. Wltthaus floated about for some time, and was at last picked up by a small boat that was waiting about for chance survivors, and was brought back to New York to tell of one of the most awful catastr'ophes that ever happened at sea. A Good Whitewash. Whitewash, as used by the govern ment, is prepared as follows: Take 1 bushel unslaked lime, slake it with boiling water, cover during the pro cess, to keep in steam, strain the liquid through a fine sieve or strainer, and add to it a peck of sals previously dissolved by soaking in warm water, 3 lbs ground rice boiled to a thin paste and stirred in while hot., i lb Spanish whiting and 1 lb clean glue previously dissolved by soaking in co'd water and then hanging over a slow fire in a small pot hung in a larger one filled with water. Add 5 gallons hot water to the mixture, stir well and let it stand a few days, coy ered from dirt. It should be applied hot, for which purpose it can be kept in a kettle or portable furnace The eatt end of the White House at Wash ington is embellished by this brilliant whitewash. It is used by the govern ment to whitewash lighthonses. A pint of this mixture properly applied will cover one square yard, and will be almost as serviceable as paint for wood, brick or stone, and is much cheaper than the cheapest paint. Mistress of the Seas. Trho first of the general information series of bulletins for this year issued by the bureau of naval intelligence is translation of a carefully prepared pa per by Constructor Sussenguth of the Germany navy, which appeared recent ly in the 31arinerundschau. It is stated that the navies of the .;orld are profiting by the lesson of Santiago, where the heavy battleships brought about the destruction of the Spanish fleet, and are building battleships of 12,000 to 15 000 tons .,displacement. One of the most remarkable statements of the writer is the frank conpletion of the ships now under construction for her navy will be in a position to meet the combined navies of any two powers of the world. It is also stated that Egland has under construction and to be completed in the next three years vessels that alone will be mote than equal to the tojtal German navy as it will stand at the end of 1903. A note by the naval intelligence bureau says that this English flotilla now under con struction will exceed the American navy built and building by over 100.000 tons disjlacement. Bisuioi Seymour of the diocese of Springfield. ills.. has made a lhberal an nouncement on the relation of amuse ment to religion. He says that it is not wrong to dance or play cards or at tend the theater when one's conscience does not protest against them. . Danc ing and card playing and theater going may each be made a wrong and a peril, and the intelligent Christian must judge these things by the standards of right and wrong which he has within himself. When a play has an evil in fluence, it should be discountenanced and avoided. If it has a good influ ence, it should be encouraged and en joyed with moderation. THlE wild and wooly drummers who traveled over the earth in last campaign talking for MceKinley are now on their political tin ears talking another tune. The Bentan Standard says they find that the trusts, organized under 3Ic Kinley's beneficient poliay of assimila tion catches them just where it catches the Negroes in the Philippines. It kills them off. Trusts don't use drum mers much. No competition no drum mers. And the drummers are going to raise a howl. They will hold meetings and declare against the trusts. We in vite them to come into the Democratic WAGES IN TWO LANDS. Comparison of Spain's Working Men and America's. The poverty and low state uf social life and civilization of the Spaniards are indexed quite accurately by their wage rates. For instance, the average weekly pay of a bricklayer in Spain (Malaga) is $3.80; in the United States, $21.18; of a mason, $3.20 in Spain, $21 in the United States; of a carpenter, $3.90 ii Spain, $15.25 in the United States; of a blacksmith, $3.90 in Spain, $16.02 in the United States; of a tinsmith, $3 in Spain, $14.35 in the United States; of printers, $4.50 in Spain, $16.42 in the United States; or laborers, porters, etc., $2.75 in Spain, $8.80 in the United States. While rents and possibly prices of a few native products are lower in Spain than in the United States, the differ ence comes nowhere equaling the wide disparity of wages. Moreover, in a comparison of this sort, the quality cf living must be considered as well as the normal cost. Thus, lower rents nearly always simply inferior accom modations, and, to the average Spani ard, most of the comforts and conveni ences in ordinary use here are unat tainable luxuries. That the low rate of Spanish wages dees really mean a proportionately low consumption and low standard of liv ing is substantiated by one or two sig nificant facts of another character; for instance, the per capita annual con sumption of woolen goods in Spain is only nine shillings' worth, as against eighteen shillings in the United States; of sugar, five pounds per annum in Spain, forty-three pounds in the United States; of beef, sixteen poundsin Spai:i. sixty-two pounds in the United States; of all meats, forty-nine pounds in Spain, 120 pounds in the United States; of butter. none in Spain, six teen pounds In the United States; of coffee, four pounds in Spain, 155 pounds in the United States. The Philipp:ne Islauder. After years of study of the native character, I have come to the conclu sion that the Philippine Islander is very