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From the Charleston Mercury. FREE AND SLAVE LABOUR. The relative advantages of free and slave labour is the great economical problem of the age. We can scarcely open a book or read an harangue in which it is not assumed as an axiom, that free labour is more productive than slave labour. It is the basis of legislation whenever the labour question has become the theme of debate or controversy. Yfithout regard to the diversities of soil and climate, or the character of the product, it is taken for granted that the principle of competition will regulate wages and adjust the relation between the demand andsupply of labour. Tiiconly two dissentients from this view that have ever met Tmr notice, have been John Stuart Mill and Professor Herman Merivalc, at onetime Professor of Political Econony in the University of Oxford in England. The former in his "Principles of Political Economy," in a chapter entitled, "Causes which enable one country to undersell another," says: "If wages in any of the departments of industry which supply exports, are kept artificially, or by some accidental cause, below the general rate of wages in the country, this is a real advantage in the foreign market. It lessens the comparative cost of production of those articles in relation to others; and has the same effect as if their production required so much less labor. Take, for instance, the case of the United States in respect to certain commodities. In that country, tobacco and cotton, two great articles of export, are produced by slave labour, while food and manufactures generally arc produced by free labourers, who cither work on their own account or are paid by wages. In spite of their inefficiency of slave labour, there can bono reasonable doubt that in a country where the wages of free labour are so high, the work executed by slaves is a better bargain to the capitalist. To whatever extent it is so, this smaller cost of labour, being not general, but limited to those employments, is just as much a cause of cheapness in the products, both in the liome mantei auu i;t uiviwu^imaikct, as if they had been made by a less quantity of labour. If the slaves in the Southern States were emancipated, and their wages rose to the level of the general earnings of free labour in America, thai country might be obliged to erase some of the slave-grown articles from the catalogue of its exports, and would certainly be unable to sell any of them in the foreign market at the presentprice. Their cheapness is an artificial cheapness, which may be compared to that produced by a bounty on exportation or production." Every one must be struck with the sagacity of this passage, which by anticipation foresaw the effect of emancipation. The very consequences are about to be realized, which Mr. Mill predicted from this measure. Mr. Herman Merivalc of historic fame, having written a history of Rome, which has taken high rank in historical literature, delivered before the University of Oxford in 18-39, '40 and '41, a series of lectures on colonization and colonics. Ho stated that " in nearly every case in which a colony has furnished large quantities of exportable produce the export demand has only been supplied by I means oj compulsory tabor. A jree population would have been unequal to establish or sustain the export trade, because it would have been too much dispersed; and moreover capital would not have been applied to extensive and continuous cultivations/or the sufficient reason that no corresponding supply of free labor could be insured Now, here are two writers of eminence at the distance of twenty years before emancipation was inaugurated, giving testimony to the same principle, to wit, that without compulsory labor exportable products could not be raised in competition with free labour in foreign markets. \Vc would qualify the proposition as enunciated by Mr. Mill. " It (slavery) lessens the 41 i-V "P r\fA /I II /if 1/M^ f 1 wfiijju/ uitvv vuoo \ji uuuui/iuu ui tliose articles (raised by slave labour) in relation to others; and has the same effect as if their production required so much less labour." Now, it is obvious that natural fertility of soil has the same effect as a reduced quantity of labour. Let us suppose that a planter in Texas produces six bales of Cotton to the acre by superior productiveness of the land he cultivates, while the product of the East India planter is only three bales to the acre, it is obvious that to the extent of this difference the Cotton raised by the Texas planter can stand