LOCAL CURRENCY.
AN IMPERATIVE NEED IN RURAL
COMMUNITIES.
Experience and Irractize in Great Britain.
The U. S. Second Bank--Col. Younan'
Convincing Argumnlt Against National
curreney.
To the Editor of The State: In my
preceding articlis I have endeavored to
show that oold is too searce to atone
constitute tTie money of final redemp
tion. That. as the money basis, it is
entirely too narrow to sustaim a vol
ume of circulation sufficient to :neet
the requirements of increasing popula
tions and ex-panding businessactivities:
and that its failure to eiciently per
form this function results in a coni
parativE contraction of themoney vol
ume, which disturbs property values,
dislocates prices and produces that un
certainty, apprehension and general
distrust, which chills enterprise and
investment, yzes industry and
reads broadcast want and distress.
tthe gold standard is most hazard
ous for this country, first. because
England, controlling about two bil
lions of American securities, three
fourths of them payable in gold, holds
practically an opei lien on our finan
ces more than fifteen times as large as
our treasnry reserve, and four times
as great as our entire volume of gold.
This lien, which she can exercise at
any time by throwing these securities
upon our market. not oul - subjects
our entire financial system to her
whims and caprices, but giving her
control of 'ur currency, gives her also
control of our exchanges and enables
her to set the price of our foreign ex
ports; and in conjunction with the
Northeast, she is helping herself to
our cotton and wheat at prices, which
they have set below the cost of pro
duction. Second. because placing us
on the same financial plane with Eu
rope, it not only exposes our system
to the hazards of drainage and col
lapse by every panic and war in Ea
rope, but compelis us to repress our
laDor and reduce our prices below the
European level, so as to be enabled to
underbid Europe for gcld. The inevi
table result of which will be to de
grade eighty-five per cent. of our peo
ple to a parity with the toil, subjection
and wretchedness of the paupermasses
of Europe. The pretense that any fi
nancial system which we may adout
will unsettle our exchano-es or dislo
cate our commercial relations with
Europe, are all the merest twaddle.
We do not now, nor have we ever
conducted these exchanges with the
slightest regard to our financial system
or even to our coinage laws; while it
is true that the Bank of England usu
ally receives the Russian Imperials.
the French Napoleons and the Ameri
can Eagles without melting, it only
does so because of their standard
weight. We settle our balances with
Europe not by coins but with bullion
and by weight: and to settle this false
cry of "full value money of the
world," I will quote the highest au
thority on finance, Sir Walter Bage
ot, see Lombard Street, page 44:
"Within a country the acion of .
government can settle the quantity
and therefore the value of its currency ;
but outside its own country no govern
ment can do so. Bullion is the cash
of international trade; paper curren
ies are of no use there, and coins p ass
only as they contain more or less bul
lion."
We settled our debts with Europe in
bullion when we were on an incon
vertible paper basis, we settle in the
same manner now, and will continue
to do so, no matter what standard we
this article to discuss the ~lac and
Populist idea of confining our note is
sues entirely to the Federal Treasurv,
and to deal with a theory similar in
some respects, that all of our paper
circulation should be guaranteed by
the Federal government, so as to ren
der it equally current in all sections
of the Union, I propose to lay down at
the outset and to sustain the proposi
tion, as a well established fact, that
any currency which circulates equally
at arin every section of a country
'wl congest at the great commercial
centres and flow freely only in the
great arteries of trade, leaving the ru
isl districts and more remote sections
bare of money and subjected to a usu
. rious rate of interest. This kind of a
currency once concentrated in the
re?channels of trade, as it will be
aninexorable jaw of finance, there
are no automatic infiuences to redis
tribute it. Consequently this redistri
-bution is only effected by the applica
tion of some extra stimulus, which us
ually appears in the guise of extra in
terest anid heavy brokerage. To deal
intelligently with the questions of
of this nature, we cannot be governed
by the edicts of political parties, or
the exressions of off-hand opinion.
but only by a careful investigation of
- the phenomina resulting from similar
financial conditions in the past. The
records of the great continental na
tions furnish but a meagre field for
this investigation, subjected not only
to the disturbances of internal dissen
tions, but to the greater risk of for
eign invasion and plunder, which
they have several times realized dur
ing the last century. They have only
recently begun to develop a tendency
towards perfection in their financial
systems, and this development has
been seriously retarded by the appre
hensions of their people, naturally
arising from the experience of loss by
these disturbances and invasions- r
suilts which have caused a strong ten
dnyamong them to hoard, and to
dslya timidity towards the deposit
system.
In England, a country whose finan
cial system has remained stable for
centuries, free from violent revolu
tinand undergoing its mutations
gaulyto correspond with changed
surroundigs, is presented a field in
which the subject of finance may be
studied with ed'fication in almost ev
ery phase and from almost any stand
point. It is here that the science of
.money has been most diligently stud
ied,; and most thoroughly understood,
-and it is herethat the system of only
*a national money has been .rejected.:
It must be borne in mind that the un
answerable arguments advanced'
against this system. which could not
be rebutted by the ablest and most
~powerful of moneyed influences
of England apply with more
-than double force to the Untited
States.
In tognparing the areas of the t wo
countries, we find, that whilst Great.
Britain compri'ses an extent of only
88,000 square miles. the ULnued .a es
comprises an area of over 3. 500,000,
nearly equal in extent to the whole of
Europe. Now, the aroguments used in
this territory. smialler than the combin
ed area of Georgia and Alabama.
against a monopoly of note issues by
the Bank of Englan~d and its branches
-institutions ocenipying in English
finances a position eery similar to) our
National banks-most ably and speci
ously presented in a~ mem'orial by the
countr bankers to Earl Grey and
Lord ~tee June 12, 189i3. see (G il
bert "OnBanking," vol. 1, pages 107.
110. 111 and 112, were that "every
man possessed of practical information
who understands the subject knows
that by giving the exclusive circula
tion of notes to the Bank of England
abundance will be created in the mnoneiy
-aret and in the great commercial
lie scui :tid -ttim ulatingi the pro
dice imarke t -while uiexamlpled sear
city will be the causequence ii the
COumliry, produtiCinig jer I-mbarrasinent
aniong the cultivators of thLe soil and
all who are dependent upon them*
if all bankers sho'id be compelled to
supply their cu.<toniers with the not-s
of the Bank oi England, a cha-t o: 7
per cent. for the interest of loans to
g-raziers, farners and deaersinagri
cultural 'irodule woul'Id n~ot r'ej1muer ;te
the comitr' bakers so well as I or 5
per cent. does inow upon the prosent
it reults ta. la tree a cation of
labor to I-ld i b nrvented. m"
cost of cultivion4 enhna:ced, markets
and the s.d- of produco nimpeded and
the pirsuits of 'iuimred deeply lin
j Ired.