matter-of-fact. He is not unwill ing, but unable, conscientiously, to ac cept an abstract theory. Christianity, with its mysteries, has therefore, no effect on his character, but he be comes accustomed to do that which his forefathers were coerced to do, namely, to accept the outward and 713 ible signs without being imbued by the inward and spiritual grace. The mere discipline-the fact that, nolens, vo lens, they must at a given hour on a given day appear dressed in their best and attend church (in the case of headmen) go to the monk's residence to "kiss hands"-has certainly had the effect of taming the masses into order ly beings. Yet restraint of any kind is repugnant to him. He likes to be as free as a bird, but he is of a pliant na ture, and easily managed with just treatment. He is extremely sensitive to injustice. If he knows, in his own mind, that he has doie Nfrong, he will submit to a thrashing without any thought of taking revenge. If he were punished out of mere caprice, or with palpable injustice, he would always have a lurking desire to give quid pro quo. He has an innate contempt for cowards, hence his disdain for Chinese, but will follow a brave leader any where. and will never be the first to yield to hunger, fatigue or possible chances of death. He takes every trouble with profound resignation; he promises everything and performs lit te; his word is not worth a straw, and he does not feel that lying is a sin. He is inconstant in the extreme, and loyal so long as it suits him, but as a subject he can be easily molded Into any fash ion which a just, honest and merciful government would wish.-Contempor ary Review. The Banana Trade. Immense fortunes have been made out of the banana business. Revenues do not accrue alone from the sale of the fruit, for the leaves are used for packing; the juice, being strong in tanning, makes an indelible ink and shoe blacking, the wax found on the underside of the leaves is a valuable article of commerce; manila hemp is made from the stems, and of this hemp are made mats, plaited work and lace handkerchiefs of the finest texture; moreover, the banana is ground into banana flour. Cooking Kettle Bridges. Cossack regiments are being drilled in crossing rivers on a novel sort of improvised bridge. Seven or eight lances are passed between the handles and tops of a dozen cooking kettles and are held firmly in place by the handles, beside being tied together with forage ropes. A dozen such bundles fastened together form one section of a raft or floating bridge, and are capable of sus taining half a ton of weight. A sec tion can be put together In 25 minutes. The Nose Lasts Longest. Bone and cartilage enter so largely into the structure of the nose and de termine its chavracteristics, that it un dergoes little perceptible change, as a rule, with the lapse of years. The brow becomes wrinkled, and crows' feet gather around the eyes, which themselves grow dim as time rolls on; cheeks lose the bloom which .osmetics cannot replace, and lips their fullness and color. A Curious Tree. In one of the Canary Islands there Is a tree of the laurel family that ocoa sionally rains down in the early even ing quite a copious shower of water drops from Its tufted foliage. The water comes out through innumerable little pores situated at the edge of the leaves. An Important Act. There is a law on the statute book of South Carolina which is very much a dead letter. This law was approved by the governor on the 3d day of March, 199. It is sntitled: An Act to Pre vent Drunkenness and Shooting Upon the Highway "' The rrovisions of the law are very plain, simple and easily understood: "That any person who shall engage in any boisterous conduct under the in fluence of intoxicating liqluors, or while feigning to bc under the influ ene of such liquors, or without just cause or cxcuse shall discharge any firs arms while upon or within fifty yards of any public road except upon his prceiss, shall be guilty of a misde meanor, and upon conviction thereof shall pay a fine of not more than one hundred dollars, or be imprisoned for not merc than thirty days." Many a person has fallen behind in trying to keep up app~earances. When you want to buy anything al NOTED RENDERS. THEY HAVE BEEN A FEATURE OF ALL GREAT WARS. The Two Famous Ones That Occurred During the Revolution-Even the Great Washington Vas Forced to Surrender Once-Some Other Instances. The surrender of the Spanish army under General Toral at Santiago was one of the biggest events of the kind, as regards numbers, that have ever occurred on this continent. Small de tachments of troops cooped up in a fortified place are often compelled to surrender during a war, but when whole armies give up the end is gen erally in sight. There are many famous surrenders in our national history. There were two notable ones during the revolution, one in the middle of the war and one at the end. At Saratoga, on October 17, 1777, Bourgoyne surrendered to -Gates 6,000 men, 5,000 muskets and a large quantity of ammunition and cannon. He began his invasion of the colonies from Canada in June, intending to go down the Hudson and separate New England from New York. On October 19, 1781, Cornwallis sur rendered 7,000 men to Washington, which ended the war. The shins and 1,500 seamen were turned over to the French. There was a surrender In this war which is fit to be ranked with the Ala mo and x ort Pillow. Fort Griswold, defending New London, Conn., was surrendered to Arnold, the traitor, by Colonel Ledyard. The commandant and his sixty men were