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- <M3tiD ? at im m -i w a b 'rmm wimm m 9 i... "r ^ .. . - ^ ? ..... . ?-^ ^,1 immjmmmrnm* VOLUME VI If CHER AW. SOUTH-CAROLINA, TUESDAY. JANUARY 31. 1813. NUMBER IS. ? ? . . . .. By M. MACLEAN. Teaus:?Published weekly ut three dollars a year; with an addition, when not paid within three months, of twenty per cent per annum. Two now subscribers inay take the paper at i five dollars in advance; ana ten at twenty. Four subscribers, not receiving their papers in town, may pay a year's subscription with ten | dollars, in advance. j A year's subscription always duo in advance. Papers not discontinued to solvent subscribers in arrears. Advertisements not oxcoeding 1 filines inserted j f?r one d<>|| ir the first time, and fifty cents each a lbjcqnunt tune. For insertions at interval* of t.vo weeks 75 cunts after the first, and a dollar J if the intervals are longer. Payment due in 1 advance for a Ivartisemenis. When the number j of insertions is not marked on tlm copy, wm : advertisement will Uo insortcd, and charged ti l ; ordered out. CT"The postage must be paid on letters to the ' editor on the business of the office. ??BWET X. ill'?f II I ggvgf mmO??* 1 APPROPRIATE FOOD, PURR AIR, AND EX- j ERCtSE, NECESSARY TO THE HEALTHY CONDITION OF DAIRY CATTLE. That the natural temperature of food f for ruminant animals is I ho most appro- j priate, is perhaps too plain n proposition j to lie dispu'ed ; hut in the gener.-I man- J ngement of cows i;r the vicinity of po- ; pulous places, this important fact is entirely disregarded. Man, it is true, is omnivorous. His stomach is nearly equally well adapted lo the digestion of animal and vegetable food, of solids or fl lids. He is also a cooking animal, ami can receive his foori j at varying temperature*, lint it is differ- : ent with ruminant animals. They are: essentially herbivorous, and should re- J eeivc 111 is kind of aliment, at a natural j temperature, before it has undergone ; certain chemical changes, and not as is j the case in the form of slop, reeking hot j from the distillery. Their immense complex concocting organs must have some- ! thing else to employ them besides reeeiv ing sorne thirty or forty gallons of slush { |ht day, winch contains hut h small quan- j lily of vegetable matter in the form of: bran disseminated through it. To fulfil J the obvious design of nature, they must j have t<>Od wtncii requires m iHiirnuwn. Without the power of rumination, or in familiar phrase, without a cud, th??y will languish and die. Hence a little grass or hay cannot he dispensed with. But a little is not enough. Tncv must have i ~ ^ \ I Solid food in sufficient quantity to fill ; their stomachs. The cow that is fed on ! j distillery-slap, so far as we know, usesj ( but one of her four stomachs; all the rest | are idle; of course, there must follow , great functional derangement. And when this kind of diet is received into the sys- j tern, it is rapidly sucked up by tue thous- ! and absorbent vessels, and thrown into j the blood ; and before it becomes annual, j I ized, probably in the course of ten min. i utes it begins to be strained through the 1 organs of the udder, in the form of a blue, ' watery, insipid secretion, called, m Ik. How very different is the process of j forming milk out of solid food ! Bv the 1 complicated apparatus already described, the food undergoes various modifications anil changes. First, it is partially chewed and mixed with the saliva; it then descends into the rumen, where it gradually traverses its various compartments, and is probably retained several hours, until it is thoroughly macerated ; next it passes into the reticulum in small portions, and there being softened and covered i with mucus, by a kind of antiperistaltic action it is thrown into the mouth.? Here, * by a compound motion of the 1 lower jaw, half Internal and half vertical," j leisurely repeated from thirty to forty j times, on each end or pellet, the second " ' li .