With all the claims whh the Dank
of Elm111d hlas u1pon h vrnet
as its creditorald iiuanii:dagent, :md
with all the inuenlceS arrayed on its
side, which arise from the power and
prestige of g-reat Wealth, it has been
unable to prevail upon the govern
ment to sacritice the riural sections by
taxing out of existence the country
banks of circulatiol and to give it a
monopoly or liote issues. The Scotch
maintain their system of note issues,
restricted to adequancy. and even in
England, an area less in extent than
the State of Georgia. they have a dou
ble currency-the notes of the Bank of
England and the notes of the country
banks-the circulation of the former
convertible into gold to supply the
o-reat channels of trade and conduct
foreign exchanges; the circulation of
the latter convertable into the notes of
the Bank of England to sustain local
industry in the raral districts and more
remote sections. If in a country less
in extent than the States of Georgia
and Alabama it was ecusidered indis
pensible that Scotland should have her
seperate system of finance and enii
eitly necessary in England, less in ex
tent thaa the' State of Georgia, that
they should have country banks of cir
cltion to supply the local demand
of the agriculturai sections. how much
more necessary that this comtry. ceam
posed of forty-four great States, and
comprising a territory nearly equal m
extent to the whole of Europe, that we
should have a local cnrrcney-a cur
renc wihict will not centralize, but
rem in at h .e to sapolo't the pro
duc(tive iniustries of the rural sections
and that could be directly loand to the
farmers at one interest charge.
To one who has investigated this
question and has no pride of opinion
or selfish interests to struggle against,
but merely looks to the provision of a
wholesome system of finance, which
will impartiaily promote the interest
of all classes and redound to the Wvl
fare of the public. the question hardly
seems to admi' of argumenc. But if
the correctiness of the arguments pres
ented by the country bankers in IS3
to the Chancellor of .he Excheouer and
the Lord of the Treasury, w'iieh could
not be satisfactorily aniswered by all of
the ability at the command of such a
powerful organization as the Bank of
England, to the effect that a national
circulation will congest in the great
ommercial emporiums and flow free
lv at reasonable interest only. in the
great i-Leries of trade. "while unex
zMpled scarcity will be the consequence
in the country, producing enibarrass-'
ment and discontent among the c:dti
vators of tl soil and all who ave de
endent una 1 them." is not admitted.
they can be amply confirmed by the
experience in this country with the
notesof the Second Bank of the United
States and the direct and positive oper
ations of an arm v of the most eminent
statesmen who' figured inpublic life
from 1812 to 1S40. This tendency of
its issues to congest at the gtreat trade
centers of the Northeast was discovered
after the establishment in 1S13 of the
Second Bank of the United States as
early as 1820. For we find that in De
cember of that year a mtemorial was
presented to Congress by the President
and directors ci the bank, complain
ing- that as these notes were current
everywhere and er. rywhere receivable
in payment of government dues, they
fowed continually to the great centers
of receipts and disbursements, and left
the South and West without a nation
al circulation: and to remedy this evil,
they petitioned Congress to so amend
the charter as to miake these notes re
ceivable only for government dues at
the branch ~banks, where they were
made payable, except at the office i~n
Washington. The purpose of .this
amendment is perhaps more plamnly
stated in a recommendation of a simi
lar nature from the Secretary of the
Treasury. Mr. Win. H. Crawford,
in the same year, from which I quote:
"The effect of this modification would
be to make the notes of the offices of
the Bank of the United States, except
the office in this district, a local cur
rency, which will enter and continue
in the local circulation of the State in
which they are issued." This amend
ment was refused by Congress, and
Mr. Langdon Cheres, the president of
the bank, at the tri-ennial meeting of
the stockholders in 182, again "'stated
this law of circulation and explained
the inevitable tendency of the branich
bank notes to flow to the Northeast.
and the impossibility of preventing it."
With a view of retaining the notes of
the branch banks at the place of issue,
the management theni directed the.
branch banks to give drafts on the
Eastern cities as a mecans of retaining
their notes, but says Prof. Albert Bol
les, in is finan cial histy of the United
States from 1789 to 1800 page :32;3, "'the
branch notes and the dlrants issued in
consecuen~ce of thlese intsruetionis, were
swept'Eastwxard. by th~e operations of
trade. A vacuum in thle circultation
was thuns prod ced that coul only be
sup plied by the %ocal notes.
in a speech deli vered in the Un iited
States Senate in 1s34, see Benton's
"Thirty Years. in the Un~'itadi States
Senate.'"vol. I.. page 45t. Thoma llen
ton, who was the r~iht bow er of Pr esi
dent Jackson's adnaisttration,. said:
"The theory of batik circulation over
an extended territory is this, that vou
may put out as many notes ps you
may in any one place, they will im
mediatelv'fail in the track of comn
mece-nuto the current of tr'ad3-into
the c ourse of exchan*ige-and follow
that current wherevei' it leiads. In
these United States thle curr'ent setsj
from every part of the interior and
especially'frox:. the Southi and West
into the Northeast-into four commer
cial cities north of thle Potomac, Bait
more, P'hiladelphia, New York and
Boston, and all the bank notes which
will pass for' money in th ose places fall
nto the cutrrent which sets mn that
direction. Whcre there is nothinig in
tme course of trade to bring them back.
There is r.oa reflex in that curr'ent: 1t
is a trade- ios which blows twelve
months in the year ini the saune iCe
tion" Tile oreCident of the bank. Str.
Biddle, testi 'ed befor'e at~. )iinireiional
invstiating' commn~ipee' i :" ihat.
threi' was an abse'inlg tena'ney I ' t(
the branch bank~panper to o iO to th
Northeast."''
M.Cahounin ai speech in the 1. ii
ted States Senate, Setember 1I .17: .
said: "Thle connectionl of the "overn-i
mient with the banks whiethetr it
cobiation of Stmte banks or wl~ a
ci'ntr lie sy stemO at tile pr1inicipal
y n of ict'in and dir.semen~l~'ft.
