Farmers' gazette, and Cheraw advertiser. (Cheraw, S.C.) 1839-1843, January 31, 1843, Image 3
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JJ' '??!-< : U iiijr Hi, ?
i. VOLtJMli: VIII.
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J?y Jtf. MACX?.42V. |
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APPROPRIATE KOOD, PURR AIR, AND Ii.\ERCISK,
NRCE33ARY TOTHC HEALTHY
CONDITION OF DAIRY CATTLE.
That the natural temperature of food
for ruminant animals is tin; most appropriate,
in perhaps too plain a proposition
to Ih; dispu'ed ; l>nt in the general man.
ngement of cows in the vicinity of po.
pulous places, this important fact is en- !
iircly disregarded.
Man, it is true, is omnivorous. His
Rtoniach is nearly equally well adapted
to (1io digestion ol animal and vegetable
food, of solids or fl lids. Ho is also a
rooking animal, and can receive iiis food
nt varying temperatures. But it is different
with ruminant anitni's. Tfiev are
essentially herbivermis, and should re- !
reive this kind of aliui :nt, at a natural
temperature, In-fore it Ins undergone
certain chemical changes, and not as is
tIkc case in tjie form of slop, recking hot j
from the distillery. Their immense com. !
plcx concocting organs must have sum' ! !
tiling else to employ them besides receiving
some thirty or forty gallons of sliuh
per day, winch contains hut it small quantity'of
vegetable matter in the form of
Aran disseminated through it. To fulfil
the obvious design of nature, they must
have food which requires mistical ion.
Without the power of rumination, or in
familiar phrase, without a e?7, they will
languish and die. Hence a little gnus
or hay cannot be dispensed with. B it a
little i? not enough. Tuev must have
solid food in sufficient quantity to fill
their stomachs. The cow that is fed on
distillery-slop, so fur as we know, uses
hut oiig of her four atom iclis ; ail the rest '
are idle; of course, there must follow
great functional derangement. And when |
Iftiu (r itnl #?f ilirtl j furoia vu/l i tvf<. I !><> ?
tem, it is rapidly sicked up by toe thousand
absorlmnt vessels, and thrown inlet
the blood ; and lieforc it becomes nninuil.
isccd, probably in the course of ten mill i
ut?>s it begins to he strained through the
organs of lite udder, in the form of a blue,
watery, insipid secret ion, called in lk.
llatv very dilFerent is tbc process of
forming mi lie out of solid foo I ! By the
complicated apparatus already described,
the food undergoes various mod fictitious
and changes. First, it is partially chewed
and mixed with (lie saliva; it then
descends into tbc rumen, where it gradually
traverses its varum* conip irtments,
and is probably retained several hours,
until it is thoroughly macerated ; next it
passes into the reticulum in small portions,
and there being softened and covered
with mucus, by a fund of antiperistaltic '
action it is thrown into the mouth.? j
Here, * by a compound motion of the
lower jaw, half Internal und half vertical,"
leisurely repented from thirty to forty
times, on each end or pellet, the second
process of mastication is completed ; and
txiitig reduced to a proper conscience, it ]
is again swallowed, and glides directly
into the omasum, where it sustains some
change* not well understood. It next
passes into the ahonmsuin, or last stomach,
where it is mixed with certain fluids
enuivalent to th? imjirin in!c? in !>?
^ fo"w" ,v J,,,vv 1,1 l,,,/
iiuinun stomach, and thus is Converted
into n soft pulpy mass called chyme, from
which the small vessels of a portion of
the digestive tuhe, still lower down, cull,
ed Jacleals, hy u peculiar power which
may he denominated vital chemistry,
manufacture thnt hlnnd fluid,chyle, which
contains in itsell'all the ultimate elements
animal bodies. This, then, is an elaborated
animalizcd product, containing
nn ahundnnce-of oxygen and carbon, with
some nitrogen, nnd titled for conversion
into albumen, gelatin, fibrin, or any of the
proximate, elements of nntmiit bodies.
Tho bfootf formed from it is consequently
rich in all the elements which are reqinr.
ed to supply the waste, and build up the
various tissues of the system. Of course,
the mt'.h accreted from it is highly aniinti
11 voil ui?il "joi **t 1.?11.. - -J * * ? 1 ~
ir...vvvf ?MU nfnvui'."AWj yii?i p,r|>nuci j
Mfl'j ?|K fipiM flic l?lll'xl is Rot
incio mhtcIimhichI' 4*r???
w?ol4 dmleml?*<i *ttli sin vim?t?mU tfuanlily
%*M*y flu*!,** witmn tb? animal
% gnrgerf null fiifttillfry ?io|i. ?7/
' fhtw'fcrrt, it i* iii?;l?ty prr.lmlile
(H&jrtiPitr) Imfit* if iihv Wiyfc foniwd ;
CHER.
