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.'eaffaess > , _ iiCiKNTII'H'. \ I huh T.tr. suv-wni, ?oi.< Mm vs. 0 THE LKCTL'KKS ti Qri Mineralogy, Botany, Zoology. &c. $tc. Wv Dr. Mitchill. professor ??!' Natural History* ill the Medical I'ol lege of tlun city* were con* chiileil on Saturday, lie had extended them beyond the bound* of the session, we believe, j inerelv t?? accommodate a cla** of student*. After'the final lecture, the class unanimously deputed one uf their number, to present their ncknow ledviuiciit* to the learned professor, for the diligence, /.eal and ability displayed in bin course of lectures, ami Id* solicitude for their instruction particularly. Such a tribute wan jO'tlv due to that friend of science, who, re gardless of self-interest, delights in imparting Knowledge, and patronizing those who cultivate it.-- Having attended the course of chymicul lectures and experiment.* by Dr. Mac Neveu, ? ami a few of Dr. M'* in natural history, we are enabled to know tlx* general opinion entertained of these professors, and are warranted in Having that they are considered as tjreat ac<|uir>itions to the mcdical schools of New-York. The ar rangement observable through the whole of Dr. Mac Novell's lectures. was happily adapted to illustrate a science the most abstruse and impor tant.* Method seems magically to limit what is boundless, an I simplify what is intricate. In learning or teachinu, all ought m be methodists. In traversing tlie extensive field of natural history, Dr. Mitchil! nt-\er lost an opportunity of apply lot; fact-, or pursuing incpiiries. advari tageous to our country, or explanatory of its his turv : pointing out the most materiul parts of its iniueriilogv, or expatiating eiophuticallv on the uu??< i:?tr inif <|ue.?tions in its '/.oology. It in Nome, of thoHe invent igai ion.*, al^oiiite demonstra tiir.i i? unattainable, it is ?mi the less true, that we eagerly speculate on things, in which proba .bilitv i? the greutest approximation we rail make to troth. liemboldt l:imself says, ?? Some parts of physics and geologv arc merelv conjectural s and it might be said, that science would lose much of its attraction, if we endeavoured to con fute this conjectural part within too narrow lim its. '* ? Personal .Viirrntive. &c. p. '.2H.5. Lecturing on the lirst class of mammalia. Dr. M. properly took a circumstantial review of the aboriginal Americans, or Indians of North and South America : the antiquities, and disinter red h-ldics. implements, customs, relics, &<?. tliut cast anv light on the subject : all which ?lead to the inference, that the North- \merican (Indians are of the Tatar (or Tartar) race, and he South-Americans of the same origin with *he Midi: vs. Another lecture, on llio second class of this ; order. the hrutu, is c ?unectcd,iu some measure, with the former subject -as, in (reating of the remains of the elephant and rhinoceros, natives of the torrid /.one, found in high northern lati - Aiides. near the polar circle, the lecturer was JHiliged to take a summary view of (he devasta ITioiih of thin globe by former revolutions ; of the facta and theories geological and astronomi cal. concerning them ; and of the migraiion of animals. This jwirt of the lecture, embracing a theme sublime in itself, on which philosophers, divines and poets, have descanted with euual el OU'ience, excites the utmost curiosity in all cla><? om of mankind. ? Tradition tells the savage of a deluge : holy writ describes it as a punishment for human crime t and. the naturalist every where sees proof* of destruction and change. "Whether he iiiftpcct* the mountains or vallevs, he meets 44 organic remains of a former world" at every Htep t marine nubstanrcs on the mono-] tain's (opt and shells and hones imbedded in IfOfkv formations far below the surface of the indeed, according to the opinions of pro fownd naturalists, thin globe has undergone sev ;?ifcl ioumlatiunH, in corroboration of which they adduce the successive depositions of bones, eardi M wind. Atratum above stratum, ns well ascer tained iif mfferettitimdoiM. Home substances required ages forth?." formation. It is not strange therefore MMifcologiat? maintain very posit i \ elv the 44 vast ariTlfjiiity*' of th e pjlobe be yond what common records assign to lt? duta tion. He (his as it may* the naturalist eitleav* ors to trace eft'erts to their causes. f ^rf ijuire-. ? How came the animals of the burning' zone to the verge of the arctic circle ? The com plete skeletons of the elephant and rhinoceros, discovered ii: Siberia or in North America, ? how were tliev brought hi(her or (hither If nnder the present constitution of tlifl atmos phere. a general deluge is (according to known