-.1 1 ! process oi inasucauon is compieieu , huu being reduced to a proper consistence, it is again swallowed, and glides directly i into the omasum, where it sustains some changes not well understood. It next passes into the abomasum, or last stoin- i ach, where it is mixed with certain fluids equivalent to the gastric juice in the human stomach, and thus is converted into a soft pulpy mass called chyme, from which the small vessels of a portion of j the digestive tube, still lower down, call- : ed lacteals, hy a peculiar power which i may be .denominated vital chemistry,! manufacture that bland fluid,chyle, which contains in itscffall the ultimate elements of animal bodies. This, then, is an ela borulcd annualized product, containing an abundance of oxygen and carbon, with some nitrogen, and tilted for conversion into albumen, gelatin, fibrin, or any of the proximate elements of animal bodies. The blood formed from it is consequently ! rich in all the elements which are reqtnr. : cd to supply the waste, and build up the i various tissues of the system. Of course, i the milk secreted from it is highly ani. malized, and essentially a vital product; 1 and its separation from the blood is not , a mere mechanical straining off, from vessels distended with an unnatural quantity of watery fluid, as when the animal is gorged with distillery slop. In cows thus fed, it is highly probable | there is *er\ little if anv clulc formed ; , * * I in fact, there is very Utile if any appro- j priatc matter to make it otit of. It is i known that the food of animals must necessarily consist of one of the three j great staminal principles?a saccharine, j an oi/y, or an aluminous principle. Thus j gramineous and herbaceous matters, on which ruminants feed, contain two of; these, viz : the saccharine and the glut in- J n mr?/lifion ?f the alhu. I 1/CtOy ITIItVU u na^/vi ..... .. mmous, while every part of an animal : contains albumen and oil. But how | much saccharine matter can it be sup- j posed is left in the slop of the distillery ' or in brewers' grain?, after, by the pro. cess of fermentation, all the alcohol that can be obtained is extracted from it ?? Spirit, or alcohol, is the direct product of the saccharine portion of the grains ; and as it is r pidly developed by fermentation, it is hardly probable that any remains behind undeconiposed. As gluten is insoluble in water, and does not so readily ferment as the saccharine principle, it is probable that brewers' grains! contain a considerable quantity of it. j Indeed it may bo said to contain the only i nutritious principle that can he obtained ' from them. It is fully established by the expi runents of Majendie and other physiologists, that a diet, to be complete, must contain more or less of these three staminai principles. Such at least must be the diet of man. Although animals may j form a chyle, and even live a while on ! one of these chines of aliments, yet it is [ I impossible that they cai? do so tor a great : length of time. No proper chyle can he j obtained from the digestion of such food ; j consequently no healthy hlood can he | formed, and none of the secretions he j healthy. This, then, is another import- j ant reason why the health of cows can- j not he maintained on distillery.slop and j similar kinds of food. Healthy chyle is so similar in its pro. perties to hlood, that it has heen called liquid blood ; and Vauquelin, a celebrated chemist, even regards it as fibrin in an imperfect state. Hut when the food, a* is the case with distillery-slop, is of such 1 a nature that proper chyle cannot lie formed from it, we would naturally expect, when used and taken up by the ah. sorbents, that the entire system would he filled with the watery and innutritions fluid, and such, as will subsequently appear, is the actual condition of animals so fed. 1 Such food contains no cajrbon, which constitutes the greater proportion of fibrin, i or muscular fibre ; of course in fibre or ! flesh can be formed, for the very good i reason that there is nothing present to i furnish the materials essential to its for- : mat ion. In view of these facts, though uriiinstructed by experience, as to the ac...-I --v.nl>. n?>'hl f ?\ti fi , In ri I 11-- :iiitis?i_ uiui rrsim^f wu im^Hv ? un?*vi- j pate the deleterious effects which are j known to take place, and must ever he i consequent upon tho use of unwholesome ! and insufficient food. But there are other conditions which i are essential to the health of these ani- | rnals, which may he concisely noticed. First, Pure air is indispensably neces- j sary. Any other conclusion than this, would he as contrary to the known laws i of life and health, as to the common sense of mankind. The effects of living in foul ! air, are manifested by the debility which | ensues?impaired digestion, depression of J the vital functions, and oftentimes the i generation ot diseases of the most inalig. nant and fatal character. Now as air is j rendered impure by every thing which in?