Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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.. ... -P tit it I R.. qw .*Rote~ - - t * --K- - by - "A T 7 -- -_-_ _-_ _3 -- - - - - - -- - 30 -. - -. - - DEVOTED TO SOUTHERY RIGHTS:E WS JEAUE 15E9N ' 11 -- -- - W-.J.FIR ANCIs, Proprietor. C VPL.VI. SUMTHTE RVIL L E, S'X. AIA RO ell 18 SPEEOlR OF THE XXO'. X. L. ORII, or sOtiHn CAROLINA.. On the Bill Granting Public Lands to Miaouri to Aid in Construct ing Railroads, delikred in the House of Representatives, Feb ruary 24, 1452. The House having under conside ration "A bill proposing to grant alternatW sections of land to the State of Missouri, for the purpose of constructing a Railroad from Hainibal to St. Joseph, and from St. Louis to the western line of Missouri." Mr. Speaker: I propose submit ting a few reinarks upon the bill now before the House for consideration. Ilhavo examined its provisions with great care and attention, and have como to the donclusion to cast imj vote for it. I shall, therefore', pro ceed to state briefly the reasons which have operated upon my mind ini bringing mo to that conclusion. The first question that is presented to the investigation of the House is tis'Ilas the Congress the constitu ti-onal power to muake the donations contemplated in this bill? In the Consptitution there is thc following clause: "That Congress shall have nower to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the tdrritory or other propet ty belonging to the United States." I Suppose that the power con ferred by this clause upon the Con gress of the United States is ample, full, and complete, as any other power vested by that instrument in Congress. And the only limitation to that power, in nly Opinion, is an imilied trLis that .the Congress, in making that isjA aiiUif u puu 11 lands, shall dispose ot theim in such a manner as most effectually to pro iote the interests of all the States. Now, this bill proposes to carry out, as I conceive, the constitutional power vested in the Congress for disposing of the public lands. I do not think Congress would have the power to give away all of the public lands; for in that way the Government would not be carrying out this im plied trust. By virtue of its right as the proprietor of the public domain, the- Government has the right to give away one half of the public lands.. located along the line of railroads that the remaining half may be enhanced in value. Is not that a sound principle? I do not design entering into an elaborate constitu tional argument upon this subject; but I will quote some authorities, which may satisfy the minds of* gentlemen who doubt upon this p'ut., :$.aap ore1m~ concise and ni nitelv better t t which I might make. To these Il desire to call the attention especially of the members from the old States who seem to be prejudiced against his bill, because, forsooth. it does Lot provide for giving lands to the ~ la States. Thme first authority is that of Mr. Calhoun. I need not say, Mr. Speaker, that his authority with me has more weight than thme authority of any cther statesman living or dead. Whether gentlemen agree with Mr. Calhoun in his gen eral views, or not, it will be con ceded by all, I suspect, that he was at least a strict constructionist of the Constitution of thme United States, and that lie was the last man who has figured in public life inclined, by his acts, to confer upon the General Government gi eater powvers th an those which the Constitution plainly give. In the debate in 1848 in the &S'nate, on the bill making a donation of public lands to the State of 111 inois, Mr. Calhoun participated. lie said: "The question in this case is a very simple one. We are au thorized by the Constitution to dis piose of the public lands. Ilere is a public improvement, p)rojected either by. the State, or by individuanls in thme State thi-ough which it will pes andl by which the value of thme public lands will be enhanced. If., theon, it wvill add to the value of our landis, ought wo not to contribute to it? Woul -we not, as individuals, thus act?'fhis is nmot a novel pinciple. It hias been acted upon for moure thajn 'twenty year's. The ease of~ the canmal connectinig the Illinois river- with Lake Michuigan is am ritinmg onemL. Thmer.' akurad sce. tions were given to make a canal; and I suppose I can appeal with confidence to the Senators from that State whether the lands reserved to th' United States were not disposed of afterwards readilv? "Mr. Breoso, (in' his seat.) Thou sands of acres were disposed of, which would otherwise never have been sold. "Mr. Calhoun. I have seldom given a vote the result of which gratified me more than the vote which I gave on that occasion. I then presided in that chair which you now occupy, and