principles.) impossible x the ((colonist enquires, ?how 4* the foundations of the great deep were broken up" to overwhelm the land? Astrono mer* ha\e imagined, that the revolution was ef fected by a change in the. centre of gravity by which the nolcs of (he earth's axis were objected mor? obliottelv to (lie hmii bjr several degrees; whereby a sudden and tremendous irruption of waters 'brought death on man and beast, and swept the face of the glolie w if h devastation, while a change of climate contributed no less to the destruction of animal life near the present poles. Dr. Mitchil! entered only incidentally on (his par( of (he enquiry i referring to natur* alists and even to poets who had written upon it. Milton who gives, the philosophy fashionable in his day, as Virgil interweaves an abstract of the Platonic and Pythagorean tenets is tho JKneitl, relates in (he I Ith hook of his Paradise Lost, the changes which the Deity ordered his angels to make in the earth after (ho fall t "To the winds thevset Thc.r corner*, when with thelduater tri confound S?r?, rer and shore j the thunder when to roll With terror through the dark aerial Itnll Some toy he /mil hi* anifltt turn utluute The fmftt nf rnrth, twice ten degree* and more, From tlie sun's title: they with luliour piuh'd olil.riue tl* centric globe I soinc snjr, die <un W.o hid turn reirs from thccpi)norti.d rouf Like distant hreudili lo Taurui with the seven Atlantic si?ter?, rind the Hpartnn twin*, l'|i to the tropic Orol? s thence down anuin Itytoo,and die Virgin snd t he .Settles, A < deep us CJsprirorn i t? bring in ehttnge Of ?eoHnt In enth rthne / elv- had tlie spring I'erpctual siml'don eardi w.th mount Howcr* frpml In days and nights, except to those Beyond tlie polar cirelci.*? If tins In nut a taiisfuclorv solution, it i., ^u.iu poetry. However we may doubt of causes, nunc -can iloubt the catastrophe. Should Dr. Mitcliill cliusu to favour us with a further epitome of the lecture to which we ttlludo. we shall publish it? with pleasure. Though such disquisition* may seem to many as far out of place in a political gazette as southern quad ruped* ill the tee of the north, t yet every news paper, be it remembered, is more miscellaneous than political. American researches of all kinds Itecome American journals f whose choiscst space in variety. * l).>ul<Uc*s tlio ntlier professors arrnot le*' rapnhlc : \vc N|>c:vk of (Imisc men .m?l tiling only of which ?? lute itcaiat kiKiwlcdjfc. \V? IhMicvc the pwnoii tcaclicrs *ii i ho cullcifv very fit to establish its reputation and n*c HiImchi, as ti |)li.l<nrt|>lnc;il and medical school. f Tlar in-onmnih discovered on the emu of Hlhtrin, hy .Mr. .Vdam<, und sincc cunt'ctcd t,? Hu I'etcrslnirjr, ?'.t* cut iiimI thawed out ot? the wofrd icc, at great pains ami CX|KMISC. Steam Engines. ? Mr. Wm. Willis, of Ncw llcdford, Ms. we arti informed. has discovered a new mode of constructing Steam Engines, by hav !?fc the steam cilinders and steam j.Jpes enclosed in the boiler, und the steam cocks wOrked by wires, which lead out of the boiler through small basins of oil. lie has also disco vered a mode of placing the steam alinder horizontally, aiul working rack wheels either with steam altogether, or by making use of the pressure of thu atmosphere in tlio common mode. He has also discovered d new mode of communicating thr? rotatory motion direct by racks lining with spring teeth which act in the teetli of ti e i Hck wheel on one side and trail easi ly on the other. Mr. Rob. Gillespie has obtained a patent for a !St?ain Still on an improved plan. It is said that these stills are much used in the state of Ten uesse, and are found to be the best and most pro fitable ever known there. Mr. Cieo. Clviner has invented a new Print ing Press, for w hich he has obtained a patent.? The editors of the New-York Courier state that i they liuve erected one of these improved press- j e?, ^rttl characterize it as an excellent ami use-i I'ti I machine. M VXrFACTI ItKS. rnn*i Tin: a r mom. i . Observations on the Advantages of encouraging .liner ican Manufactures. In order to judge what are the interests which we recommend to Congress, when we l?eg them io allbrd hii eltectual support to American manufactures, it is necessary to have studied the science of values, and to consider of what these are composed. The value of manufactured goods is made up of several distinct values. 1st* That of the raw material. ? For the two principal manufactures of the United States, those of wool and cotton, the raw material is entirely American ) and whatever is employed, is to the profit of the a-, griculturc of the country. The raising of sheep may produce an immense vain to the Western States. 