- i pedes its circulation, hut especially by ! the breath and perspiration of animals | crowded together in small and close np- j partinents ; the presence of cxciemcnts j and steneh, and putrifving animal and vegetable matter, which, even with the stiictest regard to cleanliness, unavoidably accumulates by immuring tlieiri in confined stables, such a condition, in the absence of all other prejudicial causes, cannot fail to prove destructive to health and life. Second, Exercise, It is as evidently the design of nature that cattle should enjoy that bodily activity which is pro duced by the natural action ol their own limbs, in moving from place to place for the means of subsistence, as it is that vegetables should he left undisturbed in the soil from which they imbibe the:r nourishment. Cattle were necessarily endued with powers of locomotion in order to seek their own subsistence ; and it is self-evident that they cannot he condemned to a torpid vegetable condition with impunity. Nature, ever unerring in her instincts, prompts the hounding frolics of young animals, as well as the more clumsy gambols of the old. "There must," remarks Addison, "he frequent motions, agitatioas, to mix, digest, and separate the j juices contained in the body, as well as ! to clear and cleanse that infinitude of I pipes and strainers of which it is compos- ! ed, as to give their solid parts a more ( firm and lasting tone. Exercise ferments ! the humors, casts them into their proper channels, throws off redundances, and helps nature in those secret distributions I without which the body cannot subsist in vigor." And in order to this healthy-action of the vital function, it is not sufficient that exercise he taken occasionally and at long intervals, hut,when the season permits, it should he taken daily. Common sense and observation, independent of nhvsioloiricnl knowledge, might lend I f* " " O O ' w iis to the conclusion, that nnv other management of cattle than that here suggesto n ^ ed, must lead to the derangement of health, and fatal diseases.?Hartleys Essay on Milk. CULTUltK OF COTTON. There are many around us who think the surface-culture of cotton,fcr of crops, a new-fangled notion, and scout at the idea. All encroachments on es'ablishcd usages and customs are received in this very way. There are others who think it has done and will do for the north, but will not in the south. I will state one circumstanco, and close by citing one fact. In 1833, I think, I planted in the same field, about twenty acres of cotton, as usual barred otT and scraped. The subsequent culture was entirely with the hoe and sweep, the latter merely shaved the surface, probably to the depth of onehalf to one inch; also three acres, and cultivated as was customary ; plowing three times and hoeing. There was but a path of eighteen to twenty-four incites dividing. Land as near similar as could be, only tbe first piece had been cleared five years, and the second piece only two - - . - ill years ; therefore, the latter snouiu nave resisted fhe drought best. Mr. W.lliam Montgomery, my neighbor, a practical farmer of some thirty years' standing, ridiculed my notion, as I had been but recently from school. I took him into the field to look at it. lie admitted that the unploiighed land was the best crop, and had sustained itself the best through (he season, but could not account for it. | Now every gardener knows the fact, that bis garden returns liirn a greater income than any other spot he can cultivate. The plough never enters, nor is the earth disturbed two inches from March till July, fie cultivates the surface entire, hiving previously spaded deep and manured we!!. Then, if this be so in relation to raising vegetables 0f the tap root and ho. rizorital root families in the garden, may it not be well to.try it elsewbeie, especially as more land can be cultivated and kept cleaner ??Western Farmer. From Sinclair's JIus'jandri/. 1I3IK. There is perhaps no country in Europe, where calcined lime is used to so great an extent, and in such quantities, as in the more improved and improving districts of Scotland. This may ho partly owing to the total absence of chalk, which abounds in so many parts of England, and which renders calcined lime less necessary there; but it is principally to bn attributed to the groat benefit that has been deiived from its use. In bringing ? r in new or maiden soils, the use of liine is found to be so essential, that little good could be done without it. its first application, in particular, gives a degree of permanent fertility to the soil, which can lie imparted by no other manure. Its ef. feds, indeed, are hardly to be credited, j but their correctness cannot be disputed. Maiden soils, in Lammcrmuir, of a tolerable quality, will, with the force of shccps' dung, or other animal manures, produce a middling crop of oats, or rye ; but the richest animal dung docs not enable them ? to biing any other grain to maturity.? Pens, barley, or wheat, will set out with every appearance of success; but when the peas are in bloom, and the other grains are putting forth thcenr, they proceed no farther, and dwindle away in fruitless abortion.