Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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VOL. III. MANNING, CLARENDON COUNTY, S. C., WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER MUST HUMANITY STARVE? Now Shall the Increasing Population of the World Be Fed?-An Ilhustration. The troubles at the leading centers of population, the agitation of questions which are closely connected with wage -earning, are all barometric indications of storms ahead. What shall be done with the rapidly increasing population of the ;world and how it shall be provided for so :as to reduce the friction of bread winning to the minimum, are grave problems -which may enlist with profit the leading -minds of civilized countries. Mr. Edward Atkinson, in The Forum, 'enters into a consideration of the doc trines of Malthus and Ricardo. If their -concepts are to be received as demonstra tions of science, what good, he asks, will result from the efforts to ameliorate the condition of mankind, to prevent war, to :stop famine and to save life fromndiseases? if human passions and human nature lead to a disproportion of population in ratio to the means -of subsistence, or if :the mind of man applied as a factor to iproduction cannot provide for this ten .dencyof population to increase, without -resort either to violent or to purely arti fcial methods of checking it, we might .as well '-eat, drink and be me.y, for to :morrow we die," without taking any ;thought for the future of the race. With these pessimistic doctrines Mr. Atkinson takes issue. He thinks they :are based upon very narrow observation. If Malthus or Ricardo had conceived that within a short period, says Mr. Atkin .son, ironstone would be converted into food for man and beast, by grinding into powder the phosphoric slag. which is the waste product of the iron furnace, neither would have ventured to present such hypotheses. Malthus held that.the population of the world would increase faster than means of subsistence could be found for the additional number. Ri cardo's theory was that a given area of land of high fertility when cultivated for a series of years in a certain manner would yield diminishing returns in pro portion to the amount of labor and capi tal expended'upon it. Mr Atkinson reviews these hypotheses very elaborately, and finally concludes as follows: "'The mind of man when ap plied to the direction of natural forces is the principal agent in material produc tion; in fact, the controlling element. Those who claim that labor is the source of all production are utterly misled, be cause they do not admit this fundamen tal principle. May it not, therefore, be more consistent with the concepts of an enlightened faith of any type in which order is recognized in the universe to present an hypothesis that as the mental faculties of a man are more developed and more intellignty pedtth material products, the general struggle for life will become lessand not greater?" Mr. Atkinson takes the right view. It is optimistic, but at the same timeis based on the experience of oriental nations. . The soil is the great reservoir of man's subsistence. It is. the foundation upon which all other industries are based. If the earth were rocky, and so sterile as to be absolutely unproductive, man himself could not exist. He lives virtually on the soil. There could be no animal life without the soil. For even the carnivor ous animals indirectly draw their sus tenance from mother earth. The soil supportathose animals on which the meat eaters live. Granting that the soil is the basis of all life, what is the proportion of danger that the theories of Malthus and Ricardo will ever be realized? It seems to be very small. Man is yet inthe adolescent period of his intelletuality. He will in the fut ure know much more about the forces of nature and how to govern and to prac tically apply them than he does now. All this knowledgewill.be turned into useful channels. We will understand how to fertilize and cultivate the soil so that it .can never be exhansted and will produce the maximum. So long as the soil is productive so long will there be no fear that humanity cannot be supported. Take, as an illustration, the case of Cina. The area is not more than one third the size of the United States. It supports, however, six times as many people as we have in this country. It takes care of the increase without any diffculty. 'The most careful system of fertilization is observed, and the farmer there:bestows as much care on his farm, which is more in the nature of a garden than a farm, as the flower gardener in the United States bestows on his exotics. Even Germany, as sterile as it is in many sparts, can supply millions more people than it does now. The director of the German statistical bureau has recently submittedsome very interesting figures onshin nubject. His conclusions, which are based on the statisrica gathered, are that without any effort Germany will be able to care for its increase in population for atinie so long in the future that itis removed- from the realm of hnman spec ulation. Think of the unoccupied lands in Asia, in North and South America, in Africa. It will be centuries and centuries before these lands are even all partially tilled. When it is tilled there can be no limit to the industries which will be supported by it and the people which will find in these industries their employment and happi n.,ess.-Detr'oit Free Press. 