2. The value of the wages of tlio work men, is the most considerable part of lite ex pense uf manufiictiM ini;. It in putri from dny to day, and is consumed by the workmen ill bread and vegetables and other necessaries of life, all of which are sold by the farmers, and for the profit of agriculture. The payments, moreover* are made in cash, without the expense of com* mission or of transport, and without danger from storms or from pirates. 3. The surplus consists of the interest of the capital required) and in the gain or profit accruing to the employ er*. for trouble and labor.? These two last arti cles are commonly confounded. They rarclv exceed fif teen per cent, of the price of tne good., and are often confined to ten. For a long time hence, they will not even reach to this rate, the Knglish competition being too powerful. From this examination of the price of American ma nufactures, it results that tljhetv, or at least eighty -five per cent, of this price* is a direct en couragement given to agriculture t nml ten or most fifteen per cent, constitutes the profit or sa lary of tl|C employers, comprehending the inte rest of Ottr capitals. The question for the le gislators is rcduceil to this? are you willing to give to the nntionnl industry in general an en couragement to Ijo divided thus? ninety, or at lea-t eighty -five per cent, in favor of* agricul ture s and ten, or at most fifteen per Cent, for the pndit of industrious men ? These industri ous employers spend the part which comes to them, on the price of the goods, either in arti cles of consumption derived from agriculture, ' or in improvements, meliorations, ninl exten sions of their establishments, the produce of which will still be divided in the same propor tion ) ninety or eighty -five per cent, for the far mer, ten or fifteen for thu manufacturer. This course may continue until America shall lie throughout, and at all points, completely and perfectly cultivated. This will be at least for six hundred years ) and more probably, the reign of the Increasing prosperity and population of tlm United States will lie a true iiiillenium. ? 'Hie happy manners of this prudent nation, pre vent any enterprise from beimg established, a* in Kurope, to tfie detriment ot others j on the coutrary, they mutually sujmort each other. ? The ingenious invention ot hanks prevents the, want of funds, und gives the advantage of capi tals even before they are created. It is tacitly agreed by the medium of hunks, to establish a mutual credit until the promised enterprise shall lie brought into activity, and shall afford the means of defraying its own cost. There are but few losses, ami these should lie regarded on ly as a light premium of insurance lor so grpat a benefit. consideration* have reaped only to the interior richen, abundance and pro?j>eritv <?f the country. Hut tin* noble interest of the national independence, that of not giving to the agricul ture Ainl the industry of nnv jealous foreign na tion, the meaiiH of sending & supporting among us mercenary brinies, fo lay \>A*te our fields* burn our cities and insult our women, im ail ob ject of much higher importance to freemen* to republicans. ' -i? -iUfcJ-. ? ? .m I. ??!? AGtucri/ri uk. rWOM TIIK HO* TON K\ IMSg OAKkTTk. POTATOES. Charles Whitlow, Ksq. has rcccntlv publish c<l in tlio Montreal Herald, *? A method of pre serving Potatoes fresh, sweet and good, fur six mouths or longer, from the time that thoy are dug out of the ground, -o that they shall not l>e effected by a change to the wannest climate." ? In publishing this essay, his aim up|?ear* to lie, that the British settlements in North-America can supply the West-India Islands with good and wholesome food, furnish valuable freights to outward bound shipping, do away the dc|>en dance of tl?o Islands oil the American Stater for food, meliorate the condition of the slaves, and aid in abolishing the slave trade, give nspur to agricultural exertions, and save the nation at least annually. We make a few ex* tracts from hit essay. " Hie usual mode* at present practised for en deavoring to preserve Potatoes, is to leave them after digging, exposed to tho sun and air until they are dry. This exposure generally causes them to have a bitterish taste, and it may be re marked that Potatoes are never so sweet to the palate as when cooked immediately after diguing. I lind when Potatoes are laid and left itfTarge heaps or pitted in the ground that a fermenta tion take* place which destroys the sweet fla vour of the |Hitatocs. In order' to prevent that fermentation, and to preserve Potatoes from lott ing the original Hue and pleasant flavour, my plan is (and which experience proves to tue to the desired effect) to have them packed up in