gave the casting vote. I take to myself, therefore, some share in the credit of that magnificent improvement. Indeed, I do not think that there is a principle more perfectly clear from doubt than this one is. It does not belonig to the category of internal improvements at all. It is not a power claimed by the Government as a government. It belongs to the Government as a landed proprietor. And I will add that it is not only a right, but a duty, and an important duty. Now, what has been considered an equit able arrangemcnt between the Gov erminent and the State ivhicl way undertake an improvement passing through the public lands? Long since it was agreed that the grant of alternate sections was a Fair con tribution on the part of the United EStates, considered as a proprietor, and from which the United States would be a very great gainer. It appears to be an equitable arrange nient; and 1 doubt whether in any case, either of' a canal or railroad passing through the public lauds, the United AStates will nut be a gainer. To that extent. I am prepared to go be the road long or short. If it be long. your gain the more; if' it be *Wwo, you gain the le4s, MrTof# contil'ute IuL,4:1o n to our gain.I -.e That is onec urthoriity to which I wish espeeiall y to call the atteation of members from tle old States, who are disposed to raise, a constitutional ques; ion ag ainst this bill. There is another authority. wihieb I think will be c.nsidered upon this side of the Iheuse [Democratie] a very high one, from which I mI read. Gen. Cass, in that de!, in presenting the reasons wa h}, be would support the bill, said: "This bil douc j not touch the question cf iute rial imp'ovement at all. It aset~ics no right on the part of lii s G3 overnent tW Lay out a road, or t-'regulate tile construction of' a road. T'le Federal Government is a g irtland-holder; it lossesse's an extei!sive' ublic donmin; and we have thy puwel, under the Constitu tion, te1 dispose of that domain; and a unhited power it is. The questiun is, what disposition w nale of the pIublic hands? No Ue wNill contend for the doetrine that we cannot give them away to a State. As the Senator from Ken. tucky has said, every 1resident has signed bills asserting the puriniciple that these lands may be disposedl of' by the General Gouvernmrent, without restriction as to the purp~ose of' such disposition. We may bestow them for school purposes, or we may' bestow a portion for the pur'pose of' improvingr the value of' the rest. What right have you to sit still and see your lands growinag in value, through the instrumentality of ini dividuals, without renderaig any aid in furtherance of' that object? It is the settlement of the lands that makes them v'altual.". (Gen. C2ass subsequently, in the same debate, in reply to a constitu tional issue made by the gentleman from Alabama, [Mir. ihagby, in a more pointed manner maintained the constitutional power of' Congress to dlispuose of a portion of' the public domain to enhance the value of the "Iwill answer thre Senat or. The General G overmnit has nopoe to make any r'ail road or canal through any State; but the disposal of a p~ortionI of' the public domnaini to raise the value of the rest, is clearly within the power of' this GJov ei'nment." I find, Mr. Sp)eaker', in the ~15th volume of the Congr'esionaiil Gude, another debate upon the bill granting alternate sections of the p.ublic lands to thre State of Michigan, in which a nmniber of senators participanted.I believo at thart time Mr'. Niles, of' Cojnnec.ticut. and Mr RJobv ofr AIla bama, were the only two senators who raised the constitutional ques tion. In that debate Mr. Calhoun said: "As far as the Michigan bill was concerned, he undorstood the princi ple was simply giving alternate sec tions of the public land for the pur. pose of enhancing the value of tle remainder. Upon this point he would say that lie had not the slightest doubt that the Government not only had the right, as proprietor of tle public domain, to grant portions of that do main for such a lurpose, but that it was the duty of the Government to do so. The Government in his opiin ion, ought to be ashamed of allowingr their lands to be enhanced in value by the exertions and at the cost of a State, without contributing in sone degree to produce this result." On that occasion Mr. Niles, in re ply to these observations charged Mr. Calhoun with inconsistency in voting for that bill, and with an aban donnent of his doctrine upon the subject of internal improvement. Mr. Calhoun replied to the senator from ConnllceeCeut, as follows: " Ile (Mr. C.) acted now on the principle on which he had acted from thie beginning; a principle perfectly lelar; anid not only was it clearly the right of the Government to make