'rhe C="a-ia "sea Cucumber.'' . In the waters surrounding the Atlantic provinces a holothurian, pentacta fron dosa, Jaeger, very similar to the trepang of the Malav and Chinese coasts, is found in great abundance. It is called by our fishermen the "sea cucumber" or "sea pumpkin." A few experiments have been made on it as an article of food, and it has been pronounced good, with the flavor of lobster mneat. Trepcng, in the east, is pt-epared bj dipping the live "4sea cucumber" for tw~o mmiutes in boiling water; then cutting open, then throwing into a second caldron of boil ing water and reimosa bark. Itis finally dried in the sun and pressed forstowage. The market value has been quoted at from five to six dollars per hundred pounds, and the fisheries are consid ered of industrial importance. ~Will not some of our ingenious fishermen or fish dealers make a thorough test of our own "sea cucumber," and settle the -nwhether there is to be any Cana - 'trepang or not?-Educational Re iw. __ Ibres horticultural .r-hoons free to ....ehve benm neliDnmark. The Grandest Instrument on Earth. Professor George Davidson, of the United States geographical survey, accompanied by several friends, visited the Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton, Saturday evening, by invi tation of Professor Holden. The night was a splendid one for observation, but owing to the fact that 117 persons were also on the mountain, it being visi tors' night, no length of time could be spent at the great telescope, as that is al ways the great attraction for visitors. It was the first peep through the 36-inch re fractor that Professor Davidson enjoyed since the completion of the observatory, and to say that he was pleased with the experience is only half putting it. "Yes, sir," he said the other day, when spoken to about the matter, "it is the greatest and grandest instrument on earth. I am not at liberty to divulge just now what I saw and what has already been accomplished by the astron omers on Mount Hamilton. That glory is for the astronomers themselves, and when they do make public their discov eries, which I hope will be soon, it will astonish the astronomical world as much as any one else. Some of the discover ies they have made are, in fact, so novel and wonderful that Professor Holden and his assistants are really timid about an nouncing them to the world until they are entirely satisfied that they really do exist and are not illusions of some sort. Im portant discoveries have been made in all of the departments-nebuls, double stars, planets, etc.-and questions which have been subjects of doubt and specula tion for generations have been entirely put at rest and accounted for. The tele scope exceeds my most extravagant hopes and imaginations, ard the only way to beat it is to build a bigger one, put it on a higher mountain and in a clearer at mosphere, all of which would be a diffi cult combination to get together."-San Francisco Bulletin. Death and Burial in China. When the Chinese wish to declare the extreme vexatiou ess of any piece of work they say: "It is more trouble than a funeral;" the obsequies of a parent being reckoned the most maddening affair in human experience. Infants are buried'summarily, without coffins, and the young are interred with few rites; but the funel=1 of the aged, of both sexes, are elaborate in proportion to the number of the descendants and to their wealth. When a childless married man dies, his widow may perform all the duties of a bon toward him, may re main in his house and may adopt children to rear as his heirs and worshipers of the family manes. If his widow proposes marrying again, a young male relative may, with the consent of senior members pected from a son and inherit the estate of the deceased. When one is about to die he is re moved from his couch to a bench or to a mat on the floor because of a belief that he who dies in a bed will carry the bedstead as a burden into the next world. He is washed in a new pot in warm water in which a bundle of incense sticks is merged. After the washing the pot and the water are thrown away to gether. He is then arrayed in a full suit of new clothing that he may appear in hades at his best. He breathes his last in the main room, before the largest door of the house, that the departing-soul may easily find its way out into the air. A sheet of spirit money, brown paper hav ing a patch of gilding on one surface, is laid over the upturned face, because it is said that if the eyes are left uncovered the corpse may count the rows of tiles in the roof, and that in such case the family could never build a more spacious domicile.-Adele M. Field in Popular Science Monthly. Norway's Land and People. The forest land in Norway is in extent as compared with the~arable land as thirty to one. Of course the exportation of timber is one of the chief resources of the country, but the woods are well pre served, a forester resides in every district, and no waste or destruction'of suchi valu able possessions is allowed, as has un fartunately taken place in America. The land that is cultivated, except in a few favored spots, seems poor, and the peop~le themselves have, evidently, few of the luxuries of life. There are not many villages. Norway differing from Sweden in that respect; the farmhouses are scat tered, and the dwellings of the peasants are usually small wooden huts, and often are ruinous. But, though poverty is great, there is no beggary. We have never been im porturned for alms, nor have fees been ex pected for trifling services, as in Italy or the rural districts of England. The peo ple havn~ a somewhat sad, or rather a sbdued look, such as solitude often gives. The women, with handkerchiefs pinned over their heads, look at us with grave eyes. ,The little white haired children never shout after the paing carriage. or play monkey tricks to earn a cent. They are a gentle and quiet race, civil and pleasant spoken, but not jolly and talka tive like the Germans. Their voices are of a peculiar melody-a musical rise and fall in the pronunciation of their words, which has been analyzed by the students of such peculiarities, and which it is im possible for a stranger to imitate.