casks as they are digging from the ground, and to have the casks when the Potatoes arc piled in them filled up with sand or earth { taking cure that this is (lone as s|>eedily as possible, while the Potatoes are digging, and that all vacant spaces in the casks are filled up by the earth or sand. The cask thus packed, holds as many Butatocs as it would, was thurc no sand used ill le packing, and as the vacant Spaces of the cank of potatoes so packed are fined, the air is totally excluded ana cannot act upon the pota toes and consequently no fermentation can take place. "I nailed from New-York to St. Bartholomews) and brought with inc two hundred barrels of po toes, packed in tlae above manner. On my ar rival at that Island, 1 found, as I expected) that the potatoes had preserved all their original sweetness of fluvour, in fact as good as when lirst dug, having undergone no fermentation, nor in the slightest degree affected by the bilge or close air or the ship. Houtf barrels of the po tatoes I sold there and at the neighbouring Isl ands for four dollars per bushelf* vjrt the same time potatoes taken out in bulk* without pack ing and others that were brought there packed in casks which had not beet) filled up with earth, sold inly Tor one dollar a bushel* they being in jured on the passaget ty-the bilge air and fer mentation* being bitter And bad^ while miuc were perfectly awett aod dry as when dug. What remained I shipped ftiwi St. Bartholo mew# to Jamaica, where thef|ipmad - U^^jlaual good condition, and sold at a mgter than tney bad brought at thu tornier ninma^^HPfe of tlie casks ol potatoes were pot into a coolcqt lar, by the purchaser at Jamaica, and on exam ining them when I was leaving the Island t?vo months, I found thut they ban in a very small degree sprouted, but that idl their original fine fl*ror and sweetness of taste was preserved. I ** Reflecting seriously on this discovery, sug Slated to my mind the idea of proposing to the ritisli nation, a mode of supplying their West India Colonies with a good uud wholesome food, for the Negro, and also for the White neople, and which would find an additional market Au dio farmer at home, a valuable freight for the merchant, and a more extended market for the Lumber of the North American Colonics) via : of Canada, Nova Scotia, Ike. It is well known that our ships (from Britain) in the West India trade in general go out in ballast, or not more than one third freighted, carry out ftoino small quantity of Kuropean commodities ; hut the bulk of their freights consisting of W est-lndia casks laud materials for making casks. It is also well known how vuluublc a food Potatoes are in the | West India Islands, amMipw much they are I ini/.ed there. f 44 No one acquainted with the West Indies anil it* commerce, but must be aware how much labor of the unfortunate Negro in at present em ployed in making of cask*, puncheons, &c. for the bringing home the produce, and of what im mense value casks arc there. 44 Let then, timber brought from our North American Colonies, be made into t'a*ks, Ifhds. Hum, Puncheons, Coftee llurrcls, ficc. let those he lilted ill my mode as described with Potatoes, I contend thuMhe value of the cask which brings out the potatoes, will more than compensate for their freight ; mid the earth will keep the cuhk perfectly sweet and ready without any labor to bring home any produce. 44 l'lic Potatoes must come ehcan to market, as the ship-owner can altord low Heights, hav ing now none or next to none for hi* out bound vessels. Mere Mr. "Whitlow outers into arithmetical calculations.) 44 One acre will produce nearly 30 tout), and fififdi 2-.) acres will yield COO, 0(H) tomtit ft It*, potato** with a sutliciciicy of good salt flsfi, are enough to support u nem o a day, taking ft hearty meals t ho that with the produce of tho mt|ull spot of laud iiieutioued, with a fair allowance of lish, nearly 400,000 negroes can be fed for a whole year. CONIJWKHS. HKNVI'K. ' H'rtinHttav, .tfiril 1 7 After disponing of otfier i>iihi i?o>*s, llio Honate resumed the TnritV bill. Tin* motion wider con* ftidoration when the Henate adjourned yesterday, to reducc the duly on wool Icon from 21 to 20 per cent, ml valorem, to/w negatived, after debate. I?y ft large majority. A motion to limit tlie contin uance of tho 8.5 per cent, to one year, instead of threfc, wa? equally unnucccHnful. An atttempt to reduce the dutle* on 8?lt from r/0 to I'i rcr.U fuilo.il. A i.iotion to confine the tie.* oil 'l'vaii to such as mn v lie import China, wan agreed to. Mr. Ilurfter im postponement of tliu bill to a (lav beyi session : tin; question was taken' by in noes, mid negatived ? aye* 9. Tim He journed before it had got lin o' the bill. 