The Manning times. (Manning, Clarendon County, S.C.) 1884-current, September 15, 1886, Image 1

Below is the OCR text representation for this newspapers page. It is also available as plain text as well as XML.

3ANNlNCLARWN)ON L CONY. S. C., WED)NESDAY. SEIPTIIIE~i~B (.%E A..4 A Scientiaie alt'pr frod M .or '!::rr% H!.i; nud me Facts hat Wil! 2Inr -i &.' .Unspaper Reader - E::r-:quakes o1, e Occurence In tbe. 1 nit-d Stat". BEEcn IsLDii, S. C., Aug. 3, 166. Ion. P. Walsh, Augusta, a.:-Dear Sir: I feel such compunction at seeing the space of your vaiual k: journal k? CI p)ied with nIV random t:=1L of tle eti r day, that I beg, as eonauutation, to en close some paiagraphds on earthg:atkes t you. I have selected and very grev : y con densed them froim such ;nuntion as 1 find in my scientiic periedicals of the last few years. I have not tried to ai range them in my order, and you can seleet and omit any- as you may think proper. Ordinarily, I suppose, no one would read them, but just now pernais these scientific obs'rv:Lti'.ns may be of interest. The importance of eathquakes consist not in the property they destroy or the persons they kiil, but in the im pressions they produce on the miental and moral character of large bodies of people. Comparing sn:dl things with great, the fractures and dhslocations they prodace amOng the loose elements of human souls exceeds the alterations they work in the face of physical nature. I have no doubt the demnioralization con sequent on them has determined the fate of nations ind'the course of civil nzation. A scientific consideration of them might allay or dispel such evil influene, and I hope these notes will be of service to you. Very truly, Hnur HoAMOND. NOTES ON EUmTIU-ES. Professor Fruchs records 12;; Carth uake shocks for the 'year 1884. of which oI occured in winter, 21 in spring, 21 in ummer and 21 in autumn. There was little volcanic activity throughout the year. Twentieth January. 1&z6. The Russiin bark Preciose, latitude, 17 04' N. longi tude 69 degrees 07' W., wind frsh N. E., water smooth, speed 10 kuots, en countered a heavy shock, throwing. the vessel to one side and causing it to shlip 9 heoavy sea. It lasted only U few sec onds, and the wind shifted dirctl- to the S. E., and died away, leaving it cafhn for the next three days. Of 72 shocks in Clhina, Is occurred in the first and second quarters of the moon, 24 in the third and fourth. The 6th day of the moon shows the largest n=iber, 12; none occurred on the 2d, ;th, 13th, 14th. It has been thought that storms on the Atlantie slope were Most frequent on the young moon. In Switzerland there were 116 shocks in 1880 and 1881; 4 in 1682; .1z in 16S,. The schooner Rosano reports J)une 23, 1885, in at. 29 degrees 14' N., long. 13u degrees 35' W., two heavy shuek of sub marine earthquakes about one minute apart, causing the vessel to tremble violently. The sky was overcast and the sea smooth. Fourteenth July, 18S5, ,evere earth quake experienced in Bengal, lasting nearly a minute and killing seventy per sons. The centre of the Andalhisian earth quake of December 25, 1&4, was de termined as lying between Granada and aaga, and earth tremors extended as far as rome and Brussels. Seventeen thousand buildings were injured, of which 4,000 were totally destroyed, 745 persons were killed and 1,485 wounded. The cause of this earthquake is thought to have been the percolation of water into the deep lying rocky strata in the valley of Zafarraya, where the heat con verted it into vapor of high tension and generated the tremendous forces which exploded along lines radiating from Zafarraya as focus. These radiations are very nearly in the same directions as the surface streams of the region, whose courses arc believed to accord with sub terranean crevices, through which the water reaches the interior heat. It has been suggested that the Coast Survey should sink deep vertical shafts at intervals to determine by observations made on them from time to time wheth er there was any movement or shifting of the superficial or deeper strata, re sulting in changes of latitude and longi tude. In an earthquake observed in Tokio, Japan, 15th October, 1884, the most violent motions were over im ten sec onds, but the oscillations continued with much force for some minutes afterwards. The greatest velocity was 6.8 centimetres per second and the greatest acceleration 21. If the amplitude had occurred in conjunction with the more usual period of three-fourths of a second, the de struction would have been immense. It was felt over an area of twenty thousand square miles. Of 387 earthquakes observed by Prof. Milne in Japan, between October, 1881, and October, 1883, 195 occurred from January to March; 70 from April to June; 39 from July to September; 83 from October to December. They were most violent along the line of the river Tonegawa, in a flat alluvial plaizu, only ema 1 number being felt in the mnoun tains er in the vicinity of re"cent or active volcanoes. They we re most frequent on the side which slopes dow.n stee.ply un der a deep ocean, and not on the oppo site side where the slope is nmore gradual and the ocean shallow. The same rela tionshio holds in South America. Earth quakes are also mo. fretgent i*apan, where there is evidence of