-Cor. San Francisco Chronicle. A Popular Summer Fashion. That suitable garment for a tropical climate-the light woolen shirt-is fast making itself popular in our tropical smmer weather. But the mandate of fosion still is that the woolen shirt is "not gentlemanly" in town or on the cars-the two places where it is most needed. A gezitlemanly dress will never offend the sensibilities of others A neat flannel shirt is certainly less offensive than the, sweat soaked handkerchiefs with which the wearers of laundered linen try to hide the wilted rag that was once a glossy and heat inclosing collar. A. car full 'of gentlemen with pocket handkerchiefs used as bibs is a ridiculous commentary on slavery to a foolish fash ion.-New York Evening World. Wmlow and Oak. The willow which bends to the tempest often escapes better than the oaik which resists it; and so in great calamities it sometimes happens that light and frivo lous spirits recover their elasticity and presence of mind sooner than those of a SCENES OF SENSUOUS BEAUTY. Interesting People Who Loiter Their Hours Away in. West Indian Tropics. Hindoos, coolies; men, women and children-standing, walking or sitting in the sun, under the shadowing of the palms. Men squatting, with hands clasped over their black knees, steadily observe you from under their white tur oans-very steadily, with a slight scowl. All these Indian faces have the same set, stern expression, the same kritting of the brows, and the keen, strong gaze is not altogether pleasant. It borders upon hostility; it is the look of measurement -measurement physical and moral. In the mighty swarmings of India these aave learned the full meaning and force of life's law as we Occidentals rarely learn it. Under,$e'dark forehead with its fixed frown the eye glitters like a serpent's. Nearly all wear the same Indian dress, rthqickly folded turban, usually white, whit wers reaching but half way down the thigh, leaving the knees and the legs bare, and white jacket. A few don long blue robes and wear a colored nead dress. These are babagees, priests. All the men look tall; they are lithe, very slender, small bone, but the limbs are well turned. They %re grave, talk in low tones and seldom 'smile. Those you see with very heavy, full beards are probably Mussulmans; they have their mosques and the cry of the muezzin sounds thrice daily over the vast, cane fields. Some shave-Buddhists or fol lowers of Hindooism-but the children of Islam never. Very comely some of the waen are in their close clinging, soft, brief robes and tantalizing veils, a costume leaving shoulders, arms and ankles .bare. The dark arm is always tapered and rounded; the silver circled ankle alway$ elegantly knit to the light, straight foot. Many of these slim girls, whether standing or walking or in re pose, present perpetually studiesof grace; their attitude when erect always sug gests lightness and suppleness, like the poise-of a perfect dancer. A coolie mother passes, carrying at her hip a very pretty naked baby. It has exquisite delicacy of limb; its tiny ankles are circled by thin bright silver rings; it looks like a little bronze statuette, a statue of Kama, the Indian Eros. The mothers arms are covered from elbow to wrist with silver bracelets, some flat and dec orated, others coarse, round, smooth, with ends hammered into the form of viper heads. She has large flowers of gold in,her cars, a small gold flower in her very delicate little nose. This nose ornament does not seem absurd; on these dark skins the effect is, on the contrary, pleasing, although bizarre. All this jewelry is pure metal; it is' thus the _oflcarr ozzy their Coings: thoy do not learn to trust the banks until they become rich. There is a woman going to market, a very odd little woman; is she a Chino blanco-a coolie or a Malay half breed? I do not know. She represents a type I have never sen before. She wears one loose soft white garnent. leaving arms, ankles and part of back and bosom ex I posed, like a low cut sleeveless chemise, but less long. Her whole figure is rounded, compact, admirably knit, and her walk is indescribably light, supple, graceful. But her face is queer;"it is an Oriental grotesque, a Chines dream, oblique eyes and blue black rows and hair, very high and broad eek bones. Singular as it is, this face as the verit able beaute du cliable; it is a very yoing and very fresh face, and the tincom monly long, black, silky lashes give her gaze a very pleasing, velvety expression. Still, the most remarkable peculiarity she has is her color, clear and strange. almost exactly the color of a fine ripe lemon.