* The same soils, after getting a .sufficient quantity of lime, will produce every species of grain, and in good seasons bring them to maturity, in all future Iinit s, always supposing the ground to be under proper culture, and tfie climate adapted to the crop. Tins fact proves, that oats and rye require less calcareous matter than what is necessary for other grains ; that lime acts as an alterative, as well as an active medicine, and that the defects in the constitution of the soil are cured, even after the stimulant nnd fertilizing effects of the lime have long ceased to operate. Lime is also peculiarly bonoficial in improving muirish soils, by making them produce good herbage, where nothing but heath and other unpalatable grasses grew formerly. The expense of this article in Aberdeenshire is stated to be enormous, very little of it being produced in that country; yet lime is there considered to be absolutely necessary, and, indeed, the foundation of all substantial improvements."j* It is supposed, how * Marl, although containing calcareous matter, is not so effective. It will prooucc oats, barley, and early peas in abundance, and in some situa- | lions will also produce wheat, when the season is j favorable ; but wheat crops cannot be depended j upon from marl alone. I t Communication from Mr. Barclay. Mill of Ivnocklcith. It is observed, that lime has some. I times been withheld both from low lands after fallow, and from hilly lands after turnips; but in j all these cases, with an evident loss to the oecu- ; pant, by a decrease ?>f produce throiflioiit tie wli-lv coum-. ' over, not to bo so useful on the sen-shore, j os in the more inland distrcts, from the; soil being perhaps mixed with sea-shells. The importanreof lime as n manure is ; i strikingly exemplified bv the following inJ formation, from Mr. Walker of Mcllen-! j dean; He entered into the possession of ! that farm twenty-five years ago, and then ! gave the whole farm, (with the exception i of a fosv acres of the richest soil in differ' ent fields, which had for ages hecn manured as infield,) a good dose of lime ? From tho newly-limed land, his returns were fully equal to his expectations, and ; greatly superior to those from the richest spoils that had received no lime. Being i very desirous to ascertain how long the ' limed land would maintain its superiority, j ho kept both the limed and unlimed under the same management in every respect, during his first lease of twenty-one years; nod he can affirm, that at the end of that ( period, his crops upon the limed land wero equally good, and ns much superior to r*C #1,,. imlnnnH lr?nrl nO tllPV Wpr<> i IIMMb Ul 1IIU UIMIIIIVU n/ini| MW ?mvJ .. w , at the commencement thereof. Having I * got a new lease of that farm, he proposes laying liinc upon every spot of ground that was not lirned formerly, being convinced that he has bocn a considerable loser by his experiment. How long therefore the effects of lirnc may last, he will not take upon himself to foresee ; but he can safely i say, that there is land upon his brother's property at Wooden, that was limed bv ! his father upwards of thirty years ago, ! where the effects of the lime, upon every crop, are still as apparent as when it was first laid on the land. It is proposed, in dismissing this subject, very shortly to explain the following particulars: 1. The soils to which lime'is applicable; 2. The distance from which it has been carried; U. The quantity! used; 4. The best mode of slacking; 5. The common modes of application ; G. The plan of top dressing the surface; 7. Tnc price; 8. The use of pounded i limestone; and, 9. The causes which may occasion its failure. 