recent and rapid elevation of the land, and ';vhe numerous rivers arc pouring oUm Lev quantities of sediment on the ocean bot tom, perhaps it is this inerea:,ea wegt depressing~ the strata seaward, whli tilts them up on the land side andu causes the earth shakes. The last earthauake on the island of Ischia was reckoned as comung 'ro" depth of 3.000 to 5.200 feet at most. In Switierlanid, in 1580, there were 02 treimors or shocks in 21 earthquakes; and in 1881 the number ';as 163 shoel' for 37 earthquakes. In the Ross-Ferrol scale they arc arranged in ten grades, according to degree of violence-from very faint, only observable by an in strument-the Seismometer-to those overturning ioek, forming fissures and mountain slides... ng e two methods of deterninp 1i'"ptit al which earthquakes origi t t vestimlates based on pre C:-. Micate observations, determining 1 points in which the oscilla tions are felt at the same moment. Such obsenrvttions are very difficult to obtain. 2d. Malet's plan by examination of the crach in the land after an earthquake and deterninug their points of con vergene, wh'ich is also the points of C.-1tzali Delaunay, of the French Marine Artillery, mnaintains that the 'ratkato' out-burst resulted from the Co'nnetion of i.iter and the August :rm eeo. lie predicted violent ear thquas inl frlL the malevolent i"! ence of Saturn. (Bosh.) --iee," vol. V., No. 10, contains the map of an earthquake occurring 2d -Jainu ary, 165, and felt in Virginia and :daIrvLan.IL1 E-arthquakcs seem to show a prefer enlee Cor the night hours. Maximum 2 t .; m. minimunm 12 to 2 p. m. iletween 1s73 and 183, there are re corded as occurring in the United States and Canada, not including Alaska, 364 earthquakes. Of these 150 occurred on the 1aciie slope, 66 in the great valley of the Mississippi, 147 on the Atlantic lope, naking an average of one in twelve davs for the whole region, and ab out one a month for the Atlantic slope. Doubtless many lighter tremors icr each of these might have been noted by any one possessed of a seismoscope, an instrument devised for that purpose. Prof. Ewing, of Tokio, Japan, says of earthquakes there: 1st. "The motion of the ground begins very gradually. 2d. An earthquake consists of many succes sive movements, and there is alnost al ways no single large one which stands I out prominently from the rest. 0d. The disturbance ends even more gradually 4han it begins. 4th. The range, the period and the direction of movement are Accedigly and irregularly variable during any one earthquake. 5th. The duration of the disturblance of the ground s rareiv less than one minute, and is often leveral minutes. 6th. Even in somewhat destructive earthquakes the greatest displacement of a point on the surface of the soil is only some hun dredths.of an inch. 7th. The vertical motion is generally much less than the horizontal. Sth. An earthquake exert ing a horizontal force against a rass equal to one thirty-third of its weight, if regularly repeated, is sufficient to crack brick walls and sometimes throw down chimneys. The iinds of the inhabitants of carth quake regions lose their calm equipoise; ther become ncrvous, and the first shock senls them to the street or Cathedral for safety, so that the earthquake records i elf in man's spiritual nature. The Messrs. Darwin having under talken some lunar observations at Cam brdge with very sensitive instruments could not proceed with them on account of the "continual movements of the earth." It was never really still. It ouivered and throbbed and bent under the pendulum night and day. A situa tion at the bottom of a deep mine was then tried, but with no better success. it was probably never before inmagined that when the barometer rises an inch over a hand area like that of Australia, the increased load of air sinks the entire continent two or three inches. Over a ike sea area the water surface may be depressed a foot or more. The tide ex ercises similar power, depressing the shore at the Llood, and allowing it to rise at the ebb. The slight carthquake shock along the Atlantic slope l{th August, 184, was fatal to severl persons through nervous excitement. Countries where the rocky strata have preserved their original horizontal posi tion as in the north of France, part of Belgium and most of Rtussia, are nearly exempt from earthquakes. While vio lent commotions are experienced in re gions of highly inclined strata, especial lv where such inclination has been re cently ef'ected, as is the Alps, Italy and Sicily. On the 3d of April, 1881, in the island of Scio, in the Egean sea, about noon, and in less than one hour, more than thirty villages wrecked by an earthquake, killing 9,000 people; there had been pre monitory tremors during 1879 and 1880. The earthquake of iRio Bomba, in 1797, came silently but destroyed 30, O000 people with great sud'denness, throwing some of them up a cliff one hundred feet high. The wave caused by the Krakatoa eruption traveled 11, 90 miles in twenty hours and lifty minutes. In 18368 the; wave that destroyed Arequipa and Arica, and ingulfed 30,000 people, crossed the Pacific ocean from Honolulu in twelve hours, at the rate of four hundrad and fifty miles an hour. The Snmithsoniain Reports, 188n4, con tains a complete account of all known concerning earthquakes, by Professor Rockwood. M. M. D. Montessus writes in the Revue Scientitique, from Central Amer iea: "D~uring my residence of four years in San Salvador I have been able to write the detailed history of 2,:332 earth tuakes, 137 volcanic eruptions. 