put to the sword after they had given up their arms. This was in September, 1781. The raid on the New England coast had been undertaken by the British with the hope of diverting Washing ton's attention from Cornwallis. Even the great Washington was forced to surrender once, thougn not In this war. It was in the French and Indian war, and Washington was com mandant at Fort Necessity. His forces had shed the first blood of the war, having defeated Jumonvife at Great Meadows, forty-five miles from Fort Duquesne. Two months later Wash ington himself was defeated by De Vil lers at Fort Necessity, which he had built at Great Meadows. At the end of ten hours' hard fighting Washing ton yielded upon condition that his troops should get the honors of war. Our war of 1812 was marked by two notable surrenders, one of which was not at all to our credit. This latte-,,, one was Hull's surrender of Detroit. and with it all of Michigan territory. Hull's soldiers were hot with indig nation, as they were anxious to fight, and did not get the chance. Bull was exchanged later for thirty British sol diers ,and tried by court-martial for treason and cowardice. He was con victed of cowardice and sentenced to be shot, but was pardoned by the President. The surrender of Barclay's fleet on lake Erie to Perry partly atoned for Hull's deed and gave the Americans a chance to get back what they had lost through Hull. Perry's message to the president, "We have met the enemy, and they are ours," is a classic among military despaches. The Mexican was was marked by the surrender of no large armies. Am pudia gave up Mopterey in September, 1846. Tampico surrendered to Captain Connor, of the navy, in November, 1847. The Castle of San Juan de Ulloawhich defended Santa Cruz, surrendered to Scott and Connor March 27, 1847. At this time 5,000 prisoners and 500 can non were taken by our army. The City ~ of Mexico, having been evacuated by Santa A nna, was occupied by the Am erican troops September 14, 1847. The Mexican war was preceeded by the Texan war for independence, In the course of which the Almo, at Bexar, garrisioned by Texans, was surrender ed to Santa Anna. No sooner had the Americans laid down their arms than they were murdered by the treacherous Mexicans and those of Spanish de scent The civil war was terminated by the surrender of Lee at Appamator Court House on April 9, 1865. Twenty-six thousand men laid down their arms. This was soon followed by the surren-. der of Johnston, with 29,924 men; Tay lor, with 10,000; Jeff Thompson, with 7,454, and Kirby Smith with 20,000. FIGHTING BOB'S TITL.E. An Incident in His Career Whnle at Aa napolis. "Fighting Bob" Evans earned his title the first year at A nnapolis. He has made good his claim to It since years before he became skipper of the Iowa, but "Fighting Bob" was tacked to him as acadet. At the time he Was sent to the naval academy there was a rule of the Institution which forbade the decoration of the walls of the ca det's headquarters by hanging pictures thereon or in any way Improving upon the furnishing of the cells. The object was wise and twofold. It sought to prevent the boys from becoming -soft and luxurious and to head off any ex pensive rivalry In the way of outfitting. In a word, the end desired was to pro duce hardy and democratic naval of ficers. Young Evans' fond mother, like all good women, was a christian, and with her son's academy equip ment packed a framed motto-a quo tation from the scriptures, so the le gend runs. The first act of Bobby D. upon his' assignment to quarters was to nail his motto to the wall. He was told to re move It, but declined. The contumac bus younster was reported from one officer to another, but resisted argu ment and command alike. The nar row martinets of the academy resolved to expel him, and orders were at once Issued to that effect. The story of the war spread and at last an officer in Lincoln's cabinet intimated verystrong ly to the faculty that they would do well to overlook tae cfence. Preach ers were beginning to predicate sermons upon the noble cadet who perferred expulsion to taking down the scriptural text, and, as the politician said, the chances were that If the young man were dropped the authorities of the academy would not last long afterwards, as public sym pathy was with tihe boy. It was in this war that Evans became known as "Fighting Bob." A BuccaneerV (arousal. The buccaneers lurched up the wind ing pathways, stamped through the grim gateway with its decoration of shriveled heads, and clattered into the long low hall of the castle, where was set ready for them a feast made up of oarse profusion. On the blackened wood of the table were hogs roasted whole, and great smoking joints of fresh meat, and joints of buccaned meat, and roasted birds, with pimento and other sauces, and before each cover was a great blackjack of liquor set in a ittle pool of sloppings. To a European eye the feast was rather disgusting than generous; but to the buccaneers, new from the lean fare of shipboard, It was princely; and they pledged the Gov ernor with choking draughts every time they hacked themselves a fresh platter fl. Each buccaneer had brought with him his bucket of pieces-of-eight, which he nursed between his knees as he sat, with a loaded pistol on top as a makeweight and a menace to pilfer ers; and after that all had glutted themselves with meat they swept the joints and platters to the floor, not waiting for the slaves to remove them, and called for more drink and the dice boxes, both of which were promptly