-Laicadio Hearn in Harper's Magazine. ______ Evils of Chewing Gum. SA physician tells me that chewinggum is apractice in which groun'people should not iadulge ar~d which parents shouki ::Ct tolerate in childreni. "-Is it wocrse thtan chewing tobaccoi" I asked. "A thou s'nd times," was the reply. "A girl will do erough chewing on a cent's worth of gumi to masticate her food for a whle week. The hinges of the jaw are made for the~ ordiinary work of an ordi nary life and they wont stand any more. Chewing gum is somiethting like drinking whisk'-one nio calls for another and one craunch begets another. It excites the nerves which lie about the jaws to a kind of perpetual motion, which doesn't cease until their strength is exhausted. We haven't been chewing quite long enough to see -its ill effect, but our jaws are made like the jaws of other peo ple, and we might learn a true and use ful lesson from history. "-Chicago Tri bune. The Output of Cur Mines. It is a very imposing showing that the bureau of mining statistics makes in its report of the production of mnetals in the Uinited States for 1887. The aggregate value of the output of our mines is set down at $538,056,34-figures whose siniicance can only be fully grasped by comparing them with values in other de partments of production. It is difficult *to estimate the amount of labor that went to the making of this enormous total. The census of 1880 ranked as miners some 234,288 persons, not includ ing 7,340 oil, well operators, and not counting at all those engaged in the care of mining inachinery. It would prob ably be safe to put at 350,000 the number of those who are now directly engaged in all departments of mining industry, and such a calculation may at least servo as a basis for determining the productive value of the army of laborers thus em ployed.-The Epoch. How Senatorial Speeches Are Timed. President pro tenm. Ingalls uses the old fashioned time glass to measure the five minute speeches of the senators. When the s'enator begins the glass is inverted, nd when the-sand has all run out lie is stopped promptly. The other day a senator who thought his five minutes en tirely too short demurred when the presi dent pro tem. told him his time wias up. "The chair is guided entirely by this glass," said Ingalls firmly, holding up te twin bulbs with the sand all in the lower one. As the president pro tem. is almost as absolute as a baseball umpire, nothing more was said. As Ingalls re marked afterward to another western . senator, " It takes sand to run the senate." -Philaelphia Raoori COMMUNION Love for a moment makes life whole; Nothing is commou or unclean, Where I and my sweet friend convene, In that still chamber cf my soul. -Joseph Dana 3Iiller in Boston Transcript. TRAVELING IN SIBERIA. Miserable Horses of the Yakoots-Tha Gentle Reindeer and His Driver. Reindeer are much swifter and more reliable than dogs or the miserable horses of the Yakoots. And yet these horses are not to be despised, for they supply a need that it would be difficult to reach with other animals. They are very hardy and require scarcely more attention than the wilder animals in that country. It is not necessary to provide food or shelter for them. They thrive and do much hard work upon dead grass, twigs and dried leaves that in winter they find by pawing off .the snow from the ground. In sum mer it would be impossible to keep up communication with the Russian outposts in Siberia without these horses of the Ya koots. Upon them is packed the mer chandise for trade with the outlying tribes, and they bring back the furs that have been gathered during the winter season. Upon the obscure trail through those wild Siberian wastes the summer traveler often meets long lines of these animals trudging patiently along, sometimes twenty-five or thirty in number, each one tied to the tail of his file leader. During the winter, however, the gentle reindeer move gaily along at a swift and easy trot, two attached to each sled, and fastened by a line from the antlers of one to the sled in front of him. There may be but one driver for half a dozen or more sleds, and he sits on the right side of the leading sled, guiding his team.with a line attached to a halter around the antlers and under the throat of the off leader. A steady pull directs the team to the right, and a series of jerks is a suggestion to go to the left. If, however, the leader neglects the signal, the driver jumps from his seat and runs alongside of the obstinate animal, which immediately makes a rush toward the opposite direc tion.- An active and attentive driver oc cupies himself incessantly in keeping his team under full headway, and for that purpose wields a long, thin stick or wand with which he continually prods the poor reindeer in the rear. Eventually he gets a little sore place there by continued prodding, and plies his relentless rod upon that tender spot with the best re sults. The conscience that exists even in a Yakoot or Tunguse yemshik has in spired him to put a wooden or bone but ton upon the end of his goad to keep it from penetrating too far. When a reindeer is tired, it lies down, and no amount of punishment will get It on ito fcct-again until another is brought to replace it from a number of spare ani mals that are always tied behind the rear sled for that purpose. No matter how much exhausted the weary animal seems when removed from harness, it recuper ates very rapidly while running behind the sleds, and is soon ready to take its turn at pulling. The usual gait of a reindeer team is a long, swinging trot; :Aut when in a great hurry, which is sel dom the case with those lazy people, the driver urges his team into a gallop, and under such circumstances it is not un usual for them to make over twenty versts (about fourteen or fifteen miles) an hour.