27 ruins of important towns, and the formation of 3 new volcanoes." Professor Milne, of Tokio, -iapan, recommends as an earthquake proof house, a one-storied, strongly-framed timber house, with a light, Ilattish roof of shingle -or sheet iron, the whole rest ing on aquantity of small east-iron ils, carried on flat plates, bedded in the foundations. The chimneys might be made of sheet-iron, carried~ through holes free of the roof. I arthquakes are vibrations or oscilla tions of the ground backwards and for wards, due to the passage of waves sium ar to these ioroduced ini a body of water hv~ throwing a rock or stielk into it. Ihese waves suread out from the points or line of origi, in concentrie circles of irregular shape due to the character of thae successive nupulses at the focus; to the nature of the strata through which they are transmitted; and to the inter frence of vibrations moving vertically andt hoizontahy and returning. The p iarticles of matter move forwards and back but a short distance, usually only a fewv hundrdths of anm inc-, though Mal let beleves the di~spaceent may some times be as much as a foot. The wave itself is propagated over extensive areas as from Spain to Ameik-a in the Lisbon earthquake. It is the motion of the wave particles and not te transit of the wave from placto place that does the amage. It was estimna that where the wave traveled at the rate of a thousand feet I second, or six hundred and cighty-twc miles an hour, the movement of the par tieles of matter was only twelve feet po second, or eight miles an hour. Scientists attribute the origin of earth quakes to three causes. 1st. To the action of the sun and moon on the molten mass in the interior of the earth, causing tides in it which produce the shocks. This theory is now abandoned, or this cause is thought to be no longer active. 2d. To volcanic action. The presure of gas and steam producing explosions and eruptions and consequent convul sions of the surrounding earth. This is a real and eflicient cause in volcanie re gions, but does not account for earth quakes where there is no evidence of volcanic activity, except in such cases as the recent earthquake in Andalusia, above referred to. 3d. To the action of what are known as organic forces-that is, the forces which determine the direction and di mensions of mountain chains and coast lines. While eevations and depressions of mountains and coasts have recurred at intervals throughout the worlds his tory, it is now thought that their general outlines have been permanent, and the form of continents is due to the adanta tion of the cooled and hardened surface to the still cooling and contracting in terior, along the original wrinkles or lines of elevation and depression. All rocky strata being deposited from water, were ut first horizontal; but as the in terior of the earth cooled and contracted they followed it, becoming folded and inclined like the wrinkles on the skin of a drying lemon. Imagine such an in clined s:ratum several thousand feet in thickness, one end resting on the Blue Ridge Mountains at Cesar's Head or King's Mountains, from which, as may now be seen there, it broke off and slipped down untold ages ago; the other end shelving out into the sea over the Gulf Stream, where there has been another fracture, slip or fault, the stratum suddenly sinking several thousand feet into the depths of the sea. Now the seaward end of this inclined stratum might be undermined by ocean currents, causing it to settle down anew and thus produce shocks of earthquake. Or the rains and the rivers continually washing away mountain, hill and plain, and transporting from them enormous weight of sediment, would deposit it on the seaward end of this inclined stratum, overload and crush it down, and thus produce earth shocks. Or a downward movement or settling of the seaward end from either of these or some other cause might tilt the stratum on the land th-ough a portion or its whole extent and produce earth disturbances. CLEVERLY LET OUT OF JAL. \ 1iors.e Tiae1 .Ncals the 0heria'm .Nag aud Clothes. James J. Russell, the most desperate and successful horse thief in New J er-sey, who was captured in Philadelphia about six weeks ago and brought to Salem, N. J., on a charge of stealing a valuable team of race horses from Harold Smith, of Elmer, a little village about a mile north of here, escaped from the county jail on the night of September 1. A confederate, supposed to be William Beden, another noted horse thief, broke into the sheriffs house and stole the sheriffs clothes. These he put on, hitched up the sheriff's horse and wagon and drove around to the jail door. He then aroused the jailer and said he wanted to take Russell to the Cumber land county jail at Enidgeton, about fif teen miles distant, as he had discovered that an attempt was to be made to lynch the prisoner, and he must be gotten out of the way. The night was dark, and when B~eden handed through the bars the sheriff's keys, which he had found