United States Senate, MIarch 1, t18 S:;,
si " Go'er'nm!elnt ht es are no0
sooner( issuedl :..an the'- commence
they are most in demand. that is the
plac of the groatest public of the great
est public receipt. if you want cen
tralization. sir, and enough of it. if
YoU desire to dry up the small streamis
of commerce and fill to overilowing
the deep and already swollei main
cbnnels, you willact very wisely to
aiat end if you keep out of the receipts
of ie Treasury all money but such
paper as the government may furnish
and :hich shall be not otherwise re
deem.alc than in receipts for debis
de the govrrnent, while at the saris
tiie you depress the character of the.
locirealation."' The correctness of
m~y propositiou so fully confirmed by
past experience and endorsed by the
contem poraneous utterance of our ab
lest statesmen, is also thoroughly sus
tained by the conditions in our present
financial situation. We now have
only a national money-a circulation
equally current in every section of the
Uinion'- where every dollar is as good
every-where as every other dollar."
And what do we behold? A thorough
repetition of past experience, the am
plest confirmation of the authority I
have quoted. Our circulation congest
ed in the great trade centres, freely ac
cessible only in the great channels of
trade, while in the rural districts and
more remote sections we have unex
ampled scarcity and a most usurious
rate of interest.
In the great trade emporiums of the
Northeastern cities it is piled up by
hundreds of millions, and, while al
most a drug on that market at the
very lowest interest, yet it is only to
be had on reasonable terms in the
great arteries of trade; in the rural
districts money is scarce and only to
be obtained at an exorbitant interest.
In this section the farmers cannot bor
row it for less than 12 and 13 per cent.
As was stated in the memorial of the
English country bankers it his to be'
borrowed from these great centres by
-ocal operators and reloaned at a dou
ble charge of interest, one charge at
the trade centre and another at the
point of local disbursement. Under
the present system of finance. money
is distributed in the rural districts and
more remote sections only after sev
eral transfers, and at every transfer
an additional interest rate is charged,
so that by the tin.e it rerches the rural
borrower it is freightened down with
such a heavy brokerage that no avoca
tion except successful minng or gam
bi; ng can long survive it.
To those organizations which are
sincerely endeavoring to better the
condition of the agricultnral classes,
and to those modest men who publicly
claim to be statesmen, and are yet
fighting the establishment of a local
currency, professing to believe that
our only relief is to be had by exces
sive issues of grovetrnment notes, made
legal tender, If desire to commend for
their consideration in addition to the
quotations alieady cited, the follow
ing, first, frem Win. H. Crawford's
report, as Secretary of the Treasury,
made to the House of Representatives
February 24, 1820: "If a national cur
rene should be established the de
mand for it in the Southern and West
ern States, for the purpose of trans
mtssions, would be incessant, whilst
its return by the ordinary course of
trade, especially in the latter, would
be slow and in some degree uncertain.
* It is, then, believed that the
evils which are felt in those sections
of the Union where the distress is
most general, will not be extensively
relieved by the establishment of a na
tional currency." Second, from
Thomas Benton, who, in a speech in
the United States Senate, 1834, allud
ing to a petition from North Carolina,
praying for an additional issue of the
notes of the Second United States
Bank, to relieve a stringency existing
in that State, said: "If a hundred mil
lions of United States bank notes were
carried to the upper part of North
Carolina and put into circulation it
would be but a short time before the
whole would have fallen into the car
rent which sweeps the paper of tLht
bank to the Northeast." Mr. Benton
"held it to be fully established, first by
argument, founded in the nature of
bank circulation over an extended
territory and secondly, byv proof, de
rived from the operation of the pres
ent bank of the United States, that
neither the present bank nor any one
that the wisdom of man can devise,
can ever succeed in diffusing a gen-.
eral paper circulation over the States
of this Union."
In my next article I shall attempt
to show that our hope for a low rate
of interest and prosperity in the rural
sections mainly depends upon the es
tablishment of a local currency-that
it is our only hope to decentralize our
circulation and relieve us from finan
cial thraldom. L. W. Yomx.&s.
Fairfax, S. C., Feb. 11, I895.
A Good Law.
At the last session of the Legislature
a bill, introduced by Senator Byrd, was
passed and became law, which bore
the simple title "To provide for the
teaching of physiology and hygiene in
the public schools." ~Those who were
reporting the State Legislature did not
even think this little bill of sufficient
conseq uence to read it through, but
the body of it is something entirely dif
ferent from what the title would con
vey. It means the introduction into
the public school system of the educa
tion of the young as to the effects of
liquor drinking. In other words, the
children are to be taught that drink
ing is dangerous before they are able
to) read for themselves. This act is a
very stringent one in its provisions~
and therefore time has been allowed
to get the necessary books rsady. The
Wom an's Christian Temperance Un
ion will doubtless see that the law is
enforced to the letter when it becomes
ef fec tive next fall.
The act provides "That the nature of
acholic dlriniks and narcotics as to
their effe.cts upon the human system,
in connection with the several divis
ions of the subject of physiology and
hygiene, shall be included in the
b'anches of study taught in common
or public schools in the State of South
Carolina, and shall be studied and
taghit as thoroughly and in the same
manner as other like branches are in
said schools, by the use of text books
in the hands of pupils where other
branches aro thus studied in said
schools. ant orally in the case of pu
pils uinable to read; and shall be
taught by all teachers and studied by
all pupils in all said schools supported1
wholly or in part by public money.
"Sec. 2. That the text books used for1
the instruction required to be given
by the preceeding section in primary
and intermediate grades shall give at
least one-fourth of their space to the
consideration of the nature and effectJ
of alcoholic drinks and narcotics; and
the~ books used in the highest grades of.]
raded schools shall contain at least]
'enty pages of matterrelating to thisI
sbect . That it shall be the duty of<
the proper otlicers in control of any '
ebooil described in the foregoing see
ios to enforce theC provisions of this 1
act: and anty such oilicer, school direc
o conai'ssioner, supherintendenit or
teacheltr who shall refuse or neglect to
(.omphlyV with the r.equliremftents of this 1
Jc or shall neglect or fail to make 4
pioer p)ronvsions for the instruction .
requred and in the manner specified 1
in the iirst section of this act for all t
pupils in each and every sehool ur dler
his jurisdhictioni shall be removed from
hice and the vacancy filled as in oth
er cases. "Sec. 4. This act shall go I
COLUMBIA LETTER,
A BATCH OF INTERESTING ITEMS
FROM THE STATE CAPITAL.