competition with that produced by the East India cultivator. The former raises an increased quantity with the same quantity with less labour. The increased cost of production is therefore counteracted by the superior fertility of i the land, and thus a competition is j maintained between the East India and American cultivator. \ unnm^-u'A^LULiigay j. ink aaagmsxMB I now to induce Immigration.? J A shrewd writer in the Columbia | JPJicenizoi' Saturday suggests thcfolj lowing plan to induce immigration to j this State: "It is this: That General "Wagc: ncr invito the land-holders of the scvI eral districts of this State to meet at j their respective court-houses on a | day, to be fixed by him, and organ! izc "associations for the promotion of immigration." Let all land-owners be invited to join these associations, who arc willing to donate portions of | their lands to immigrants who will settle and cultivate them. I Let it be the leading business of these associations to collect and register the names of all such persons, with the number cf farms or acres they will donate, and forward lists of eomo ?r\ tl?n nAiYimtoolnnrir tin.- t?/ utv \? vnnuicrjjvAivi ? \/wiv* ul Wagoner, This plan will prove effectual; no other will. Farms must be given, to induce extensive immigration. It can easily be shown that nothing could successfully or more rapidly enhance the interest of the land-holders and the prosperity of the State than the advent within her boiv* ders of a large number of small farmers from the old world. Mere labourers from thence will not answer the purpose. I w ould not undertake to raise cotton with foreign labourers, if I could get them for their victuals and clothes. We must have a host of small farmers. The only way to get them is to give them farms. I believe every land-holder in the State, who possesses a thimble full of brains, will be willing, if the matter be fairly presented to him, to donate portions of land as above suggested. One landholder, and not a large one either, assures me he will give ten farms, of fifty acres each, to ten families of immigrants; another offers to give onethird of his land in the same way.? Every land-owner will give. Push this scheme properly, and by the opening of Spring we may have an 100,000 sturdy farmers from the ' Faderland," labouring for the regeneration of South Carolina. ??- ? Tiie Piuce of Cotton?The Gov ehxaiext Tax.?The disastrous opening of the cotton season has cast a shadow over the whole land. Planters who have striven manfully against heavy odds, who have borne up bravely under the weight of debt arid taxation, and overcome the difficulties of uncertain and inadequate labor by undaunted perseverance, are borne down at the very moment when they expected to rise triumphant, and crushed in the hour of anticipated vicmry? The prospect is indeed gloomy, and the crises threatens not only to overwhelm the planter, but also to drag down the factor who has advanced him money. We have several times recently heard the question asked: "Why is cotton so low ?" " How is'; it that the most intelligent farmers and astute merchants have been so mistaken in their calculations?" The answer is ready, "Because American cotton is no longer King." A memorial addressed to Congress, praying the repeal of the tax on cotton, thus traces the revolution in the commercial world which has dethroned the monarch who diefofnrl flin Lvnmo nf UlniwiA from tuuV/U ViiV 4VWWIO VI juuiujjv uuui mv. depths of the forests: "in the .years 1859-60 the imports into Great Britain from the United States were 2,670,000,'and from all other countries 700,000 bales. In 1S65 the imports were 1,160,000 bales, and from all other countries 2,580,000 bales. In other words, in 1859-60 we.sold Great Britain, the cotton centre of the world, about 80 per cent, of their requirements, while in 1866 we gave them 31 per cent. At the breaking out of the war we virtually controlled the price of cotton in the Liverpool market, while at the present time our prices here are completely governed by that market, and the capitalists of JEuropc have become masters of the situation. Commercial history may be searched in vain for a parallel instance of so short a period." . The closing of the Southern ports upon a large portion of the crop of 1860, so alarmed foreign manufacturers, that the whole of the vast nower wielded by the manufacturing and shipping interest of European countries were exerted to stimulate the production of cotton in other countries. The result in Great Britain alone was, that whereas the increase of exports from India in 1850 were only 32,000 hales, in 1866 it was 1,264,939 hales. In view of these facts it is urged upon. Congress to at once repeal the tax on cotton, and to pass such laws as may encourage, rather than retard the growth of the natural products of our. soil. 