in one of the pocekets of the trousers he had stolen, the jailer supposed everything was all right, especially as Beden called after him to be sure and double handceaf the prisoner. A few moments afterward, Rlussell was lkd out and1 delivered to the supp~osed sheriti, who handed a piece of paper to the jailer with the remark that it was a receipt for Russell. Beden then put Russell in the bottom of the wagon and drove rapidly away. Jailer Harri son visited all the other cells to see that everything was in good shape if a crowd intent on lynching should appear, and returned to his room on the second floor of the jail. Before he went to bed again, he looked at the paper that he had received. On it was written: The early bird catches the worm. It's a cold day, though, when you catch Jim Russell, and this is the first of Septem ber, a bad time of the year for cold days. Yours affectionately, Brrn BEDEN. Harrison jumped into his clothes in a manner that would make a New York fireman turn green with envy and ran around to the sheriff's house. In his eagerness to see that worthy he broke open the front door before it was un locked. The sherifi was in bed sound asleep. He was awakened and heaid the story. The first tihing he did was to reach for his clothes, which he had left on the chair at the head of his bed. They were gone. Fifteen minutes' time was lost looking for them. Then the sheriff swore and put on his Sunday clothes. Next he went to his stable to get his horse. That was gone. He then apointed the jailer a committee of one to go and borrow a horse. By the time all this was done the thieve's had two hours' start. Not very long, maybe, but just long enough to make good their escap~e. To-day a:1 the farmers for ten m~iles around are out looking for the fugitives with shotguns. What George W.- Childs I< Sai to $,pend. Take our good friend George W. Chils, of the Philadelphia Ledee, for instance. He no't only lives in gorgeous style in Philadelphia and has a magnifi cent estate at WXoottan, but maintains a charming residence at Long Branch, and now contenmplates, I see, the erection of a monmientally superb mansion in Newport. There are ver-y few noble men who spend the money ammally that Mr. Chils spends. They can't afford it. Already a very, very rich man, with an income from his p~aper of over 81,000 a day, Mr. Childs finds it a very easy mat ter to spend in the course of the summer $250,000O, and yet he keeps no yacht. I Hwad n osonGlbe i lQEGilT'S FI!( T'ilE M(10NT1I. IIH A1 T,;ITv. W1%hat Work the (ood Frmer- S~ht:id ) 1: the Month or September--An Interestr:; A. tl ek- Fron ni Ittieiient Wr!er. (W L. Jor.es in tbe S yteno r "Cuiniv vor.") We have discussed, in former num bers, preparation for all crops. The timc has come for planting them. Septenibei is the natural and best seeding timic foi grassCs, clover, lucern, oat.-, rye and barley. We say natural seeding time, because the seeds of the various -plants enumerated are inatured in the suenici when it is hot and dry, and even if the heads are shattered and the seed scatter ed on the ground, the latter do not find proper conditions for germinating till the later rains set in and cool nighis and heavy dews prevail. The earlier in the month these conditions are present the better it is, because ample time is farnished the young plants to establish themselves well and firmly in ti.e soil before the freezes of winter. In a wild or uncultivated state these plants begin their growth at tinic indicated; this is nature's appointment, therefore, and is best suited to the wants of the plants. In northern latitudes, where hardest freezes prevail, snow protects the young plants during winter; in the South long er and stronger autumn growth must take the place of the snow covering. As winter grasses abound more in northern than in southern latitudes, the conclusion seemed natural that the heat of southern climates was prejudicial to these plants; and one step further in the same direction seemed reasonable, to wit, that they needed shade in the South. Hence the practice of seeding grass and clover with small grains to get the benefit of their shade. Doubtless some shade is desirable during periods of intense heat and drought, but can it be procured in the manner spoken of, without incurring other injury greater than the good received when grass is sown with grain? Our observation is that more is lost than gained. In the first place the protecting shade is taken away just when most needed; grain is harvested in June and July when the greatest heat and severest droughts pre v Plants accustomed to partial shade are then suddenly exposed to intensest heat. But this is not all. In the case of grasses proper, the grain crops make de mand upon the soil for exactly the same food the grasses need. Being larger and more vigorous at the start, the former over-master the gmass at the beginning and get the lion's share of the food. At harvest, therefore, the grass is suddenly exposed to the fiercest rays of the sun when it is comparatively starved and weak from the unequal struggle. On exceedingly rich soils where there is ample food for both, this objection does not hold so strongly, but such soils are not generally found. This difliculty may in part be obviated by