The Cold Snap and 11s Effects- What is
Doing in Polit's-Event4 of Greater or
Less lintteret to the People of South
Carolina.
COLUMBIA. Feb. 23.-Special: The
capital city has about recovered from
the freeze-which, by the way. was
unprecedented. There has been snow
before-sleet before-suffering before
-but not of the extent or the kind ex
perienced last week and the early por
tion of this. The weather is wintry
still, but the sun shines, and the
streets are not fit for folks to walk in
without rubbers. There was a good
deal of suffering. The weather put
ting an end to business, many people
were thrown out of employment for
the time-and these of the class who
live by their daily labor. Charitable
people and benevolent organizations
came to the rescue, however, and
much has already been done for the re
lief of the sufferers. Business has
commenced again, and soon we shall,
in the enjoyment of the beautiful
spring for which Columbia is prover
bial, will be so well upon us that we
shall have quite forgotten the freeze.
ABOUT POLITICS.
Considering that this is an "off
year," and that even the fight over the
Constitutional Convention ought not
to commence for some montns yet, we
are having a good deal of politics on
hand.
The meeting of the convention call
ed by "the forty" has been postponed.
But there was, first, the conference,
between Representative Conservatives
and Reformers, and then the issuance
of .the address of the Democratic State
Executive Committee. The confer
ence was held with closed doors, and
all the participants have been dogged
ly reticent about the proceedings. It
is stated (and the statement appears to
have commanded general credence)
that the conclusion reached was about
thus: The two factions, in each coun
ty, are to have equal representation in
the Convention'. In the counties en
titled to an uneven number of dele
gates, the odd delegate is to be as
signed to that faction which carried
the county in 1892. Such is the news
paper account of the action of the
conference. Until there shall be some
authoritative statement of the matter,
people may amuse themselves with
conjectures on the possible effects of
the alleged plan of settlement, on the
party and on the Republican enemy.
THE NORMAL COLLEGE.
Much interest has centered in the
choice of President of the State Nor
mal and Industrial College at Rock
Hill. It was said that there were
several applicants, but the board of
trustees seemed to have made up their
minds in advance of the meeting.
Prof. D. B. Johnson, superintendent
of the ciiy schools of Columbia.and of
the Winthrop Training School, was
unanimously elected to the position.
Prof. Johnson is admirably equipped
for the position. A first-honor grad
nate of the University of Tennessee,
he has been actively nigaged in school
work for the past eighteen years. He
organized the system of common
schools in this city, and his good work
is shown in their great efficiency and
popularity. He originated the Win
throp Training School here. The
trustees of the Woman's College, at
their meeting, handled only routine
business of no public interest. The
election of professors is to take place
on the 15th of May.
THE VOLU'NTEERzS ENLIST.
The Richland Volunteer Rifle Com
pany, commanded by Capt. Joseph K.
Alston, at thei:- meeting lastnght, de
cided, after a very full consideration
of the subject, to enlist in the State
militia under the Act passed at the re
cent session of the Legislature. The
action of the men is said to have been
unanimous. The Volunteer Rifle
Company is one of the oldest military
organizations in the country. Its rec
ord is throughout a most honorable
one.
THE NEW FACTORY.
Ground has been broken for the
Richland Mill. A large force of
hands has already -been put at work
by Col. Coleman, the contractor, and
no time will be lost in pushingr the
mill to its completion. - Mr. R. S.
Pringle has been placed in charge of
the company's property as general
superintendent. He expects to rush
things through, and within seventy
five good working days, fair weather
prevaillng, he hopes to have the big
mill building closed in.
THE STATE'S WATERPOWER.
The Supreme Court has just decided
a case of some interest to the State at
large. When the Columbia canal was
ceded to the city, the State reserved
500 horse power, for the use' of the
penitentiary. When the Electric Light
Company started business the water
power was procurred under a contract
with the penitentiary authorities.
Afterwards the owners of the canal
(who purchased it from the City of
Columbia) brought suit against the
Electric Light Company, to restrain
them from using the waterpower
this on the ground that such use was
confmned, by the terms of the law, to
the penitentiary, and could not be
leased or transferred to other parties.
Judge Hudson decided for the Electric
Light Company, and the Supreme
Court sustains hiis judgment.
A NEW ORDER.
There was a meeting last evening
for the purpose of organizing ~a local
council of the Junior Order of United
American Mechanics-an order which
has been established in this country
since 1853. Among other things in
the declaration of principles of this
order appears the following paragraph,
which is self-explanatory. it should
be stated, too, that it costs nothing to
oin the order: "In the strictest sense
we are a national political organiza
tion, but we oppose with unamimity~
the slightest taint of partisanship.I
'Our Country' is our motto, and we
keep this motto steadily before us.
We are cognizant that there are great
nd powerful enemies within our
midst, requiring the strictest surveil
ance of all who are at heart, word and
n deed Americans. 'We, as members
f this order, affirm our allegiance toj
he objects of the order as paramount~
: any partisan alliliation, and urge'
.pon the membership harmonious,
mited and intelligent action in carry
ng out the principles.
INFANTICIDE.
About 9 o'clock yesterday morning'
[r. Lester was called to see a negro
voman, named Rebecca Green, who
ives near Waverly. He found a new
y born infant lying dead in the
ouse. The woman seemed anxious
or a certificate to the effect that the
bild was born dead, and was so per
istent that Dr. Lester's suspicions
vere aroused. lie withhield the er-I
,ifico3e and notified the Coroner. In i
he afternoon a jury~ was summoned
ed Dirs. Talley and Lester madce a
ost morteni exainxationi. Finger
rints oin the cl'ild's throat and other
vidences of stre. agulationi were found.
Thle jury found that the mothe.' killed
he child: and she has been commit
ed to jail.
OTHER MATTERS.
The wooden portion of Allen Uni
ersity, a college for colored peoleC
ocated in the eastern suburbs, was
ing. The new brick a was not
injured. The_ origin of the fire is un
know n.
The several raila companies in
terested have accepted the new "joint
rates- proposed by the railroad coi
mission.
Mille Rhea. an actress of com,ildca
ble note-, will appear inl the opera
house on Menday night, in the popo1 -
lar play, "The Parisians.
A nurber of Clemon Collere stu
dents have uassed throug"- the city in
the past few days. oi their. way t(;
Fort Ifill.