these grants, but he conisidered that it was the duty of the Government Lo d1o so. They did not in so doing lct in their sovereign capacity. The juestion of internal improvements was not at all involved, but simply that of proprietorship, whether, when mlytling was done to enhance the vahue of their hands in the vicinity >f the works, they were not called on ind'bound in good faith to contribute oinething As the proprietors." lie said, further: 44But,-i thl, andin all tn~cleOcrr i road passes through the public h' ils "id application was made whben the vork had been commenced, and there was a reasonable probabilty that the ralue of' the public lands would b nihanced, lie was in favor of contri .uting largely, and in so doing he ibandoned no principle. As far as IC could judge of' the localities, the anal Would be of' vast inmnottance. The lands intermedhiate bet'v.een the eCriniii would be greatly increased ni value. 'As to the railroad he could lot exspress any opinion, but was de ;irous to see it completed, and for 'hat purpose was willing to grzant the lesired approipriation, on condition mly that the Government should 'ave the nse of it wien required for .he conveyance of' stores and troops." It appears that the exlalation did niot satisfy Mr. Niles, lie expressed thie conviction that there was no ditTe rence at all between voting for the C2imberland road and for giving alter nate sections of the public hands, Mr. Colhoun replies : " Mir. C. remarked, in reply, that If the gentlemian could not see a dis tinctioii ietwenCii the case Cf thL Geien'al Government, a work under taken lby the (Gencral G3overnmeiit, i nd the c'ase in which the G overn ment, ini its priopr'iietary chiairacte'r, :ontibutes to works undieitakeni by States oi' individuals, lhe (Milr. U.') rouhd onily express his i'egi'et. TJo him the dlifference w~as as great as that between inighit and day. In the Lune case therie was an exercise of the right of' s'.vereigntv, in the othier' siiply that of' ownership."' Mr. Sp)eaker, page after piage of inuthorities equally clear' and explicit, lfrom nearly all of' our b~:iitest ande miost conaservat ive statesmein, extend ing thrioughu a period of mlore than twenity years, might be adI iueed, but [ fojrbeai' reading further qjuotationis lest the llouse may become wearried. The desciptions of' internal improve nonts objeted to, as I understand, Ly the Repubilicani or D enmocratic party, is that where the G overnment Trecasurq for the puripose of' building roads, or1 constructing canals, in eer Laim localities. in the first place, it s said, truly, that Congiress has no right to levy money upon the people >' the United States for the purpose A' constructing such works. Th'lat poweisi nt graiited byv the Consti uto.Conceding, hiowever', that Ito Goverineiit po'JsCssse the powei', ne of' the strong objections, and to ny mind an insupei'able objections, gainst the exercise er it, would lie hbat you levy money indisciinately, 11l over the counitr'y, uipoin all of the :itizcns:; an.1 in enst,-nuui ,b~.~ works of internal~ ,imp-vemnT'fou benefit sections only. - The advan tage would be local oirelv; citain portions of tliec buiry Fo'ild be fa vored, and others 'Wold not; and it is, therefore, best toklave the con struction of tlics' *orks with the States, who will take- care of their own interest int thidbdjiseq., Their citizens will be taxqd f6rthc con struction of those -vorks, and they will receive the bontlit accruing by the taxation for thlf p'urpose. But does this case cblio within -that principle? ,sir, theid is not the most remote analgory? "l' the one case, the Government 1"&dertakes the work and pays fd6 it out of the 'l'reasury, to the injury of every citizen in the otherof lands are given, because those retalied will be in4 creased in value infamount equal to the whole before tho.donatiou. and no citizens is taxed a cent. This bill proposes to donate one half of the public Ifiads within six miles on either sidef"&the railroad, to aid in the constrittion of that work. Does this rddhbo the i-evenue accruing from the s61 of the public lands into the Treiurykof the Uni ted States? Not a faihing, and why? Because the bill peovidos that when you give away altcrnate sections, that those reserved to the Government shall be doubled in vaini; and those which you are row trying to sell at 81 25 per rCI, laTi d yhich have remained unsold in ii-ket for twen ty, thirty, or forty y At that price, are raised in prico.to 92 50, with the confident .suiadfebounded upon uwi versal experieieOktii# those lands will sell inore rapid, nat that enhanced price, t. .ey. do now at $1 25 per acre lis was a propositioll Simply ' the alter na"td sections, wtith I 'E ,emain reiuced the reveriuc of the Treasury of the