top-dressings in the spring. But where land is so abund ant, amply enough for every crop a farmer could wish to cultivate, as a rule, it is better to sow the grasses by them selves and not in conjunction with grain crops. This gives them an opportunity of getting strong during the early stages of growth, when they are naturally weak, and puts them on vantage ground when thc struggle with heat and drought be gins. These remarks apply with greater force to the annual winter grasses and clovers which complete their growth in early spring. These of necessity must be sown by themselves, or with some crop which follows after them, but does rnot gr'sw sinmultaneously with them. We cannot urge too frequently upon beginners the importance of heavy seed ing; be sure to sow enough for the plants to occupy all of the land-leave no place for intruders. Sow enough to allow for defective seed-for adulterated seed, an.l for the dying out of weak plants. After one has taken all the trouble of thorough preparation and heavy manuring-such as grass requires -it is folly to fail from insufficient seed mng. Very light covering of the seed is of the iirst imp~ortance; deep covering will certainly bring failure. But when light ly covered, seeds will not germinate well if the weather is dry, unless they are tirnmly pressed into the soil. Hence the importance of the roller. It is almost indisp)ensible in grass culture; it smooths and levels the ground for the mower, presses small rocks below the surface, hastens the germination of seeds, and imparts vigor to the young plants. IHeavy, imp)acting rains may do some of the, work of the roller, but in their ab sence the surface soil is too loose and too easily dried off ior the little plant to es taiblish itself in it. Remember, that at first its roots start at or very near the surface. It is not in the situation of a plant sprin'ging from a seed buried two or three i es below the surface. The oat crop has been so often winter killed of late that many are discouraged and disposed to abandon the practice of fall-sowing. We confess that recent ex perience has been very discouraiging. But in view of the great value of the crop, when it does succeed we are loth to abandon it. We have faith in the possibility of developing bgy proper se lection and cultivation a winter out capa ble of resisting extremae cold. What is knowvn in Mliddle Georgia as "winter gra::ing oat" does certaiidy tesist cold better than other varieties. In this locality, the past winter, the mercury descen'ded to zero and the cold was long continued, and yet a good deal of this oat survived, and by its abund- ut tiile ing made from or.Moarih to one-third of a e;'op, in most lields of rust-proof oats sown in autumn scattering stools could also be found, and that too in positions njot specildly sineltered. Now if, without seletion and froma indiscini nate sowings of seed, individtual plat::t spring up with power to witistand in tense cold, why, with proper care, could not a hatrdy variety be propagated and established' from these cold-resisting plants?" We have faith that it can be done, and our faith ic baaed on facts like these, related by Darwin in his work on Animals and Plants under domestication: "Wheat quickly assumes new habits of life. The summer and winter kinds were ocle by nnacns as anitinc*t species; but 31. 3U10mu1r has, pro ved that tie diflerence 1)etwcen t, em Is only temporary. He sowed winter wheat in spring, and out of one hundred p1):.1ts: four alone produced ripc seed; these: were sown and resown, and in thre years plants were reared which ripeied all their seed. Conversely, nearly all the plants raised from summer whet:, which was sown in autumn, perished from frost; but a few were saved and produced seed, and in thice v -ars this sumnier varietly was converted into a wint1r varity." Our habit has been to sow In discriininately, a, chance or convenience might decide, spring grown Cats in the fail and fall grown oars in the spring. Is it any wonder that we have no fixed varieties adapted to either se Soi? Somc time ago we urged the careful savin.L of all rust-nroof oats that survived the past winter. We hope it has been done and that they will be sown this month, and the same thing repeated for at least three Vears. The present crop covers all of our ex perience with the winter grazing oat. It was not ready to cut until the 10th of July, though sown on the :3oih of Octo ber last. Possibly its having been thinned out li the cold, and the tiller ing consequent thereon, may have re tarded its ripening. But alt1ogh June was a very wet ionthr and bunche's of rye distributed throurgh these oats were badly rusted, the oats had no rust what ever. We shall sow it again and watch results. Neither barley nor rye were killed by the extreme cold of the past winter. To some extent, therefore, these can be made to take the place of fall oats-bar icy on the richer and rye on the poorer :ands. With these cover the bare cotton fields during the winter and save them from washing and leaching. Simply harrow in the seed-don't break up the land and increase the facilities for wash ing. When green, these crops can be cut and fed to horses and cows; when matured they can be harvested, threshed and ground and make most excellent