Governor Evans and Ex-Goveroiir
Tillman have gone to the North -for
what purpose is not definately knon.
Dr. R. F. 1aurice, a prominent cit
izen of Kingstree, died in this city on
Wednesday. IHe had been in bad
health for some tini, and had come
here for treatment.
The semi-annual examinations at
the South Carolina College have re
cently closed. The progress of the
students, as shown by these examina
tions, is said to have been highly sat
isfactory.
The Supreme Court has granted a
new trial to J. Mims Sullivan, con
victed of the murder of Herman Gil
reath, in Greenville, about two years
ago.
GENERAL NEWS ITEMS.
Facts of Public Interest. Gathered from
Various Quarters.
A bill granting the right of sutfer
age to women has passed the Washing
ton Senate.
It is rumored inx Washington that
Postmaster General Bissell will resign
his portfolio about April 1..
James B. Loake. of Hannibal. 31o.,
thinks he has fallen heir to an estate
in New York city. estimated to be
worth -.100,000,000.
Fermont Preck. first lieutelnant
of the ordnance corps. was
killed at the proving grounds at Sandy
Hook Wednesday by the bursting of
the breech of a rapid firing gun.
Historic Fort Delaware will soon be
a thing of the nast. It will be abolish
ed byv the order of the government
and a torpedo station, to cost $100,000,
,N ill be erected.
Captain R. G. Fleming. superinten
dent of the Savannah. Florida and
Western Railway, who was stricken
with paralysis laist week, died on Wed
nesday at Savannah, Ga.
Bank robbers were thwarted in an
attempt to rob a bank at Arusa. Cal.,
on Tuesday. The robber was captured
and Cashier Daniel was seriously in
jured during the struiggle.
The assem0bly of California has pass
ed the bill to prevent the wearing of
hats or bonnets in theatres or places of
amusement. The bill imposes a penal
ty of A50 for violation of the law.
Councilman Numa Dudousat. of
New Orleans. convicted of having ac
cepted a bribe of $100 from grocerman
Sherman, has been sentenced to three
years at hard labor in the State Peni
tentiary.
The Children Jacket Maker's Union
of the Knights of Labor of New York,
about 3,000 strong. are out on a strike
on account of the reduction of wages.
About 500 women outside the Union
also joined the strikers.
John Pitrowski, living flear Ham
mond. Ind. shot and killed two rouyhs
who bad been refused admittance to
his house during the celebration of
his marriage. The toughs beat and
kicked the bride badly.
While a number of students were
skating on the Moskya River on Te
day near Moscow. th~eice gave wayv
ar'd thirty of them were plunged into
the waterand drowned. None of the
bodies have get been recovered.
Samuel Bowvles, an old man, found
murdered near his hoime in West
Plains. Mo. He was chased from his
house by his wife with a harrow tooth
who is charged with the deed. Bowle s
was 77 and his wife -73. MIrs. Bowles
is in jail.
M. Andre Mon~dehare, the French
consul at Chicago, was terrible beaten
by a negro last week. Mondehare and
his wife saw two does on a cat and at
tempted to stop the 'ight. The owner
of the dogs objected and attacked
Mondehare.
Evangelist Moody has been invited
to Atlanta, Ga. He says he will come
and spend a month duriing the Exposi
tion if a hall seating an audience of
4,000 or 5,000 can be provided. The
preachers of the city say it wvill be
fixed forhim.
The failure of the Lexington, Va..
National Bank will cause th~e ruin of
many people in that city. All busi
ness houses have been affected. Cash
ier Figgatt's stealage amounted to
about $159,200, The bank otlicers of
fer $10,000 for .the capture of Figgatt.
Cordelia Hill, residing at Ripon,
six miles south of Charleston, WV. Va.,
shot and instantly killed hier father on
Wednesday. ~The father was unmer
cifully chastising one of his sons, wvho
tore away from his grasp and ran to
the mother for protectioin. The
father then assaulted the mother.
An appeal for aid has been issued
by settlers in the Oklahoma strip.
Hundreds of families ar-e absolutely
staring, eating prairie dogs and horses
The sutfering is unp~aralleled. Cattle
have been dying in droves, as a result
of the unprecedented "north ers" which
have visited both Territories and Texas
within the pas: few weeks.
Mrs. W. A. Waley. of M1uncie. Ind..
brought suit against .John R. Ervin
f or 86.000 claiming it to have been lost
by her husband while gambling in
Irins gambling rooms. After a
sensational trial, lasting over a wveek,
in which many prominent business
men and church miembers were wit
nesses. a verdict was render'ed for $4.
500.
Pierre Matthew Bogand"orf. first
secretary to the Russian Legation in
Washington. commi ttedt suicide Wed
nesday morning by shooting. himself.
Mr. Botrandoif left two letters explana
trv ofliis act. In one of the letters lie
saidl, "For a long time. dead soul, this
body is all too heavy- a burden to be
aried. Fori this reason I destroy
nyself." __
Wrecked.
BALTIMORE.. Md., Feb. 15.-A piri
ate telegram states that a party of
Baltiimo reans ha d been ship wrecked on
Roanoke Island. otf the coast of North
arolina. The seamner was cauziit in
eveire storms and wrecked a sho4rt dis
tace from the island. The passengers
ook to the life boaits and reached land.
,here they will r-emain until'r escued.
A Groom Hiangs Himself.
ATL.ANTA. Ga.. Feb. 22.-Jason
Swanson. of Sugair Valley. Ga.. was
ound hanuging to a beam in thme b .1
ueday m'orniing. He wats a young
nan only recently mnarried, anid n-,
eason can be assigned for the dee.L'
is wife went to a neighbomr'for a
hort call aind whein .Yie re iurned .
ound his dea:d body-.
P'Ansoss. WV. Va.. Feb. 1)9.-Word
has reached hoere that t-.'o schl chi!
dren, brother anid sister, aed 10i an
2 vear's. were frozen toO deah in
lo'er district, this county. They
~era found locked in each other'.a
arms, and the brother had wr'appoed
FOR FREE S!LVER.
11int i. the Way the U'nite'd State% Sernate
stantis.
W\Asmllu~r-, F"ei!. 21.-l-a accord
aice witN the0 o'de' ma1de Thiursdaiy.
the Senate met today at 11 o'clock,
whi1ch1 is to be thle reg ul-ar hour1 oif
niee tiuig till the 4th of March n1ext.