-William H. Gilder in Outing. In Their First Battles. A young Bostonian has written to sev eral prominent generals asking how they felt in their first battles. Gen. Sherman says that such questions are hird to an swer. Admiral Porter says his first battle occurred when he was 12 years. of age, and that ho did not feel much afraid. Gen. Pleasonton remarks that his first battle was in* Mexico in 1846, and that he felt that the sooner the enemy was brashzed the better it would be, while Gen. Averell says the battle of Bull Run, 1861, was his first, and that when ho saw the enemy he thought that a great and useless crime was about to be committed. -New York World. . Fountains in Trees. The great cottonwood trees in the swamps of Tennessee contain veins of elear, sparkling water which tastes some what like unsweetened soda water and which spurts forth as if under gaseous pressure when a vein is punctured. It is said to be deliciously refreshing, and hunters are in the habit of carrying gim lets with which to pierce the veins when they are thirsty. It is a point of honor with them to plug up the orifice when their thirst is satisfied, that the next coer may not be disappointed.-New York Evening World. Indlans of Arizona. Extensive preparations are being made by the Presbyterian board of Indian schools to educate the Indians of Arizona. At Tucson they are building an $8,000 school house. Fifty acres of land have been bought on thie Santa Cruz river, where the young Indians will be instruct ed in farming, and another building, 'to cost $G.000, will soon be erected, where 150 pupils can be accommodated.-Chi cago News. Catching Eattlesnakes. A novel industry has been started by bos in the San Monica mountains in California. They eatch rattlesnakes by means of a slip noose of cord, box themup and take them to Los Angeles, where they sell them. The Chinese are the purchasers. They use them as medicine. and the snakes sell f'or from fifty cents to $1 each. It i, said that the Chinamen handle them fear lessly and never get bitten.-Chicaga Herald. Five Years Without Winding. A clock has been invented, and is com ing into use in Europe, which is war ranted by..its manufacturers to run foz five years without either winding or re;;u lation. The Belgian government placed one in a railway station in 1881, .sealed wth the government seal. and it has kept perfect time ever since.-The Argonaut. Evolution of Words. It is interesting to trace the evolution of words and expressions. Cultivated people say: "How do you do?" Those who are less precise say: "Howdydoo?" In then backwoods of Tennessee they say "Howdy?" The noble red man of the west says "How?" While the cat on the THE OLD .SQUIRREL* RIFLE. The Ancient Arm of a Kentueky Hunter. Loading a Flint Lock Gun. I will describe the ge-auine ancient Kentucky squirrel rifle, sketches of which I have in my possesion, made from the best models. The barrel is four feet long m:l nearly an inch in diameter, white the l;re is bJ9 little larger than a common round lean pencil; just great enough. in other wor4. to take into it a round leaden bullet of about one-tenth of an ounce avirduui in weight, The stock is of curly maple, elaborately carved out of a single piece of wood, and extends from the semi-circular brass heel plate to the brass half ring of mounting under the fore tip of the barrel. What is called the "drop," or bend of the breech, is very slight as compared with the fashion of the latest guns; indeed, some of the old guns have almost straight stocks and most of them have a grease pot either opening in the heel plate or in the left side of the stock near that plate. The trigger guard is of brass and f'nci fully curved, while the thimbles for t!e ramrod are placed under the barrel stock, in which is a semi-circular longitudinal groove that becomes a round hole in the wood of the lower part of the stock. The lock is the best model of flint and steel mechanism, elaborately carved and perfectly fitted into the right side of the stock near the lower extremity of the barrel. The trigger is double, the pos terior one setting by a hair spring ar rangement, regulated by an intermediate screw, the forward one at the least touch releasing the hammer that bears the flint, which in turn strikes open the steel pan and drops its spark into the priming In the under part of the stock, just behind the guard, is a tiny hole into which is thrust a small quill, probably a primary quill of the golden winged woodpecker. This feather is used to put into the "touch hole" to prevent the powder from run ning out during the process of loading. The ammunition for this gun is the finest Kentucky powder, leaden bullets molded by hand and some strong, thin white cotton shirting for "patching." The bullets are carried in a pouch, the pow der in a finely carved horn, and the charge is measured in a boar's tooth charger. To load the gun, put the feather in the touch hole at the pan, pour in a boar's toothful of powder at the muzzle and then, spreading the patching cloth over the mouth of the bore, lay on a bullet and press it down even with the rim of the barrel, cut of the cloth as close to the lead as possible, and with the ramrod push the missile home to its bed on the powder, Put the ramrod back in the thimbles, take out the feather and fill the pan with powder for priming; close the pan and your rifle is loaded.