stock feed. Rve straw conmands ready sale for filling in horse collars and other purposes, but the stalls and stock yards may well dispose of it all. Our soils cry aloud for humus-let us take every op portunity to supply it. Sonic one has suggested that oats and rye might be sown together-if the oats should be killed the rye would not and the land would still be occupied with a desiable crop. We see no objection except the unequal ripening of the two crops, but as rye will remain standing without waste for some time after it ri ens it could wait on the oats. Upon the wle the suggestion strikes us as a good oue, worthy of being tested by trial. A friend has recently called our atien tion to the successful culture, in this vicinity, of a grass variously called "Schm-ders grass," "Australian oats," lRescue grass, etc., 3romus unioloides or Schraderi being its technical name. He I spoke very highly of it as a winter graz Ing grass, growing very rapidly in early spring and producing a large quantity of broad, nutritious leaves. Though sometimes called "rescue" and resem bling grass generally known by that name, it is sald to be much larger and more luxuriant in its growth and de eidedlv more valuable. Our seedsnuc" here inform us that there is considerable demind for the seed in Louisiana an1 Texas, where it is very highly esteemed. It is said by some authorities to be perennial; by others to be an annual. We learn that it was partially killed here by the extraordinary cold of the past winter, but usual cold does not hurt it. It would probably thrive below the thir ty-fourth degree of latitude. This is the proper month in which t sow burr clover and crimson clover. Both of these are annuals; begi~mng growth in autumn they mature and die by the 1st of the following June. They are valuable plants, especially in locali ties where ordinary red clover will not thrive. Our friendls below the head of navigation in our rivers could have a fine clover pastures in the sin-ing, from these two plants, as could be seen any-I where. 3Make the ground rich, sowa plenty of seed in September and covei them lightly; that is the whole secret. Towards the last of the month pea vines and crab-grass will be ready fo mowing and curing. Farmers seem to be pretty generally of the opinion that pea-vines should not be cut until young peas form on them; that the leaves ar less apt to drop oflf then and the vinis more easily cured than at an earlie stage. If left too late the stems become very woo y~ and hard, and are worthless as forage. ~Both extremes then are to be avoided. It is a diflicult forage to cur and oplinions vary as to the best methodI of doing it. If one has abundant house room, or the means of providing cap temporary shelters, it is unquestionably~ best to put the vi'ies under cover as soo as they are fairly wilted, hanging them on poles, or arranging in some wy soa to allow a free circnhation of air. A lo' with a slatted or open .tloor is an exe lent prlace to cure this or any kind o forage, In the absence of the above a pliances the vines may be put in sue: cocks-narrow but high- and1 ifte weather is dry several of these may be thrown together into a latrger cock o the third or furuth day. Constant ie gard should be had to e;void1 eeing much surface to sun or ew. Hie"c high and narrow cocks are receomnmendd ed. It is diflicult to have them properl made by ordinary bntds; thi is ne of the things a farmer shoul pernall supervise. Urabgrass makes very good hay~ f cat~ at the proper time, which is just as th seeds are korming and beforie thy r ripe. The seeds drop off rea.dily when. mature, and v; 1atever ofte i .;.c of the p)lnt passes into t:he .e.d s thu lost. Cat :--. eare, therefore, befor ti- ..d will drmp off anu beor shdio lyecome woody. The' .z o smiall to be stiil, but vKasen old they 1e come.. woo1e n -venheless and loSe thi -_. aibilt, just as ever-rie srwd isl n : :.'. dt rporer.ftheopr: ere :rrhe ae ...-eued.. a shel ad coosene --HIT ENTIiE KNEE." .or.3:es\va,.o \ebb ai Colontel Thto" 'a' M -h21! nn-' Their 1Iltter Quttarrel ant i Fo r*h'our Yenr.' A'Lo. "Political dif'erences are settled casici od than they were r half centur3 ago," said aln old, gray-haired statesmar to a Philadelphia Times writer. "I re mcim d'I' i'stinctly," he continued, "wher Jam,.es 'Wat~son Webb, one of the greal editors of the olden time, lay wounded te States Hotel on Chestnui 'A' rrourth. He was shot in v QucI wVithin twentv-five miles of the city oe a Kentucky statesman, Colonel Thos. F. \Iarshall, son of Chief Justice Mar s1aI. That was forty-four years age this summer. The duel took place early in the morning, in a lonely field skirting the Delaware State line, below Marcu Hook. Josiah Randall, ex-Speake IRandall's father, was one of the partici pants. All ill-feeling had arisen from a Co':grcssional debate on the repeal o the bankruptcy bill of 1841. About the same time Ionroe Edwards was coh victed in New York of forging drafts to tLe tune of $'30,000 on bankers and oth ers in that metropolis. Among those who defended Edwards in court was Colonel Tom -Marshall. An editorial paragraph from the pen of Colonel Webb. published in the New York Cou rier and Enquirer during the famous trial, read as follows: "We learn that lHon. J. F. Marshall, after wandering about the country for some thirty days, lecturing on temperance and giving his experience as a devotee of the bottle, has returned to defend the notorious Ionroe Edwards. For his forty days absence he will draw from the Tr :320 for making a mounte-bank of him self and devoting his time in advocating the claims of a notorious scoundrel. In addressing the jury Marshall adverted to this attack, and spoke in a meaning way of charges made against him and fellow members in receiving, by way of bribery, British coin to the music of .