'The average quality of cotton,' it is urged, "will not give the producer more than 124 cents per pound, at current prices. The tax is, therefore, 20 per cent, of the gross number of pounds, or, if applied to wheat, would he equivalent to a tax of 50 cents a bushel. It must be evident that such a tax cannot be sustained. .. -it ? , 'I- -l**J*JL.'IHiM11FJJ*-" f.; 0. 0. F.?At ille .last annual meeting (18GG) of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of the State of Kentucky, a committee was appointed to solicit subscriptions from the .subordinate Lodges throughout that State, in behalf of the destitute widows and orphans of the Southern jurisdictions, and to distribute such donations amougst the several Southern States. The sum raised amounted to $4;586.-" 79, of which $400 was apportioned to this State. In the regular report of the committee, as'published in the Louisville Journal, we find the following acknowledgment of Grand Secretary .Jdhn H. Honour, of this State: "I have been requested by Grand Master Richard Caldwell to acknowledge the receipt of the generous contribution of our brothers of the. State of Kentucky for the destitute widows and orphans of our State. In doing so, permit me, in their name, to tender you their grateful thanks and 'to assure you it is both timely and needed. 'Mi:? "This act of our Kentucky1 brethren fully illustrates that rmbl^i'inci-'. pie of our beloved order wkick,Recognizes no clime or section, rcjgaiSJs all connected with it as membci'S^of a common family, each one of wli.opa is mutually interested in the welfare and happiness of the other. The maintenance of this principle will tend greatly to soften prejudices and harmonize conflicting elements. May you receive in return for what you hayc given an hundred fold; having 'cast your bread upon the waters,! may it return to you not many days hence. The blessings of Ilcavcn will rest upon you inasmuch as you will have caused the widow's heart to sing for joy." Swindling ? a Country I're&dmax.?A poor freed man from the country, who had brought somctfowfe and vegetables to the city for sale, for which he realized about $00, appeared before Lieutenant Hendricks, Wednesday, and entered a complaint that he had been robbed by another colored man passing himself oil' as a friend. From the description given, Lieutenant Hendricks at oncc-.rccognized him as an old offender, named Joe Mitchell. The countryman stated that Joe had introduced himself, and offered his services' in making purchases, telling him not to trust any of the white, folks, as they ^vould cheat him. Upon this advice, he placed themoney in his friend's hand's to act for him. He had no sooner done so, than Mitchell disappeard, taking the money with hifiiv Lieut. Hendricks gave the ease' to one of his assistants, who arrested the offender, and lodged him in the cells.:? Some fifty-three dollars in money and goods were recovered. Mitchell was turned over to Magistrate Ivanapaux for prosecution. The-' case came up yesterday in the District Court, and, as will be seen by the report, the prisoner was. convicted of larceny.?Charleston Courier. Tttt? sttti-purritj P1r?Trr>T< ni? ware Decides the "Civil Rioiits Act" Unconstitutional.?A special despatch, of date 29th ult., to the Philadelphia Age, from Dover. Del., says: "The fall term. of the Superior Court began here yesterday, and today a case of much interest, as- it involved the constitutionality of the Civil Rights' act, came up. It arose, in a case in the Quarter Sessions for an assault and battery committed upon a negro prosecutor by a "white man. " There is a statute in this State that where white persons, who may be competent witnesses,, are present, no negro can beexamined as a witness as to what took place. This was the case here, and the defendant's1 counsel raised the question on the,.c'omper teney of the prosecutor to the assault and battery. After argument*--the judges delivered the opinions seriatim. Chief Justice Gilpin and Justice Wootten held the act, so far as it attempts to interfcre with the rulcp.of nvielnv ronrln r\vrtr>r>rliivc> in'+.bn State courts, absolutely voitl^justice Wales said, in view of some decisions, and also of his own impressions, he was inclined to hold- a con-, trary opinion; but on fuller argument this might