-Maurice Thompson. The Man Millners of France. If ladies are invading the trades and professions which they could not before equal rights were thought of, the men are avenging themselves. Most of the French hatters now work for both sexes, and their shop windows vie with those of the modistes in exhibition of trimmed hats, smart, neat, stylish, and, in short, tempting as they can be. A batter said to me: "I would not venture to make up flowers and flimsy stuffs into hats and bonnets. A woman's fancy and light fingers are wanted for that. But I I don't fear competing with no matter what milliner when the trimmings are rich and solid. We keep an artist, who has had medals in the Salon, to design hats trimmed as you see them." High art is running into the channels into which it flowed in the Eighteenth cen turv, and which were left dry from the time of the revolution up to a few years ago. The impetus was given by th~e Universal exhibition, and, must I say it, the corruption of the French theatre, ats well as the necessity under which man agers found themselves of pleasing'the eyes of gilded "rastouquoueres," ig nrant of French, and wishing to showv thei-womenkind what Paritilan style in dress was.-Paris Letter. Unless Yon Have the Gift. To the question, how to write, I should say don't write at all, unless you are sure you have the gift, which is God' given, born with you, and can no more be made to order than can a taste for music when one has no ear for it. Don't think you can write because you are fond of reading stories and devour everything which comes in your way, or because you think yourself as capable as your friend, who has achieved a success you fain would emulate. You must have the ide-il world in you and about you.. You must early be familiar with the imaginary people you are to make real, and who, if you are real yourself, will coma to you sleeping and waking, at day dawn and sunset, and laying their shadowy hands on yours will hold you fast until you tingle to your finger tips and can no more keep from writiug than the bird can keep from singing when the dewv is on the grass and the morning is at its freshest. If you have never ex perienced this glew of enthusiasm, if you have no imagination and are taking up writing as you would any other business, because you think it will pay, or you want fame and money, don't try to write, for if you do it will be stilted and unnatural--Mary J. Holmes ine New York Mail and Express. Sawdust by the Bale. Baled sawdust is the latest output of the saw mills of Maine. It is puit up in neaaalf cord packages covered with bur laps. A powerful hydraulic press is used to press the packages, and the entire supply is shipped to Boston, where it is used by the treet car companies. for bed ding for hors s. A portion of it is used for packing. The cost of transportauion is reduced about one-half by the haihing process. -I expect to see the sawdust of all the mills in the northwestern lumibei district utilized in this way before lung. -Globe-Democrat. Experience in Dreamns. There are some very remarkable things about dreams. In the first lalce they are twice as real as reality. Did you ever fall down stairs in dreams? If you have, you must have observed that it is a much more terrible experience than falling down stairs when you are awake-except that you don't have the bruises to nurse afterward. But the mental expe'rience of faling down stairs in a dreami is some thin afl ....Cleveland Leader. THE PERFUMER'S ARI. Two Processes by Which Odors Are Ex tracted from Flowers-A classification. There are two chief processes by which odors are extracted and retained. One is by distillation, or what is called' ma ceration -the essential oil orotto in which the perfume resides being extracted by vaporizing from the flowers, leaves and roots, or other portions of the plant con tai:ing it. The other, and by far wore delicate and interesting, is by absorption or efldeurage. This is resorted to in the caso of all the more delicate flowers, such as the rose, jasmine, tuberose and cassia, where the essence is so fine that it has by practice been found to be in jured by heat. The principle of odor absorption from flowers is based simply on the established law of affinity which hydro-carbns-that is, beef and mutton fats-have for perfumes. When these have been highly purified they catch, and in catching concentrate and inten sifv, the odors communicated to them. The modus operandi is of the simplest :nd is not at all times of the cleanest. The visitor to the perfume factory would see multitudes of wooden frames having rims about three inches in depth, in which are set several sheets of glass. These frames are lifted to a bench and all the glasses are spread over with layers of pure fat, somewhat less than a quarter of an inch thick. and over this fat are carefully shed the leaves of whatever flowers may be plentiful at the season, fresh and full of odor. After the flower leaves are spread out. the glasses are re placed in the frame, one on top of the other, till each frame looks like a solid box of fat. Next the frames are slid into boxes made to receive them, some thing like our strawberry boxes, and these are then closely shut. In a very short time the fat will have caught all the odor, and having caught it will hold it, too, so that it can be conveyed unin jured hundreds of miles. The next question is to free the im prisoned spirit. The fat is cut up into small square portions and put into al cohol. The delicate essence at once parts from its coarser companion, and uniting ing itself to the alcohol is fit for the market. Another method, but not so commonly followed, is to spread the flowers upon cloths saturated with oils, which, when the absorption is supposed to have ended, are placed in a press and the impregnated oil squeezed