$100,000 apiece. The defeat of his client and other grievances were too much for Southern blood, and the satisfaction then usually exacted among gentlemen was demand. After some skirmishing a meeting was held in Wilmington, and preliminaries settled. The arrival of the parties be coming noised abroad, by a clear re course to stratagem they out-manceuvered legal vigilance. Dr. Carr and Dr. Gib son, son of Professor Gibson of this city, waited on the six-foot-two Kentuckian, while Iajor Morrell, proprietor of the Courier, and Dr. Tucker, a Virginian, then residing here, did the honors for Colonel Webb. Josiah Randall was present as a friend of the editor. He was then, like Colonel Webb, a staunch Whig. By daybreak ten paces were measured off, and a stone placed at the extremities of the line. Major Morrell tossed a coin for choice of position. The silver falling in the grass caused some controversy, but Marshall settled it by impatiently calling out to his second: "Give it to them, doctor. I came here to have a shot at him, and I do not mean to be baffiled by trifles." "We ask you to give nothing," proudly answered the 3Major. "We ask but what is right." Agai the coin spun upward and fortune wt;: again with the New Yorker. The duelists and their friends were searched, according to stipulation. "Gentlemen, are you ready?" sang out the Major, as ude suu was struggling into light. "I ," said the Colonel. "I am not," put in Mlarshall, now the object of general observation. With a searching, earnest look at Colonel Webb, he flung off his coat and slowly lifted his hat and tossed it aside. "Now, sir, I am ready." The MIajor distinctly commanded: "Fire one, two, three." The simultaneous re port made some believe at first that only one had fired. Both were wide of the mark. "Another shot!" shouted Marshall, raising his p)istol. Again came~ the sig nal and Colonel Webb was observed slightly staggering. He was prevented from falling by one of the seconds. Upon the surgeon reporting to Marshall that Colonel Webb was w..unded below the knee, he thundered out: "Hit in the knee! It is the damndest lowest act of may life. We must exchange another shot; that man lias injured me more than any being on earth. If he can stand I expecct and demand that we shall exchange fire again." The bystanders interposing, the matter was left to the surgeon's decision, who made it under stood that it was impossible, owing to the Colonel's condition, to continue the matter at present. The Southerner thereupon shrugged his shoulders and observed: "We have no further business here and may as well return to the hot ." Colonel Webb, on learning of the de muand mande for a third shot remarked: -"I have entertained no unkind feelings toward MIr. Marshll at any time, nor do I now feel unkindly toward him. I do not know why he should bear such un ro~npromising malice toward me," 'When Marshall returned to the hotel he cower LeI d:wn soniewhat and made inquiry of Mr. ladall as to the extent of Colonel Websinjuries. His subsequent career ost mauch of its brilliancy by a too free us5e of' stiraulants. The wounded Colo nel was laid up for some time in the United States Hotel. H4e took it good nturedly and, upon one occasion, he 'acetiously remarked: "I am confined to Led under MIarshall luw." 'Under the statutes of the State of New York he was titd and convieted, but Executive elecm Leney being evoked, interposed in his be blii Colonel Webb was appointed dii te to JLrari! by .tresident Lincoln, .uaw iei ht p~osition be is credited St bniga settlement of the claims 1.h UiedL Stao es against that coun tran o bein' instru'mental, through bis nt';.acy, w0~t ah Napoleon I11., of xi" the" Fr, neh troop~s withdrawn !:j,,z.a recni appeared whih hd formaed ao h-ilaewith inunda o lens ad ractoies are d..ndthe w.ater is slowly - e A lrge number of u a be et thle town. The - ayan and the muni -(elb bag worm betreated:? s iexh::e Tha11t is dlillicuilt to a ver. We shoul~d like to know what A PEANUT VENDER'S TALK. The Philosophy of Eating Peanuts-How to Properly Prepare Them. "There is a big difference in peanuts," said a corner vender recently. "Some nuts are large and look very fine, but they are tasteless. No matter how care fully they are prepared and how nicely they are roasted they are still lackin in all the essentials of a good nut. They are grown on soil that is deficient in some important respect. "A good roaster, like a good cook or good poet, must be born with a certain qualification that cannot be acquired by education. "Some dealers roast their nuts too much, others roast them too little. If they are roasted too much the oil is de stroyed, and a nut has a good deal of oil in it. If they are not roasted