be changed. It was therefore ruled that the statute of the State remained unaffected by the Civil Rights Act; in other words, that it is null and void so far as it attempts to interfere with the judicial systems of the States." *** : t Cheering Signs.?Direct trade between Europe and the South is springing up. Steam lines are in operation between Liverpool and NewOrleans, and North Germany and New Orleans. It is also announced that there arc now seven ships on their way from Liverpool to Savannah with assorted cargoes, and one from Stockholm bringing a load of iron.? Cotton will form the bulk of their return cargo. p f V 4 5* * % r; V \ *?THE JOKHNAL,""' TUnrKdiif, November 7, ??67. Jack Frost. The first killing frost of the season, made its appearanco on yesterday morninS vSK ,e The Court. . , The Court of Common Pleas for this District, adjourned Tuesday night, having disposed of the business before it ready for trial with unexampled rapidity The case of the State vs. the Krwrlaxds1 charged with murder was unexpectedly continued, and the prisoners were enlarged* on bail. The dockots were unusually heavy, but at least threo fifths of llio causes were within tho inhibition of Order No. 10, and of course frero suspended. His Honor Judgo Moses presided with ability and great efficiency. We were reminded of the extraordinary rapidity, enorgy and promptness of Judge 0'Nf.al," by the manner in which Judge Moses disposed of our heavy issue docket. There were no civil cases involving new principles, but heavy judgments were recovered, many of which will no doubt prove barren on account of the common ruin which has fallen upon our pp^ple. Tho profession of the law, always laborious, is now doubly so, but in respect to compensation it has become perhaps the least lucrative of all trades. The power of the military government established over us is nowhero so strikingly exhibited as in the Courts. Wo have boon 60 long accustomed to regard the majesty of the law as sacred and supreme, that we can scarcely realize the condition of things which subordinates it to the< military power. Seriou3 Accident. As Mr. H. Baum and wife were riding out on Sunday afternoon last, one of the horses attached to tho buggy became frightened by tho singletree which becamo detached from its place and falling on his heels, made a sudden turn, upset the buggy, and threw both riders into a ditch by the side 01 the road. Mr. B., was very badly hurt, his cqjlar bono being broken, and his shoulder badly mashed. Mrs. Bach escaped with a few slight bruises. We are glad to hear that Mr. Baum is doing welL i [rLn-n-rd - Sunday School Books. We have received from the Sunday School Board of the Baptist State Convention, located at "Greenville in this State, the following publications:?The Infant Class Book, Little Lessons for Little People. A brief Catechism on Biblo Doctrine. The Child's Question Book on the four gospels. The Sunday Schocl-Primer, prepared by eminent South era gentlemen for the use of Baptist Sabbath Schools. They are handsomely gotten up, and well adapted to the use for which they were intended. Teachers of Sabbath Schools who desire it, can inspect them by calling at our office. Advertisements. By almost over}- mail wo receive from agents in the Northern cities, proposals for the insertion of advertisements, to bo paid for by due bill to be received as cash when threo or four times the amount of the advertising bill is bought. They consist of Pianos, Melodeons, Pitchforks, Watches, Jewelry, Starch, Organs and various other articles. We beg to inform our would-be-patrons, that ours is not an insurance oflice, nor are we in the habit of trucking out our bills. We work for cash, and if they will come up to our terms, we shall bo very happy to accommodate them. The Charleston Mercury. We were glad to receive a visit from Mr. Sasiuee S. Eraser, who visits us on hnsinoss noririor.tpd with thia nld on/1 sterling Journal. The Mercury lias long been a favorite with the people of Camden, and indeed of the whole State, and we are glad to know that the labors of its able and accomplished Editor are appreciated by constant additions to its subscription list. The Charleston Daily News. The Charleston Daily News, in its issue of the 2Sth ult., announced that the paper had passed from the hands of its former proprietors into thoso of Messrs. . B. B. jRioedan, F. W. Dawson, and Heney Evans. 