United States from the sale of the public lands, then I admit the objection of my friend from Tennes see, [Mr. Jones.] would he a valid one. Blit that objection does not ex. ist to this bill. It is a phantom flit tir.g befbre his imagination. I have demonstrated that nothing is abstracted fromt the TI'rCasurv by the grants for the coistruction of these works, and that all the re sources out of which and from which the funds are to come into the Treas nry, are not reduced. If this is so, how can it be charged that it is in volving the Goverinent of the Uni tel States in a -svstein of internal improveiients. wlhich has been war red against by the Republican or De mocratic party throughout all time. My frieI from Tennessee, [Mr. ounes.] also in the same si .ech iinti mated that it was clearly anti-Delmno Cratie, as well as unconstitutionial. What are the facts? Almost every one of the Iresent and late leaders of the Denocratic party have sip ported hills identical with this bill in lrinciple. I believe Mr. Polk, n hile he was a neiier of Congress here in~ 1828, voted for a hill similar to this, to aid ini the construectisn of ca nials. Mr. Mcullie voted for- such bills, as y'ou have a'rmeaudv heard from some of thme grentlemeni who have pre ceded mec in this debate. Geni. Cass, Mr. D~oughis, Mr. Davis of Mississip ti, Mir. Calhoun and Mr. Ihouston, in fact thme whole of those who are no0w or were hecretofore looked up to as the leaders of the IDemaocrautie party-, ha~uve advo'tcated and supp~ ortedi 1hills identical ini principle with the hill now up on your table. It is not, Lherfore, anuti-TDem,'oratie, if you are to formu its arties of faith from th priiijles ml nets ofI itsi high ate, or the vote by whlich the Missis sipphi bill paui-ed. andu youi will findo that am iojorh oi f the ilIimocrat s vouted for I it. l~ Upo Ith . LIi rihi i~ tbill thre Senate. wi~ ho wila againit it p. tin iiiha be h, t how ha i hi ipi bil.h:ato I ~ ul be when~ i im uution. ori w nd, that it ismanti-l e thi i ul a m a i th geth-man from11 jority of the ieninbr bf fie .beo cratic party whQ 'will yote for the 1211[. Having disposed of this constitutiopl. Ia questiont, more by iutliority tlian by argument, and having atlso djsposcd' of the question of ,Diho'racy, I desireto direct the attention of the House to the advantage which' i'to result to thp Governmnent irom the pasage of thesa bills. What advantage will the Govern ment derive? The first is this: It will bring lands into market which have been exposed to sale, and have not found a purchaser, for thirty years. The road for which this identical bill provides a grant, rasses through a portion of the public lands in Missouri that have been subject to sale and entry from fifteen to twen ty-fivo years. Those lands have not becn sold, and iVhy? Because they are situated so remote from market, so remote from navigable waters, - so remote from all the conveniences of life, so remote from timber-for a large part of the land -consists of prairies --that persons have been de terred from occupying and settling them. Give them the facilities of a railroad; give them the opportunity of bringi1g timbor to these prairies; .give them facilities for sending off produce to market, and you will find. the lands reserved to this government selling rapidly at $2 50 per acre, when they have remained now in market for twenty years, not bring ing a dollar and a quarter per acre. This Missouri bill provides for do nating alternate sections of the pub lic lands between the towns of Hanni bal, on the Mississippi river, and St, Joseph, upon the Missouri river. For a distance of thirty miles west of the Mississippi river and an equal space cast of the Missouri, the public lands have been. taken up, so that al though th line o? railrg*d is"a' loi.. distance where the compainy will no receive an acre of land. The settle nients there go to illustrate the truth of theory wihich I laid down, that when settlers are brought within con venient distitnecs ofnavigable rivers or of railroads, the public lands are taken up. Where these facilities are not convenient, the public lands lie idle-are of no soi t of use to the States or the General Governnent. In many regions of the country there are public lands, as I have ah'eady stated, which have been exposed to sale for many years, for A1 25 an a-ere, but 1emnain unsold, and will re main unsold for fifty years to come, unless improvements of this kind are projected, and the lands brought into market. I might speak of the lands in Florida. The Committee onl Public Lands will reportt a' Lill for the pur pose of constructing a railroad there, extending from eighty to one hun dred unles in length, where there are no settlements at all. In my own State, a railroad was