enough, or if they are roasted ovei a slow fire the oil is not properly brought out and they are not good; in fact, they have a dis agreeable taste. "Some dealers steam them, but that process spoils the good flavor of a nut. Most of the nuts now sold come from Virginia. The Eastern Shore nuts are the best. Patrons of the peanut often complain that they find the kernels of. the nut soft and flexible instead of being brittle; that is because they have been too long roastea. "If you want to get a nut at its best yon should eat it half an hour after it has been roasted. They are good for one day and then they become stale. Some people like them hot, but they are bad for the teeth, besides, they have not yet acquired their proper taste. People who are inclined to be dyspeptic should not eat many; it would be btter if they didn't eat them at all. Properly roasted peanuts are healthy for healthy people. An ordinary peanut eater eats one a minute, which is too fast. "Yes, Isell a good many to ladies; they don't eat them on the street like men do. In fact, a really refined person don't eat them as he walks along the street. Newsboys and bootblacks and roughs do that. If a man has been drinkingliquor and don't wish to have the odor of it on his breath he cannot do better than eat peanuts afterward. It is better than eating mint candy or cloves. Those things give him away. When you smell cloves or mint on a man's breath you at once suspect him." A Sharp Critlclnm. The editor of the Fruit Growers' Journal has sense enough to judge a farmer by the way he treats his live stock. When, says he, you see a man haul his fruit to a station preparatory to sending it to market, using a team that through poverty can hardly stand on its feet, you may know that man will make no money in fruit growing. He may ship a poor grade of fruit that will help to depress the market, and prevent other men from making money, but you may be sure he will make none for himself. He has used land for fruit that ought to have been employed in growing feed for his team and other stock, and provisions for his family. It is a further fact that men who drive poverty-stricken teams are seldom, if ever, thrifty men. There would be little risk in the statement that from New Orleans to Chicago. there is not one man who hauls his fruit to a railroad.with a half-starved team that is making a decent living by growing fruit. His fruit will be of the same grade as his team; and his farm management and cultivation will be like unto it. If he neglects his team he will neglect his business. A poor, half-starved team is the most expensive luxury ever found on a farm. The fruit growers who drive such teams almost invariably live at such a distance from the railroad that there can be no profit in growing small fruits for market, and when the land is stolen away from the team and stock to grw unprofitable fruits for market, no * but loss can possibly follow. Beck, Pendleton and Cold Tea. It long ago became the unwitten law in the Senate for the chairman of the caucus to supply liquid refreshments for party conferences. Senator Pendleton, when he was chosen chairman of the caucus, yielded ready obedience. Sena tor Beck used to laughingly remark that "it was no use for anybody to try to, beat George Pendleton." An old em ployee, who did the sweeping and clean ing up, and who, no doubt, camne in for a good share of the "refreshmnents" under the liberal Pendleton dispensation, thus described the difference between then and now: "Senator Pendlum he didn't tote no keys. He des lef' that ar side boarf open all de time. But dat ain't senator Beck-Pendleton's successor as chairman of the caucus. He too c!ose dat man is. Dey don't no dram go out er dar lessen he knows it. He keep dat key right by him. Senator Pendlum he p~ay for all dem fine lickers what he git; Lord knows how much money he pay out for dat room. But Senator Beck don't buy no licker; no, 'deed he don't When he git out he jis sot down and rite to dem Kintucky 'stillery men, 'Why in --don't you sen' me moer dat ar whis - ky?~ Dat's de way he do."-St. Louis Republican. The Bath Tub of Marat. Relics of the famous men of the past are always a valuable property, so that i~t is not very surprising that the bath in which Jean Paul Marat met his death at the hands of Charlotte Corday on the 13th day of July, 1793, should recently have fetched the sum of ?200 at Vannes, in Brittany. It seems to have been strange to relate-in the possession of a priest, though it would naturally be ex peeted that no ordained member of the Catholic Church would keep in his house for an hour any object connected with so notorious a monster of cruelty and atheism as Marat. But by some means or other this peculiar heirloom found its way into the hands of the Brittany cure, and its sale has attract ed considerable attention throughout France. There is to be a museum of antiquities connected with the French Revolution at the approaching exhibi tion in Paris, which is itseli intended to celebrate the centenary of that tre mendous outbreak; and our Gallic neighbors seem to think that Marat's historic bath ought to be secured at all costs as an exhibit.-London Daily Tele graph. Nelson Iloke, colored, was killed by a train at Greer's Tuesday.