1 With the change of proprietors, there ^ was a change iu the politics of the pa- , per. It is now all that every true ; Southerner can desiro. < Mr. Jno. C. Binkley, is now in our I town for the purpose of laying its claims ( lor patronage before our citLzertk, to whose consideration we cordially re- 1 commend-him. \ ..W' ' i < '' ' ' ' - ?; The State Conventions. V 4 . v > : * Conventions for framing Gonstitu- * tions*have been ordered to meet in Alabama, onilie 5th, in Louisiana on the, ! 23d inst, and in Virginia on the 3d of December, next. Northern Elections. , .... The New York elections which took place on Tuesday, resulted in favor of tho Democrats. In Maryland the whole Democratic ticket was ^elected. From New Jersey, the returns were not complete, but there is no doubt the Democrats liavo carried the State. In Minnesota, the result is doubtful, but it is "believed that the Democi'ats have succeeded in that State. From Wisconsin, the returns are very meagre. The contest is close. Massachusetts has gone for the Kadicals by a reduced majority. Their loss is 13,000. The Radicals carry Kansas by a decreased majority. Tho negro suffrage amendment runs behind tho ticket, but is probably carried. The female suffrage amendment is lost by several thousand votes. A Conservative Convention. At a meetingof tho conservative (white) citizens of Richland District held in Columbia on the 31st tilt., it resolved to invito delegates from the various Districts of tho State to deliberate upon the present condition of our political affairs,-and the following circular was issued, and circulated in each District iutheState:? _ 1v, . Columbia,; Oct. 21, 1867. ? Sir?We respectfully invite you to co-operate "with the Committee in securing the attendance of delegates to a meeting to be held in this city on Wdencsday, 6 P. M., the 6th of No| vember, to take into consideration the ; object named. To this end, you arc earnestly requested to send tho ablest represcntar' hi>A wnn I?-? vrtiip T^Icfrirff co v fr-nm I LIYU ill l-lJ III J UU1 VWUI JVV uwji *4V4*# five to ten in number?who you arc assured will act harmoniously in behalf of the white citizens of South Carolina. ; A correspondence with influential public men at the North has satisfied us that a Convention held here, for the purpose of expressing-the will of our intelligent and respectable people will be of incalculable benefit to the State, and the call therefor has been advisedly issued. The chief business to be done by the Convention will be: To issue an address to the people of the State and country, expressive of our opposition to the policy which givc3 the negro the control of the ballot box and jury box; to memorialize Congress to reconsider the reconstruction bills, and remove the existing obstacles to a full, free and harmonious expression of the intelligent public opinion of the people of the State; to adopt such measures as will influ cnce our citizens to oppose, in a proper and lawful manner, all schemes which are calculated to. result in negro domination and'thc utter destruction of the best interests of the State. JAMES G. GIBBES, WILLIAM WALLACE, SAMUEL W. MELTON, , For the Committee. On Thursday last, at an informal meeting of our citizens, the following gentlemen wore requested to attend as representatives of this District:? Gen. James Cuksnut, Gen. J.D. Kennedy, Col. L. W. B. Blair, Dr. L. H. Deas, Col. A. D. Goodwvx, Gen. Jos. B. Kershaw, Capt W. L. DePass, J. M. Davis, Esq., -Hon. W. Z. Leitxer, k Col. Wat. M. Shannon, Col.. L. J. Patterson, Dr. J. J. Trantham and Maj. , John Caytey. Youn Business.?Every man, i n<l rtik nu 1, rt naum i' *\ n wil w al a410 a aw f vtiieuiur iiu suns m u< ttuiwiuuw vi ? deals out goobers by the pint, wants to increase his business, so as to make r it more profitable and lucrative. This is but natural and right, and, is a duty which he owes to himself and to I those of his fireside. Whenever we see 'J one, it matters not how humble, ma- n king efforts in this way, we sympa- 3 thize with him, and would do him a rJ good turn if in our power. As it Is c acknowledged that all now arc poor, h we would offer those in business a t: good turn in the way of a hint. It is v this: Advertise. This is the Aladdin's a Lamp that will grant your desires tl by rubbing; the more you rub, the a better it is. People arc not going to it give a man success without him own g iskingfor it. By all means, let the a people of the town and country know ivhere you are, what you are doings wd that you wish a part: of tho Q jonsidcrution. The Enterprise h i i good circulation in both town a n j 0] jountry.?Greenville Enterprise. ' w Important Decision.?His Honor Judge Moses made an important de* ? cision last Meek, in