out. In the preparation of scents the an cients, as in so many, many other things, anticipated in principle at least the most recent methods approved of science. The absorbing substance with them was ben oil, obtained from the Moringa, a tree growing in Egypt, India and Ceylon. It bears a pod containing several peculiar shaped, three cornered seeds, from which a pure and scentless oil is obtained. Cot ton was soaked in the oil and placed in layers between the flowers and then pressed down in a water bath for about twenty-four hours. Evidently, too, the method has not varied much in different periods, for Cul pepper in his "English Physician," pub lished in 1653, gives the following receipe for the process: "Having bruized the herbs or flowers you would make your Oyl of, put them in an earthen pot, and to two or three handfuls of them pour a pint of Oyl, cover the pot with a paper and set it in the sun, about a fortnight or less, ac cording as the sun is in hotness; then, hav ing warmed it very wel by the fire, press out the herbs, etc., very hard in a press, and add as many more herbs to the same Oyl, bruize (the herbs, I mean, not the Qy1) in like manner, set them in the sun as before; the oftener you repeat this the stronger will your Oyl be; at last whea you conceive it strong enough boyl both herbs and Oyl together till the juice be consumed, which you may know by its leaving bubbling, and the herbs will- be crisp, then strain it while it is hot, and keep it in a stone vessel for your use."' The number of so called perfumes is without end and is largely a matter of fashion. Still, various standing divisions of odors have been made, the most elab orate of them all being that of RimmeL. His classification comprises only the pleasant odors, and is based on a princi ple that just as there are primary colors from which all secondary shades are pro duced, so there are primary odors with types, all other aroma being more or less closely connected with themi. Of thesei types he finds eighteen groups.-San Francisco Chronicle. Composition of Britdal Wreaths. The Romn bridal wreath was of ver bena, plucked by the bride herself. Holly wreaths were sent as tokens of congratu lation, and wreath of parsley and rue were given under a belief that they werie effectual preservatives against evil spirits. The hawthorn was the flower which formed the wreaths of Athenian brides. At the present day the bridal wreath is almost entirely composed of orange blossoms on a background of maidenhair fern, a sprig aere and there of stephan otis blending its exquisite fragr-anco. Much uncertainty exists as to why this blossom has been so -much worn by. brides; but the general opinion seems to be that it was adopted as an emblem of fruitfulness. The custom of using orange blossoms at bridals has been traced to the Saracens, among whom the orange blossom was regarded as a symbol of a prosperous marriage, a circumstance~ which is partly to be accounted for by the fact that in the East the orange tree ears ripe fruit and blossomns at the same time.-Demaorest's Monthly. A Rido in, a Barrel. The latest amusement at Brussels is riding on "'Le Chemin de Fer de l'Ar mour," or the "Topsy-turvy" railway It consists of an enormous barrel opencd at the end, and grooved so as to' run upon a set of rails which slope in the center. On each side of the barrel is a seat, and on each seat three passengers sit, being strapped round the waist, and having their feet. in straps, while with their hands they hold on to the seats, The barrel is set in motion, and goes down the incline and up the other side, the passengers turning round and round with it. The journey is a short one, the barrel rolling completely over only four times, and then stopping with its passen gers seated right side up again. The fare is 30 centimes. Many women ride in it, their skirts fastened by a strap at leanen .--New York Sun, ORIGIN OF NEWSPAPERS, The Pioneer Journals of Great Britain sn the United States. From the first day of the meeting.of the Long Parliament may be dated the begin ning of journalism, writes W. A.jngarde in the Inland Printer. The earliest English newspaper that has been discovered: is in quarto pamphlet of a few leaves,-cmpre hending a summary of parliamentary, pro ceedings from an entire year. It is entitled, "The Diurnal Occurrence, or Daily Proceed ings of Both Houses, in Their Great and Happy Parliament, from the 3d of Novem ber, 1640, to 3d of November, 1641" .-fer than one hundred newspapers, with. dif ferent titles, appear to have been published between this date and the deathoftheKing, and upwards of eighty others between this event and the Restoration. Occasionally papers were published after the civil war began,limited to localorspecialoccurrences, as "News from Hull," "Truths fromYork," "Tidings from Ireland." -The more regulet newspapers were published weekly at-first, then twice and three times a week.: The impatience of the people soon ledto. the publication of daily papers, and Spaldinig, the Aberdeen annalist, meitions'that in December, 1652, "daily newspapers. came from London, called Diurnal Occurrences, de claring what is done in Parliament." In the Scottish campaign of 1650 the army .of Charles, and that of Oliver Cromwell, each carried its printer along with it to report progress, and, of course, to exaggerate suc cess. It is from this circumstance that the first introduction of newspapers into Scot land has been attributed toOliver. -Crom well. When we look over the United States and contemplate the vast number