constructed from Charleston to 1lambu-, passing ttiough a pine country, where the land was not worth iroro than from ten to fifty cents per aerec. These lands trarely founid ai purchlaser, be c-ause they werec vaiuable only as a mrtnge Since the consttinction of tht r oad, the lands have increatse-d in value all along the line of the road fromn tetn cents per act-e to 82 50 ad 85 per act-c, tnot for the purt pose of cuhI ivamtion , bitt otn neceount of thle valua dle timber and te tut-len titte these foirests ailbrd, the road of fermtta a chteapi and spiee.dyv tra:nsit to a nilriket, that the lantds have risen so much in value. I unider-tal. e to sayv thtat ini Flor-ida, the description of lands of which I have beeni speak ing, will r-emaitn unenteredl for one htundr-ed y-ear-s, unless somie ptublic imiptrovement of this naturec is pro jected anid cat-tied out. The Gov erminent, then, by mnaking~ these do nations9, not otnly benelfits the States and its citizetns, hut it also benefits itself, andt biings hunitdreds of thou sanids of dollars itnto the Tlreasury, which other-wise woul tnot be derivod ft-omt the lands. 1 suspect whten you go to the West you will find. in ma-I ny places v-aluable andt~ fet tile lands, caaleof pr-oduitntg wheat anid cot-t andcotonwhich are- nout entered at 81 25 per- acere. Atnd why? li e camuso they havo nout facilities for mari ket. T1hme ittcrease ini value of latnd ini the new States, constequet~t upont thte cons-truction of works of itt ternal improi-vemitent, w ill he greater than in the old States. Antd wmhty ? heenit se the land of the new Stte~s is bhter tem aite f rtile. atnd con aequentl he ijecn greateN Ib is at virgin soil, better than that gf. the Atlantic o-op. Illodiot belieye, frpgr4 1li my knowledge of geography, that there is a country upoil the -face of tho earth that has such an extent of rich:lands as 'the, Mississippi val. lcy-lands that iill pioduce from a' thousand to' fifteen hundred pounds of cbtton per acre, and from sixty to seventy bushels 'f corn. Give. tbq cotton planter or'the farmer facilities for market, and is lie not better able to pay $250 per acre than he would $1 25 for land which was forty or fifty miles' from market, and where his corn.would not be worth more than five or ten cents a 'bushel, -and the cost of transpoiting cotton or to bacco. 'or flour from one half to ono cent per podnd? . committee have assumed, in framing this bill, tliat, as a general rule, the lands ly ing wthin six miles on both sides of a railroad, will certainly increase in value one hundred per cent. I think I can bring some testimony here which might satisfy the- gentleman from' Georgia [Mr. Toombs] that the construction of railroads increase the price of lands, and that gieatly. I desire to state (and if I do not. state the fact correctly, *I hope the gentleman will correct me) that in the Cherokee country, a region that twelve years ago had no facilities for market at all, their corn was not worth more thatn ten or twelve cents per bushol,' and but little cotton was raised in consequence of the enormous cost of transporting it by land carri* age to .market. That country now teems with an industrious and thriv ing population, and the former forests have been converted into beatifyl, pko ductive, and profitabb farn. The state of Georgia constructed a road there; and in a conservation with 'an iiitellignt entletoan from that coun that Ihe laiids had incdeasbd 'in value along the line of that road, for' thirO miles on both sides, from 100 to 2, 000 per cent. The committee as sumed that land lying along the lines of these roads for six wiles would cer tainly increase in value 100 per cent. In many instances I have no doubt it will greatly exceed 100 per cent.. nnd reach 500 per cent.. and in some favorite localities reach even 1,00 per cent. But six miles is assumed by the committee as 'the riistance upon the averago on eith er side, and that the increase in value will at least reach. 100 per e-nt. I think the 'settlers in the new States ought to be liberally treated by this Government, for it requires a bold and enterprising mai to give up and renounce all the con veniences and luxuries to be met with in the old States-to take leave of the home of his childhood, the friends of his youth, and the compan ions of his maturer years, to plunge into a western forest. All this re quires courage and enterprise. 