the case of Sum- ~ mers vsl Lyles, Messrs: Garlingtort and Siiber for tho-PlaintifF, and Air. jL 0. Garlington for the Defendant. The facts proved were, that Lyles employed a servant (freedman) who had' contracted' with the^pfamfrff for M tlie year-1867, as a farm laborer, an<J? ' ^ left hia employ iherif;' and. when .'the' plaintiff demanded the servant, the A defendant refused to send him back . or discharge him;' There- was no; proof that the defendanjt had enticed vjB the servant away from the employer. The c use was within the {Summary^' Process jurisdiction of the Court, ana; His Honor decreed for the plaintiff damages for the ^injury, The ques* lion involved is^one of general inter-' est, and it is supposed that it will bo taken up on appeal.. Neivhciry Herald. Trial of the Pickens Rioters. ?The trial of Alexander Bryce arid!nine negroes, on the charge of the.murder of Miles M. N. Hunnicutt, took place at Pickens C.H. on.Thura^'(1 ay, before his Honor Judge Dawkins. The Stato was.represented by the Solicitor, Hon. J. P. Reed; the prisoners by Generals McGowan and Easlcy, Messrs Norton and Adams. The evidence, and arguments occu-- . pied two days, and the jury, 'after an . absence of half an hour, brought in a', verdict of guilty with reference to'. December Gadsden, "Nat. Frazier, John Keith, Jack Walker, G^eenr Cleveland, Jr., and Jackson.Henderson?all., colored. Not guilty with reference to Alexander Bryce, white,' and captain Dearie, Bob Breckinridge, * and Mark Adams,colored. The testimony of the President of the Union League proved that all the1-: parties named constituted.the guardsent out to arrest Bob Smith,, the white man who fired a pistol in thei neighborhood -of the League; that a portion of this guard were armed with guns and .pistols,' and under thedi-_ rcction of Jackson Henderson a8;, ? Sergeant; that December Gadsden,; & . the Vice-President of the League,from the description of his size and' his bearing, ontth'e occasion, was the,. .. rtho TcVlA fil'Af'l An iiuu IUVW vav i xuuu'i on\jy nuivii took the life of young Hunnicutt, the1 others being . accessory to the crime.; It also appeared in evidence given by- . both white and black, tkatthe ne^; groes used the: nfoat. violent thfejitar and language, ..imprisoned the white: . men present, in the Academy,.and* evinced a desire to prolong the dis*f s turbance a,iid resort to arms.:- " bvni- ' The case was ' ably presented" t<rr the jury on t!ft part of the State,-andGenerals. Easley and McGowan d<xi fended the prisoners with more than'* usual eloquence and power. > :3?he; ' Judge charged the jury .on the daw* .clearly, and both, law and fact jwaBi t then, submitted to their considersttron^*< with the result above stated**. f :'r7> . "The sentence of the court was that; the.parties convicted should be ex'e^* cuted at Pickens on the 6th of Dc-' , cember next. ' -"> Anderson Intelligencer. ' i " Tiie Riot Case.?On ..Saturday the neerocs indicted for riot on the 13th day of October, the daj follow-. ing the morder, together with Alex?" ander Bryce, white man were tried^'. the same council, with the addition of' James II. Whitner, Esq., representing the parties. Eighteen out of . the thirty tried were convicted and sentenced as follows: Elias Kennedy, (indicted for com-y. plicity in the riot of Saturday nigjit^. eleven months in the penitentiary, wi'fli the privilege of paying $300 in., thirty 'days and being released.^-: Isaac Brown, same sentence, Greenes-' Cleveland, Clarke Cleveland", General -- . Sappho Bradley, James Keith, Thomas Orr and David Singleton, fourteen months in the penitentiary; John Butler, Doctor Franklin, Captain Deane, John Reed, Robt. Breckenridgej^ George Wright. Toney Grant, Alex.'; ' Ltobinson, Amos Cummings and s Yoang, twelve months in the pent;- ' icntiary. " The court then adjourned on SSfc. lrday evening.?Ibid. - ' Horse Tiiief Arrested?thS Iesult of Advertising.?Last Thursday we inserted an, advertise-'' acnt-in relation to a horse stolen from Jr. Baylis James of this District*-?* .'his ' Thursday the thief da'onfined in. the j^il at this place,' hayA. ig been arrested in Anderson Dis?. rict by a gentleman whose attention, 'as drawn to him by a perusal of the. dvertisement. This is but.. one.ofr be many instances, that prove, the-f dvantage of advertising. Thin"k of* all ye who have business with the, reat public.?Greenville Mountain*. There lives at Detroit, a cousin,of, rcn. Lafayette, by name Joseph Jen,n. afayettc.?/ He is, ninety-four year^. Id, served in the w.ar of ,1312, .ap<? as wounded at Pluttsburg.