There was a fair attendance of Sena
tors in the chamber when the pro
eeedings opened. The Vice President
having laid before the Senate the res
olg in offeired last night by Mr. Wol
cott, declaring at sense of the
Senate that a consideration of the sil
ver bill should not be entered upon at
:his session of Congress, Mr. Jones
(Dem.) of Arkansas. who has charze
of that bill, said: "I wish to say that
the friends of the regular order-the
pending silver bill-have no disposi
tion to incur the risk of an extra ses
sion. We so stated at the beginning.
Deveioinents have shown that while
the friends of the measure have a ma
jority in this body, it is impossible to
pass the bill at the present late day of
the session without. incurring a very
grave danger to the appropriation bills
and an extra session. -Under these cir
cumstances, the friends of the silver
measure have authorized me to say that
they will not further proceed at this
session of Congress."
No comment was made on this an
nouncement by any Senator and no
formal action was taken on the reso
lution.
Other business having intervened,
the silver bill was made the text of a
speech by Mr. Higgins (Rep.) of Dela
ware, who referred to its status as
"legislation let alone." and said that all
the bill amounted to-inasmuch as it
could not become a law- was a decla
ration of policy and that the resolution
of the Senator from Colorado meant
just the sanie thing.
Mr. Higiins'speech was interrupted
at 12 u'clocby the Vice President, who
aniounced the close of the morn
ing hour and the taking up of the un
finished business, being thesilver bill.
"Let it be laid aside informally,"
Mr. Joneb, of Arkansas, suggested,
"so as to allow the Senator for Dela
ware to conclude his remarks."
"I must appeal to the Senator from
Delaware," 31r. Gorman broke in, "as
well as to the Senator from Arkansas,
to cease this discussion at this time.
All the great appropriation bills are
pending in the Senate or in commit
tee, anI it will be almost impossible to
have- fair consideration of them unless
we begin now. I must appeal to the
Senator from Delaware in the public
interest to giye way and to permit
me to make-a motion that the Senate
proceed to the consideration of the In
ian appropriation bill."
After further discussion, Mr. Gor
man made his motion, and 3r. Butler
who desired to go on with the pooling
bill, demanded the yeas and nays.
The vote was taken and the motion
agreed to-ycas 55, nays 12. The
negative votes were given by Senators
Blanchard. Butler, Camden. Cameron,
Faulkner, Hunton, Jones of Arkansas,
Lindsay, Martin, Mitchell of Wiscon
sin, Quay and Wolcott. The effect of
the vote was to displace the silver
bill-remitting it to the calendar-and
to bring the Indian appropriation bill
before the Senate. On this bill MIr.
Higg ins resumed the floor and went
on with the delivery of his speech on
the Jones silver bill and against it.
Mr. Chandler ne~it addressed the
Senate, not upon the Indian appro
oriationi bill, however, but upon the
silvtei bill ana agams~t the WVolcott
resolution.
MIr. Daniel replied to the speech of
MIr. Higgins. whjich was, lie said, a
dismal and pitiful picture of the dis
tress now pervading the civilized
world. That distress, Mr. Daniel said,
was widespread. He might say:
"From (Greenland's icy mountains
To India's coral strand."
'While that Senator had called at
tention to a starving Mianchester and
to a degraided India he had told the
Senator but little of the distress
which pervaded his own country in
consequence of the ill-conceived and
ill-considered action of Congress in re
pealing the purchasing clause of the
Shermian act. Not a single prophecy
which was made by the friends of
that repeal had been fulfilled, but the
predictions which he (Mr. Daniel) had
then stated in his argument against
the repeal had been fulfilled. He had
predicted that the unconstitutional re
peal of the purchasing clause of the
Sherman law would be followed by a
decline in the price of silver, by a
further decline in the prices of prop
ertv, bonds and securities, and by an
attempt to retire the greenbacks; and
all these predictions had been fulfilled.
The Democratic party, which had
pledged itself to the coinage of both
old and silver and to the repeal of
he tax on State banks, had failed to
keep its pledge, and would now be
deprived of power, without ever be
ing in power.
Burned to Death.
IONTGO31ERY. Ala., Feb. 22.-A
special to the Advertiser from Gads
den, Ala., tells of two people being
burned to death. MIrs. M1ary Burton
was discovered by two of her children
lying on the floor, her head and shoul
ders lying in the fire and her entire
body ~ev veloped in flames. MIrs. Bur
ton was subject to epileptid fits, and it
is thought that she was attacked
while sweeping and fell in the fire. A
small child of Katie Fitzgerald fell into
the fire and its head was so badly
burned as to cause its decath.
Fred Douglaxs Dead.
Wasrfia'oN. Feb. 21.-Frederick
Douglass. the well known colored or
ator, died suddenly at 7 o'clock last
night ot beart disease at his hiome in
Aacostia, a suburb of WVashinUgton.
He was a promninent figure in the
woians convention this atfter'noon.
where he occupied a seat upon the
)latfomi. lHe 'was ap)parently in the
est of health at that time.
TUE German Reichstag has adopted
a resolution instructing the govern
nent to issue to the other powers of
te world invitations for an interna
tional monetary conferenace looking to
the remone~tizitig of silver. Before the
res~olutioni was adopted the secretary
of the imperial tr'easlury, oni behalf of
the Emiper'or. de'chlred tht~ the objc~t
arind at by the resolution had his
sympathy.
Went Like Hot Cakes.
Lo)vt)x, Feb'!. 21.- The Uni'ed
\t vesterdar atlerni'toon, and a rec-et
a aiht entIhed at 31ergan's for places
inte line,' and this tuorming .therei'
wa a rnewe r'UIush of subscr'ioeris.
Ih' lo'nai was subscribed for mi any
times over.(1 iA The smiumI at ore
ime' this af ternmoon reached 4 2.
HI.:Ny 31. Bruans. LL D.. the oldest
i:in." gz'aduate, and for manny y'ears a
'oa, o the coillege of Charleston,
eied it "smtimerv'ille. S. C., on Thu's
ia', in Uis 87th year. Hfe w~as v~ery
pr ominetlyi' iden titied with the edut
-tiona i ~t'resi of Charleston. and
va the father of the lae Dri. John
Dws,,on ns of ew Urleans.
COMMISSIONERS APPOINTED.