'ltiurtdnu, . IfiitflH. The Senate was engaged until u Into day on the TarilVbill. No material ami wuh made to the bill, exciipt onu which raise the duty oil unmanufactured wool ed from 7 to 1.1 percent, ed valorem, on wa? made by Mr. Core, to raise th still higher (to'*25 cent*) but wax ncgati\ motion wan made to strike out the m price of cotton goods, which wuh negati large majority. That motion wax nfterv newed in substance by Mr. Ilarpor, and decided when the Senate adjourned. Frft toy, . Ihvil 19. The TarifTbill principally occupied nate to-day. The amendment depeiidi journment, to strike out the minimuu cotton goods was negatived* after coi and able debate. Other amendments 1 proposed and negatived. The bill wa> . ordered a* amended in Senate, to be rc time to-m6rrow. 'Hio amendment* those which hate been stated, are not JIOCSK OF HKPIIKBKNT AT I Siitiirihit/, April 1 J. | Mr. M'Lean, (of Ohio) ni resented tl of sundry inhabitants of Cincinnati a cinitv, praying that Homo provision ma lor Col. Zebulon Pike, father to the I Piko, whom tho |>etitioncra represent reduced and needy circumstances j v referred to the committee of Pensions Mr. Calhoun from the committee oi tionul Currency, who were ? yesterday ed to enquire into the expediency of p for a limited time, the cx|hii totion of Im specie, reported a resolution that iti dient at tlie present time tomakethe'pi ??which was read & ordered to lie on i Mr. Forsyth from the committee of Relations, reported, without amendu bill from the Senate to establish a svste vigation for the I7. States ; and the was then committed to a committee of tl The Speaker laid before the House from the Secretary of the Treasury, en statement of the loans made to govern the several banks within the l/nitedSti March I, I H 11? ordered to lie on the The. bill for the relief of Mrs. Hamil ow of the late (Jen. Alexander Hami bed through a committee of the whole resolution was ordered to a third readi The House resolved itself into u c of the whole, on the bill providing for dual increase of the Navy of the Cnite Some discussion took place on the detai bill. It was reported to the House wit mendment, and ordered to lie engross* third reading without a dissenting vol the House adjourned. l' %. 1 and Means, reported a bill increasing tl liensation of public ministers to * 2,0(M)| and a bill to reduce the duties on licensj tailers of wiuoa, spirituous liquors and] merchandise. Mr. Pleasants from the Naval cototr whom was referred the bill from the S reward the officers and crew of the Con frigate, made u report thereon, which, \ bill, was ordered to lie on the table. The engrossed bill providing for the increase of the Navy, was read the tlii and passed almost unanimously. The engrossed bill for the relief of th* > of the late Gcih Alexander Hamilton, v'uj the third time and passed?eyes 10, no* The motion appointing a day for the i mentof Congress, was called up, and tl filled with Snturday next, the 30th inst. resolution sent to the Senate for concur The House proceeded to consider the tions reported by the joint committee so ago respecting the manner of disposing unfinished Iiuhiiicmh of the session \ wl: tor Rome <tiscii.?Mioii of proposed atnem wore jiosf jimihmI until to-morrow.' The hill from the Sennte respecting v officers nml crew of thR?1oop or war Wn sed ulso through a commit tee of the wlioh and was ordered to a third reading. Adj? Ifrthtrtit'itr, . Ifiril \"t. A message wiis received from tho Presi the I 'nitod State*, transmitting copi?syl \ention concluded hot wren the I nited and the. Cherokee Indians, on the '.2d of Inst, and recommending such provisi made by Congress ns the stipulations contained may require. The message \ lerred to theVomniittee of foreign relntin The House then resolved itself into a c tee of the whole, Mr. Nelson of Vn. in \ on the bill providing for the collection due to the government in the lawful mom country ? in other words to coin|?et the I resume the pavment of specie. Mr. t took a succinct view of the hill, and rec. ted briefly the evils which demanded th sure. Mr. Smith of Md. moved to sti the fllst of December, and insert the tnt hrnary nest, ns the dav on which tho hill go into operation ? which motion was Ann gatived by a decided majority. Mr. W. Ma ?*achtisetts moved to carry the act int ration on the 1st of Mav n<?Nt, instead oftl December.? Negatived bv a large majoi Tho committe then rone and reported t without amendment i when Mr. Webnte gesting an amendment which he deemed i snrv i but not having prepared it, atid tin being Inte t a motion was made to adjourn the flutno adjourried. 7V?w*r/ '//# 18. The unfinished business of yesterday, tl providing for collecting the <febts due the