of newspaper and periodicals, daily, weekly and monthly, and some of them two or three times a-day, the fact can be hardly realized that it is but little over a hundred years since the firt newspaper of any kind on the American continent was started, and but little over half that time-since the commencement -of the first daily. Such is .the fact;-however. April 24, 1704, saw the first newspaper.i the English language in the American colo nies or on the North American continent. This was the Boston News Letter, a small half sheet, published by John Campbell, a Scotchman, who was a bookseller and I postmaster. The contents of the first num ber were: "Queen's speech in the English parliament, a few local articles under -the Boston head, one advertisement, extracts from the London papers and four para graphs of marine news l" Advertisements were inserted at reasonable rates, from trp pence to five shillings. In 1721 James Franklin established"'' newspaper in Boston. The paper was-se verely critical withal, and somewhat hostile to the clergy. Franklin became unpopular, was censured and imprisoned for "scandal ous libel.' James Frankhn was strictly forbidden to print the New England Courant without supervision, etc. He evaded this by substitution of his brother's name forhis own. The Courant lived three years. The American Weekly Mercury,. of Phila delphia, issued in 1722, was the third news paper printed in the colonies. It was made up of quaint advertisements and shortpar agraphs of antique news. The Pennsylvania Gazette, edited by Dr. Franklin, and published in 1729, was the next venture to mark journalism. In its prospectus Franklin announces his inten tion to make a good, readable journal; and in his ideas it is easy to see that he was far in advance of his contemporaries. His pa per consisted of four small pages, and the subscription was ten shillings a year. - In 1735, Thomas Fleet established the Boston Evening Post. Fleet was born in En gland and learned his trade there. He once advertised a negro woman for sale-.as follows: "To be sold by the printer of this paper, the very best negro woman in this town. She has had the small-pox and measles, is as hearty as a horse, as brisk as a bird, and will work like a beaver." Fleet was a hlumorous character, and made money out of his paper. The PennsyZeania Journa and Weekly Ad vertiser was started in 1765. At the time of the Stamp Act, in 1765, the paper came out in mourning with the motto, " The times are dreadful, dismal, dolorous and dollar less." There was also a death's head in one corner of the page, and under It these words: "Oh! the postal stamp." A journal called the New York Gazette fourished a little while in the year 1771,but was remarkable in no particular; and the frst daily in the United States, the Pennl santa Packet, afterward called the Daily Ad 'ertieer, was started in 1794. These were the first attempts at Ameri can journalism, and, as sueh, are alone worthy of mention. Soon after the advent of the daily newspaper, the idea of collat ing and digesting the news became- more and more comprehensive, and from the be ginning of the present century up to this time, the American newspaper hqs grown steadily and rapidly, until it now repre sets the entire world, and is " greater than the throne itself." Its number is al most countless, and its power for good or evil beyond ealculation. CRUELTY OF PEDDLERS.' An Indignant Housewife . Emphatically Demands Protection. Said an avenue housekeeper to the Chica go Journal's sidewalk stroller lately: "A society is needed for the protection of housewives and house girls from the cruel ties of book agents, peddlers, canvassers,;, circular distributors, beggars, bums and beats generally." Asking her to relate her experiendes, she said: " Well, it Is a fact. that one of the most wearisome things about housekeeping on a nice avenue and in a nice house is the constant ringing of the front-door bell by the class of people whom I have mentioned, and who I think have no more business to ring it than they have to' fire a gun at the house. In my house thes calls sometimes average twenty a day, and' what does it involve! I'll tell you. From the kitchen ih the back basement, one hun dred fcet away, my girl has to climb ai fight of stairs, go through a short hall, a' dining-room, a hobrary, a middle parlor and' a long hail to reach the front door, there to. be confronted and detained three minutes' at least with a conversation about like this: "Is the mistress in?" "LYes-" "Can 1 see herV' " What business?" "I must see her myself." "But she will not see you, I think." "Go ask her to come here," etc., etc. Sometimes I am roused from sleep, or sewing, or looking to the children, or entertaining friends, only to go to the front door and sweetly smile and refuse and walve away the intruder one or another of the class mentioned. So, I igure for my girl-extra walking per day, nearly half a mile; loss of time, over one hour, and say nothing of accidents to food on the kitchen stove and wear and tear to arpets. And now why can't we have some law," she earnestly added, " to save s from these daily pests and help make home one's castle, as it should be, whether in the city or the wilderness?" Love One Another. A few more smiles, a few more tears, some pleasure, much pain, a little longer urrying and worrying in the world, some hasty greetings, abrupt farewells, and life will be over, and the injurer and the in-. jured will be laid away and ere long forgot ten. It is not wor&& ghgle to hiatO QarJ