To. Work for the state -Exhibit all Over the
Couj a,~ S. C., Feb. 20.-Gover
nor Evans yesterday proceeded to
make the appointntits of the( men to
secure a State exhibit for South Caro
lin'aat the Cotton States and Interna
tion:al Exposition to be held at Atlan
ta. in accordance with the plan agreed
upon between himself and the Young
Mfen's Business League of Charleston,
fully detailed yesterday. Governor
Evans. as already stated, is to be the
exofficio chairman of all committees
for the entire State. He has made the
following appointments. It should be
stated, however. that there are several
other appointments yet to be made to
make the committees in several coun
ties complete, and to complete the
organization:
Commissioners for the State at large
and manazer of the South Carolina
exhibit, E. L. Roche.
Assistant commissioners in charge
of the work of preparing the exhibits
for their respective districts, who shall
be known as the central committee
and executive board of the South Car
olina exhibit:
First district-J. C. hemphill,Char
leston.
Second district-W. H. .Mauldin,
Hampton.
Third district--John E. Bradley,
Abbeville.
Fourth district-W. A. Clarke,Rich
land.
Fifth district-LeRoy Springs, Lan
caster.
Sixth district-J. D. Montgomery,
Marion.
Seventh district-George H. Cornel
son. Orangeburg.
Three commissioners for each of the
several counties of the State, as fol
lows:
Abbeville-J. K. Durst, L. W.
White, R. R. Hemphill.
Aiken-Thomas J. Davis, B. F. Hol
ley. T. S. Williams.
Anderson-P. K. McCulloch, J.
Belton Watson.
Barnwell-L. W. Youmans, S. G.
Mayfield, Robert Aldrich.
IBeaufort-J. H. Averill, H. D. El
liott, Thomas Martiu.
Berkeley-E. J. Dennis, H. L. Bar
ker, J. B. Morrison.
Charleston-J. Adger Smyth, W.
H. Welch and L. A. Emerson.
Chester-R. A. Love,T. J. Cunning
ham, 0. Barber.
Chesterfield-0. T. Redfern, W. P.
Pollock, H. M. Finlayson.
Clarendon-D. J. ~Bradham, J. E.
Tindal, C. S. Land.
Colleton-M. R. Cooper, M. P.
Howell, Benjamin Stokes.
Darlington-R. W. Boyd.
Edgefield-B. R. Tillman, R. B.
Watson, John C. Sheppard.
Fairfield-Thomas W. Woodward,
W. J. Johnson, J. Q. Davis.
Florence-W. F. Clayton, F. M.
Rodgers, J. 0. Byrd.
Georgetown-Miles Hazzard, Sol
Emanuel, W. R. Congdon.
Greenville-H. B. Buist, John Fer
guson, J. A. Hoyt.
Hampton-M. B. McSweeney, C. J.
C. Hutson. John J. Garnett.
Horry-E. Norton, C. P. Quattle
baum.
Kershaw-W. M. Shannoa, J. D.
Trantham, J. W. Lloyd.
Lancaster-Ira B. Jones.
Laurens-J. D. M. Shaw, J. O. C.
Fleming, J. B. Humbert.
Lexington--J. WV. Lybrand, G. E.
Harman. C. M. Efird.
Marion-Williamn Evans, C. A.
Woods.
Marlborough-C. S. McCall, -
Breeden.
Newberry-E. H. Aull, H. C. Mose
ley. Thomas WV. Holloway.
Oconee-S. Y. Stribling, J.R. Earie,
S. P. Dendy.
Ornebr-ToasM Raysor, J.
Pickens-Julius E. Boggs, T.C.Rob
inson, D F. Bradley.
Richland-John T. Sloan, L. D.
Childs. J. Q. Marshall.
Spartanburg-T. J. Moore,. stan
varne Wilson, Joseph Walker.
~Sumter-Altamont Moses, J. H.
Ave-ock, L. M. Knight.
'Union-Senator "Douglass. WV. A.
Nicholson, T. C. Duncan.
Williamnsburg-R. C. Logan, Dr. A.
H. Williams.
York-WV. L. Roddey, - Neal, 3. 5.
Brice.
Commissioners of finance, Andrew
Simonds, E. H. Priingle and E. H.
Sparkham, of Charleston, who shall
have charge of the finances of the
South Carolina exhibit, and to whom
all contributions 'or collections shall
be sent and upon whose joint order all
expenditures will be made.
Samuel WV. Wilkes has been ap
pointed resident commissioner for the
State of South Carolina at Atlanta.
THE MURDEROUS MOOSHIR.
An Eye Witness Tells of the Butchery of
Thousands of Christains.
BosToN. Feb. 22.-The Globe pub
lishes the following from Moosh, Asia
Minor, which it says is the first des
cription by an eye witness of Mooshir
Pasha's "march of blood." (Mooshir
Pasha is the military governor of Er
zerjan and started, by order of the Sul
tan into the Sassoun district last Sep
tember. IEnumerable burned villages
and 7,293 lives was the price of this
oflicial visit.)
Moosh. Asia Minor. Jan. 7.-The
numbers of our dead countrymen in
the four towns visited by Mooshir
Pasha will not be far short of 7,50U.
This is froin the bedies counted and
known to have perished. We cannot
tell how many others Lher'e may be.
The first town entered by Mooshir
was Shin ik. It contains four villages,
Shinik, Mezera. Koojock and Dopy.
When our people here heard of the ar
rival of the Pa-sha Fr. .Johannis. 240
of the leading townsmen went to meet
him to have mxerey upon .tem. They
were surrou.ndIed by soldiers long be
fore they could get to Mooshir Pasha
and e.eirv one was killed. Their
bodies wei'e put in the ch~urch and
burned. Then they proceeded to burn
the villages. The number killed from
Sinik proper number 6j23, and :317
from the rest of the villages. Those
who escaped are nowv in thxe 'villages
surrounding this town, but the villag
es are thiemselves very poor and
many go hungry.
Mooshir Pashalheft Shtinik to go to
the next town in the Sasosun district.