1. This manure is certainly well calculated for clay lands. Some recommend laying on a certain quantity of it, to the \ amount of 20 holls of shells, or 120 hushels to the Scotch, or 90 to the English acre, and as hot as possible, every time the land is fallowed. This plan, however, is objected.to from respectable authority ; and it is contended, that so small a qtian t;ty of lime shells is quite unfit for stimulating nny kind of soil, except where it is of n dry nourish nature, and not formerly limed. To lime land every tune it is in fallow, seems unnecessary, more especially if a sufficient quantity were applied in the first instance \ From 60 to 70 j barley bolis per Scotch acre, or trom aw to 4*20 bushels per Scotch, that h, from 298 to 350 bushels per English acre, nrc quantities frequently given in East Lothian. In regard to loams, if they uro in good condition, and in good heart, per- | haps liming once in the course of two ro- J tations will be sufficient.? It is a rule, however, in regard to ihe application of j lime, ami other calcareous manures, that they should only be applied to land in u dry slate, and well drained. 2. It is astonishing the distance from which lime is carried in some parts of Scotland. Mr. Blackie, of Holydenn, in Roxburghshi'c, drives it twenty, t wo miles, ' and the carriage, when hired, is 7$. Gal. J per boll of shells. In the purisli of Moffat, ; where of late considerable improvements ' have been carried on, and corn, turnips, and clover, raised in great perfection, 1000 feet above the level of tile sen, the lime is carried from Douglas, at twenty-seven and tJiiity miles distance. It is sometimes carried on tho borders, but in no great ' quantity, about thirty, or even thirty-two miles ;j| and in Aberdeenshire, it is driven that distance inland, after being imported from Sunderland. 3. The quantity used rarir.s much. It is evident that strong deep soils require n greater quantity than those which are light und shallow. Baron Hepburn is of! opinion, that it should be applied Irequcntly, nud in small quantities at a time, cs- ! peeially on gravcily bottomed loams, which are apt to become too open and j pliable by nn over dose ol lime ; by follow. I ing ibis practice, be finds bis crops won- I derfwlly improved, both in regard to quan. I tilv and quality. Mr. Robertson of La- i dy kirk states, that be bus never seen lime ! used in too great a quantity, if the land is juoiciousty cropped ; if otherwise, it ] will ultimately hurt the soil, lie has laid 1 on no less a quantity than 100 bolls of shells, 4 VVmchester bushels each, per ; Rnglish ucre, and frequently with much success. On dry fresh land a lessquanti- j ty will do. Mr. Rlackie of Holy dean j considers sixteen bolls of shells, on such land, a sufficient dressing. Dr. Coventry is of opinion, that in general, about G tons ofunslackcd or newly.burnt lime, of ninety or ninety-five per cent, of purity, may i be sufficient fur tlio statute acres of land that bus never been limed ; but if the lime be impure, a greater proportion will J .Mr. John ShirrefF remarks, that to specify a ! quantity for all lands is impossible, so much depends upon the depth a? A. quality of the soil; also on the. quantity of culcar* auc matter, either pre. viously applied or originally in the soil. ? Communication from George Petersen, Esq. of Castle-IIuutly. j} Communication from Mr. W.-lk^r of dcan. bo frquisife. Several intelligent farmers are of oj)inion, that not less than 60 or 70 hails of lime shells jjer acre, should be laid on a strong clay soil, and that this quantity, with judicious cropping, will be sufficient for a lease of nineteen or twentyone years. The information trnnsmiffed to me by Mr. Walker of Mellendcan upon this subject, is of peculiar importance, as he has limed perhaps more land than any individual in the whole island, and in the couise of thirty years has tried various experiments in regard to the quantity that should ho applied per ncro. On newly broken.up land from old turf, he has laid on from 20 and 25 to 40 and 45 bolls of shells, of 4 Winchester bushds each, per English acre. On light and thin (outfield) soils, the crop on that part of the field that was limed at the rate of 20 and ' 25 bolls per acre, was as rough, and ?p. i pearcd equally good, with the crop on trie ! land that had received 40 bolls per acre; j but when if enme to he thrashed out, the ; grain was found very inferior in quanti- i ty, and still more so in quality. Upon clay swils, the effects of the lime, where a small quantity was laid, were hardly discernible ; while that part of the field that received 40 and 45 bolls produced an n!itirw!:?nt rrnn. Finding the nrod'ice of I" ~ o I the land that was limed with n small qunn tity so very inferior, ho laid on, (when the land enmu to he rc.lallowed). *20 or 25 bolls more, the effects of which were nevcr perceptible. He is therefore decidedly of opinion, that every kind of soil should have n good dose nt once, in which case he considers no repetition to he necessary for a long time