'Ihiese people deserve gencrous con sideration froni the Government, aid are especially entitled to receive it, when the Governmenit does not in jure itself or the other Statcs of the Conifederacy by extending it. Theiy have but little capital there, and that is one reason whiy these do nations should be made. When p)ersonrs emiiigrate to the West or Souithwest, as a general rule, all the capital they carry with them ig their industry and enterprise. If you give them' these lands, so as to ena ble them to purehiase iron for the con struction of roads to be realized by a sale of the hind, their industry will accomplish the balance. Now, Mir. Speaker, I wish to sub. mit a few remiarks upon some of the details of this bill. lIt is provided that where the lands have beena taken up within the six miles by entry, the company shall be allowed to go a dis tance of fifteen miles for the purpose did not meet my app~robation fully, biut I have waived the objection. The Goveriinnt is amplly compensated by allowing~ this extension from six to iifteen miles. In the first lace, it *a pr'ovided that the mails shall be :arriedl over these roads, not at such rie ste comipanmy anil the Govi -rnmnent shall agree npon, but at mehm price as Congrcss shall fix eaving it absolutely under the eon :rol of Coingress. I suipposo every ~entlemuan on this floor fluniiiar with ho oplerationas of the 1. Bt Oflice De. 'ai'tument. know~s the di-Heultie that. ase elnta 6n ard-eA -for carryligtW4 jihil roads-, of, the doubtr scarcely a railroad United States thAttd 4 self of the opportunity y extort from the 'GoVer is compensation fot: thd bis&tMo of the mails than it is -justl(t4& I to; But. bythii)bill ito yourselves, the right, tes price the mails shall bed is one great point gained T $ tance from St. Josep h to k is about two hunded ilesSIl -cost of transporting h ovim g tween those two. p 300 per mile. K Therei31l y 6,000 paid out by, the Gvinse for the transportation. ofi t11,irinaild over that road for oine .singIejak. That, is more -than itis bihb td Congress by adopting' tbisollq cafn apply a corrective, and o tot6e6b railroad' companies a fair oiti tion. But there'. is another . # tage to the Governmen tu which was not. includedia._jpfi - sissippi 1I11 or in the fir4&ljso abi . It is this: the bill provides: that the troops of the United. States sajh'alie transported over these roads tlirotita out all time without 2lrgepand that munitions of warikad pf'p of the United States of evety desc tion, slhall be transorted charge.. :39W look at 4ths Missouriar a It points in -the :.very idirqetiop which you-are compelled toygein, tr6llii to Utah, .New'Mexico- Ofqoitu California, And again .etnsask gentlemen, ho* long ronif HAVl an Indian frontier betwe. a ii0o, States and TertQ.s o th Pacific and he ey j ing the whole 'of that't!.ot necessary for the Goveii in keep up troops and N'ti'o n the - -, frontier to gtard agains io 4 y sions which thes, Indians imayw cke. Now take the traisportitohtof4he mails and public property,-v6-ifiihe roads for fifty years' time,in ture the assertion that it Mill an intereat of thirty per c' * every dollur's worth of land gliyft Sdonate to these companis. e p an interest of fifty. per. ptupoe every dollar. : 'r . Here let me say, tbat all th6'11I the Committee on Publica'Lniidiiaove determined to report tO, . o are bills of a national charac r bills, which, if passed, will1E of i ite service to this Government iimo of peace, in the transportation. of troops and munitions of ware,,., Well, sir, there is another'clause in this bill which was in none off the bills previously passed, and ii6bld which should commend Itself ,to th? favorable consideration 11t)4 members of this lIlouse. I ,! the donation is made, n o thecorn paes but to the State, uponcni tion the State shall faitully appro, priate the fund for the benefitof. the particular companies. :But the.ques tion may be started, how ate yott guardl against an abuse kn thoe pr of the State ? -It may bo"Asked what if the State sella thesd'ldidsfnd pockets the money 7Wel ~tdii against thiateoffeatually. Wqip ide ini this bill that when tl6 ro~ bas been surveyed, and .tho eretificate forwarded to the Secrdif of tho Interior, the Secretary if t igTteri: or shall order that twenty niies of the road may be sold, aned w1l e that twenty miles has been solil, no6 other land along the route of the road shall be brought into market, or be subject to sale, until the. Secretary of. the Interior has a certifidate" ftoni the Governor of tho State toihich' the donation is made, that twchty miles of that identical road hadeboen com pleted. When the %c idf'~ is. re ceived, then the Secrtary othe Tn. terior will diset that another-.twenty miles may be sold, and so on. antil the whole work is constructod. ' So ' that the only fraud--if the State t was disposed to practice fraud,'ind I hardly suppose that tany Stain of this Union would -'do it-th'at ould be practiced, could not textend 6 & greater amount than one Wa .: and twenty sct~iois9t land, j This Jbl,docks.ngt, a. :so1 thp tion of adebtor ande des ~ .tha Stato and this Go lu