This to wn is Alyan and has fourteen
viages. The people heard of his com-1
ing and how that lie had twentv-fouirI
comnpianies each 1( 0 men besides twenty :
three canntons. Tfhiey knew that i~t was
asless to appeal to him. so thiey fled l
to the village of Chii because of its<
'ocks and steeples. and there ihiey could<
better escape him. They staved in
the mountains for almost tw.enty diays.
and when all food was gone an~d there
was nothing left to do they tiedais be stJ
thi'r could. Two thou'sauds bodies
were left behind at Chi. -J
Gaii-Gazanl was next ani heeause the
town has twenty-tw.o villages airoundi
it. Mooshir bro'ught Kurds. Ahmidie1
axd Irregulars, niumbering :30. 00. Tile
towi was desre'ted, for the pleople. I
wh all the food they' could co-ry.
had led~ to the miountains. They .
sttaed in their fa~stnesses fu' thh-ity
Ja'> and at laist with a frecnzy bor'n of t
luinger' and despair. they made a ter'
'ible rush down the miountamn sides 1
idattacked the tyrants instead of
POWDEk
Absolutely Pure.
A cream or tartar narmg powder.
Highest of all in leavening strength-IA
test United States Government Food B
port.
Royal Baking Powder Company,
106 Wall St.; N. Y.
was like a god and killed nineteen men
with his own sword before he fell dead.
Fr. Bedras was a soldier, too, and en
couraged his children, and when he
was at last killed his body was cut in
pieces and given to the dogs.
Alpag was the last town that the
bloodthirsty tyrants visited, and this
place contains eight villages-Verient,
Chaden, Moodavar, Eukik, Kaiaxaz.
Choroop, and Davlorig. The people
had for the most part made their es
cape, but when Mooshir and his soldi
ers went their way 1 300 bodies were
found even here. Many more were
burned, but their number cannot be
known.
All bodies'were left where they were
butchered and those who would travel
this district must risk their lives
through the pestilential odors that go
up from so many dead. All who es
caped from the Sassoun district came
to the villages and plains of Moosh,
and hungry, destitute and broken
hearted, they look for hope and help
and sympathy from the civilized world
to whom the news of their terrible lot
may come.
SENATOR TILLMAN IN WASHINGTON.
He is Cordiany Received by Democratic
and Republican Senators.
WASHINGTON, - Feb. 21.-Senator
elect Benjamin R. Tillman made a
very successful debut in the Senate
ehamber today. Senator Irby returned
from South Carolina this morning,
accompanied by Senator-elect Tillman
and Governor Evans. Senator Irby
presented the credentials of Mr. Till
man and they were read and placed
on file. Senator Butler was present
but made no objection to the creden
tials of his successor taking the usual
course. A few minutes later Senator
Irby escorted Mr. Tillmrn and Gover
nor Evans into the Senate chamber
and gave them seats over on the back
row of the Democratio side to the right
of the Vice President. Several Demo
cratie Senators, including Senators Mc
Laurin, of Mississigpi, and Pugh, of
Alabama came forward and were
sentedto the new comers. While Mr.
Tilinan was getting acquainted with
Senator Geore of '%hssissippi, Senator
Irby moved aUut the chamber and in
vited Democratic and Republican Sen
ators to come over and meet Senator
elect Tilbnn. Nearly allof the mem
bers of the Senate we're familiar with.
the incidents of the Butler-Tiflman
campaign, and they expressed some
curiosity to meet the man who could
defeat the gallant Butler. It was ob
served that the free silver men were
particularly gracious to Mr. .Tillman,
and they were pleased to find that he
was righit in touch with them on that
subject. Senators Teller, D)ubois,
Stewart, Carey, Power, Pettigrew,
Chandler and many of the leading Re
publicans camne over and chatted pleas
antly withI the South Carolina contin
gent. At one time the buzz of conver
sation around Mr. Tillmnan and Gov
ernor Evans was so pronounced that
the Vice President was obliged to re
quest order.
While all this demonstration was
0oing- on over Mr. Tillman Senator
Nutle'r was sett'ing but a few seats
away, apparently oblivious to what
was going on in the vicinity of Senator
Irby's desk. He was interested in a
few' items in the Indian appropriation
bill, and as soon as they were disposed
of he arose and left the chamber to
meet some friends in the lobby. In
the meantime Mr. Tillman joked pleas
antly with Senators Hill, Allen,
Martin and other Democratic Senators
about State and National politics.
To your correspondent he stated
that lhe came on to WasTington with.
Senator Irby and Governor Eyans for
a few days' rest and recreation, and
also for the purpose of meeting some
of his future associates in the Senate
and to learn something of the ways of
that august body. He says heho
there will not be an extra session, b
cause he has made his arrangements
upon the idea thathe will not be catled
to Wa'shington to assume his Senator
ial duties before next winter.
Senator Irby says he has been home
attending a conference of Democrats
who are intesestedl in the coming Con
stitutional Conventiou. He says- the
leading Democrats in the State, in
eluding many of those who have here
tofore differed on State affairs, are dis
posed iLo bairy the past and unite in an
effort to preserve the supremacy of
the white man's party. He says they
realize that nothing is to be gained by
continuing the factional 'war that has
been g:>ing on for several years past.
President of winthrop College.
COLmBmA, S. C.. Feb. 22:-Tuesday
night at a meeting of the Board of
Trustees of the South Carolina Indus
trial and W~inthrop Normal College,
Professor 1). B. .Johnson was elected
i'resident by a unanimous vote. The
>puosition to him, which was predict
ed' did not develop. It was generally
>elievedl that he would be elected.
Nevertheless. such a vote was a hand
;ome compliment. The two things
ihaL weighed most with the Board
were his executive ability and his in
luence with Northern educators, es
ecially the Trustees of the Peabody
'u ad, 'to which the College looks for
iid. P.-ofessor Johnson has been
~welve years Superintendent of the
~itv Schools and nine years President
>f t'he Winthrop Normal College, for
.vhose more extended work he has
>een selected. Professor Johnson was
>orn in LaGrange. Tenn., Jani ai-y 10,
L85', where his father was founder
nd President of the LaGrange Female
ollege. He worked his way through
~ollege and graduated with the degree
-f A. B. at the University of Tennes
ee, Knoxville, Tenn.. in 1877, with
lie tirst honor of his class, and 'with
he senior captaincy of his battalion.
5mmediately after graduation he was
lected assistant princip~al of. the
'noxville High School, in which
)osntionl he served ten years, when he
vas elected . assistant professor of
mathematics in his alma mater. In
S80 lie was awarded the dege of A.
hi. by the University of 'Tennessee.
he young ladies of the Winthrop
'ormial C'ollege presented an address
> the G~overnor and the Board askig
aat Professor Johnson be elected.
Ie will remain ini charge of 'the
(hools for the~ remainder of the ses
ion and will go to Rock Hill in Sep