after; hut if repeated at all, the second liming should he considerably grenter than the first, which seems to be the generd opinion of the Scotch farmers. As to repented liming in small quantities Mr. Walker is convinced, that whatever is laid out in that way, after the first dose, is so much money thrown away. He can give no stronger proof* of his conviction in that respect, than his prcctice upon the furm of Rutherford.? fie entered to that farm in June, 1603, and since that time has gone over eight hundred and fifty acres; and though a great part of it consists of a light dry soil, and the lime has to be carried twenty-four or twenty-five miles, consequently at n great expense, yet on no part of the farm has ho laid less than 40 bolls of shells, or 240 Winchester bushels per English acre, and on many places fully 50 bolls. Nothing, in bis opinion, nssimilate9 the produce of outfield, to that.of infield land so much, as a good dose of lime laid on at once. The consequence of this liming has been, the most productive crops, oi every description, to be seen in all that neighborhood. Mr. Aitchison, of Clement's Wells, also has found that lime answers every purpose he could wish, in promoting the improvement ot his estate in Peebles shire, where the climate is cold and moist, fie began to improve that property in 1806, and in OcUber, 1811, he had laid on it, 10,386 bolls, or 62,316 Winchester hushels. ilis ridges arc 18 feet broad ; and according to the quantity ho wishes to put on per acre, his overseer has the following tuble to conduct the operation. If it is proposed to lay on 25 bolls per acre, betwixt each heap, of one firlot each, there ought to be a distance of 30? feet. If 30 bolls 35 do 22 40 do 19 45 .do 17 And in the saino proportion as high as 50 bolls. He never puts on less than 25 J bolls, or 150 bushels of shells, per Scotch, (130 bushels per English acre,) and on j heavy land he has gone the length of 70 bolls. Tho day the lime comes to the j Held, a man follows the carts, and covers : it up immediately with earth, by which, j generally in a few days, it is reduced to i powder. When in that Mate, it is spread ) on tho land. After trying, several other 1 methods, this was found to ho the best.? The improvement etfeclcd by lime on j that property has been very great. A Tkn islar-Lr innr of l:mn COITinlctolv is . | O.,,-. ....-g - j a most important operation. The common mode is, to lay it in heaps from tiie kiln upon the ground intended to ho iimcd ; , but this, although the most expeditious, is ! by no means the most advantageous me- j thod. In the first place, if the lime is not j all of the same quality, (which is seldom j the case.) the best liinecommonlv dissolves first, and the inferior quality continues j unslackcd; so that it must either be spread I in that state, or the good lime must be allowed to receive too much moisture, or again to re-absorb its fixed air, both of which should he prevented. The best mode of slacking, is to lay down thesheli* in a heap near to water, and by once turning and watering the whole mass, it is reduced to a complete powder; in which state it should be applied to the soil, and i ploughed in immediately with a shallow ; furrow, when there is nodouht but it will ' mix more intimately with the soil, than by the former method.? This plan, how ! ever, is attended with an additional c.\-! pense of considerable magnitude. The necessity of slacking calcined lime, as soon after it is burnt as possible, is oh- ' vious. If any sudden raU) shoulJ fall, it T Coininunicitiin from Mr. H' unit of Kini.Ic tV iiK'nt. i | would bo converted into mortnr; no nrt can then separate it, and mix it equally with the soi!; nor would double the qtnn tity have the oame good effect. Kven after it has been reduced to powder, it' any rain should happen to fall, or if by any means it receive too much moistffro, while it lies thin spreadon the surfuca of the Held, it will partly be formed into hard insoluble cakes, and may remain if? that state for years, without mixing with, or heiug of the least benefit-to, the sod. In the course of repeated ploughing^, Mr/ Patterson, of Castle Huntly, hnnnbimtd pieces of hard lime come up, na insoluble as if ihoy had been pieces of an old building. : " , './i! c''? Considering theso circumstances, I was much plenxed to tind, that a mode had been discovered by Mr. Neil Rallingaf, in File, which obviates those difficulties.?? His plan is, to lay the calcined lime down on any thick head-ridge of good earth, within the field where it is to lie applied* and (he instant it is so, two men uru rendv to rnalte up n compost of the lunc-shclli and earth ; three cnrt-loads of owrth to one cart of shells, raised to a ridge long and narrow, five feet high, that rain mav not enter it. The moisture in the earth slacks or reduces the lime to a powder; it swells to a considerable bulk, and then all cracks and openings arc closed wub u spado, and a little more earth put over the whole. In this way, he has had it tre* quently mixed up for six mouth*, and in one particular instance fifteen months, before it was carted nway , and yet when carried on to the land ani^ spread, the whole mass put on the appearance of ? hito lime, flying with tho wind, as if newlv from the kiln. This mode ho rncitna always to follow, being certain of its advan. J O tngo. It can be mixed as intimately with the soil as if new from (he kiln, and.he has had crops from it, in this way, superior to an equal quantity of hot limo* both tried without dung. The application common, iy is to the summer-fallow: ho has nUo applied it to pasture, quite hot, nnd in compost as above described, aa?i found both to answer well: but tho time of npplication was July, and ho soon found, that it ought to lie at le*st one year or more before the field was ploughed. Mr. Ballingal having used lrom ouu 10 100 bulls. per annum, for several years, ins experience may be confidently relied on. He remarks, that lime, if exposed to rain, or even to frost, and shirked like mortar, loses half its effect ; no clfrl^cau then mix it intimately with the soil. Tdj^and is wet, and often when the lime is dnvvtL^Sei unfit for carting upon the field, nor aro the ridges prepared for spreading the lime; without having fallen upon such a plan, therefore, he could never have used linto to equal advantage. He adds, (hat an intelligent neighbor of bis, brings his litno from the kiln, lays it in small heaps, about a fir'ot of shells in each heap, or four heaps per boll, on the fallow ; covers these instiiAlly with earth, which slacks the lime, rod when it is completely so, ho spreads it in powder, quite hot, on the fallows, and ploughs it in with a light furrow. This saves labor and oxpenso. Ho never uses water in slacking lime, and tho effects of his practice are very good ; thu earth, or rather the moisture in it, slacks the lirnc most completely, and no water is necessary."f This is an excellent prac. lice, and very common in many counties: and many intelligent fanners prefer it to tho other plan, which they think would bo attended with too much expense to bo generally imitated. At tho same time, an intimate mixture with (lie soil is of the utmost importance in the application of lime; any plan that contributes to that object merits uttcnlicn. 4. Mr. Dudgeon, of Primrose. liiif, con? "'""J ' '!'<> mnel nrtviinfifrnmi* aiUUIS 11 IV VW lliw rnwo? l%U mode, of applying lime, to lay it on in a powdery state, upon ground when under summer fallow, before the fallow receives tho last furrow, and then to mix it intimnteiy with the soil, by harrowing beforo it is ploughed in. In regard to liming fallows, Mr. Rcnnic of Phan lassie observes, (hat it is the most profitable modn of opplication, if it is laid on at a proper season. He has been in the practice, for these ten years past, of laying lirnc on his follows, from the 1st of April to the 1st of October, and always found, that the rttst laid . on produced the best crops, which lie ns. cribos to its being more minutely mixed with tho soil, by the more numerous ploughing* and harrowings, and of course the fermentation more complete, than what is laid on late in the season: Juno and June and July, therefore, arc to bo preferred, so that tho lime may be completely mixed with the soil before the crop * This is an important fact, it being generally supposed that wher* inserted in the form of hot lime, in a state of perfect powder, its effects arc gunt r and more immediate than In any other way. By Mr. Ballingnl's plan, the lime can be carried to the field in autumn, or even in winter, which, though an old practice, could not be domi with equal safety, as under the prop'***! system. t A correspondent contends that li?nc is btst laid on the land in small heaps, nnd immediately covered with earth, whirl: in a damp or inoist season slacks or falls it ; but ho frequently puts on water from a water cart, which sLc'.s it directly. aim U 13 uii.ii^iii^w-1* t.m in in m i|nn^ riaii, harrowed, and ploughed in. wh. n if mixes m**t intimately with the soil. Lime should be in p<v,r. drr, and the I md iu a jv> vder-tike U jle. tebrti it is 1 i;d oil.