4 i ,
in fact, there is very lit lie if nny nppro.
priato mailer to mako it out of. It is
known that the food of animals must
necessarily consist of one of (lie three
grent staminal principles?a saccharine,
an oily, or an aluminous principle. Thus
gramineous and herbaceous matters, on
which ruminants feed, contain two or
these, viz : the saccharine and tho glutinous,
which is a modification of the allui.
ininous, while every part of an animal
contains nlhuincn and oil. Hut how
much saccharine matter can it he .supposed
is left in the slop of the distillery
or in hrewers' grainr, after, by the process
of fermentation, all the alcohol that
cun he obtained is extracted from it ??
Stnrit r?r io llu> rlirnnl iiniflnnl ?.r
??| ?/ i? ?nw \im wi j/i \/uuvi U| |
iho saccliarino portion of the grains ; |
and as it is r ipidly developed by fermentation,
it is hurdty probable that any remains
behind uudccomposed. As gluten
is insoluble in wntcr, and does not so
readily ferment as the saccharine principle,
it is probable that brewers' grains
contain a considerable quantity of it.
Indeed it may be said to contain the only
nutritious principle that can lie obtained
from them. It is fully established by the
cxpcr?iiicuts of Majcudio and other physiologists,
that a diet, to be complete, must
contain more or less of these three stumiiial
principles. Such at least must ho the
diet of man. Although animals may '
form a chyle, and even live a while on j
ono of thi'so clases of aliments, yet it is :
impossible that they can do so for u great I
length of time. No proper chyle can lie (
obtained from .be digestion of such food ; :
i
consequently no healthy blood can lie i
formed, an I none of the secretions he
healthy. T.iis, then, is another import- !
ant reason why the health of cows can- j
not lie maintained on distillery-slop and I
similar kinds of fond.
Healthy chyle is so similar in its pro. j
perlies to blood, that it lias been called li- |
quid blood ; and Vnuqiiclic, a celebrated j
chemist, even regards it as jtbrin in an j
imperfect state. Hut when the food, as j
is the case with distillery-slop, is of sueh 1
a nature that proper chyle- cannot In* j
formed from it, wo would naturally expect,
when used and taken up by the absorbents,
that the entire system would lie
filled with the watery and innutritions fluid,
and sueh, as will subsequently appear, '
is the actual condition of animals so fed. '
Such food contains no carbon, which con-,
stitutcs (he greater proportion of tibriu,
or muscular li tre ; of course id fibre 01
Hush can ho formed, for the very good
reason that there is nothing present to
furnish the materials essential to its for- ,
mation. In view of thpsc facts, lh?>n'>11 '
e |
umnstructcd hv experience, us to the ne- i
lual results, we might confidently nnticipato
the deleterious effects which are j
rvuuw ii n? lime pincc, uiui uiuii ever lie j
consequent u|>on the use of unwholesome
anil insufficient food.
It 111 there are other conditions which
are essential to the health of these mii- !
mills, which may he concisely noticed. |
First, Pure air is indispensably neccsj
snry. Any other conclusion tlian this,
I would he as contrary to the known laws'
of life and health, as to the common sense
of mankind. The effects of living in foul
iur, are manifested by the debility which
ensues?impaired digestion, depression ol
| the vital functions, nml oftentimes the
generation ot diseases of the most iilalig.
limit and fatal character. Now as nir is
i rendered impure by every thing which impedes
its circulation, hut especially by
I the breath and perspiration of animals
( crowded together in small and close upjiartinents
; the presence of cxciements
! and stench, and putrifying animal and
| vegetable matter, which, even with the
I 1 -
inmv.11.111 iv-.mi IU CHrtlllllllCSS, linUVlllJ!
ably accumulates by immuring Ili?;tn in
confined stables, such a condition, in tin*
abacuco of all oilier prejudicial causes,
cannot fail to prove destructive to lieailit
nnd life.
Second, Exercise, It is as evidently
the design of nature that cattle should
enjoy that bodily activity which is produced
by the natural action of their own
limbs, in moving from place to place for
the means of subsistence, as it is that vegetables
should be left undisturbed in the
soil from which they imbibe thc'r nourishment.
Cattle were necessarily endued
with powers of locomotion in order to
| seek their own subsistence; and it is
self-evident that llicy cannot be condomI
ned to a torpid veffeinblu condition ?. ;???
impunity.
Nature, ever unerring in her instinct*,
prompt* the hounding frolic* of young
animal*, as well as (lie mora clumsy gambols
of the old. "There must," remark*
Addison, "ho frequent motions, agitation*,
to mix, digest, nrnl separate the
juice* Contained in the hody, a* well u*
to clear and cleanse that infinitude of
pipes and strainer^ \'hk*h U i* compos.
ed? us to give their sold parts a more
tirm and lusting tone. Exercise ferments
the humor*, oasts them into lltoir proper
channels, throw* off rodiindnnoc*, and
li'dpi nature in (hose secret distribution**,
i i i
AW. SOUT^I-CAKOLINA.
.. ? m .
t
| without which tho body cannot subsist in
I vigor." And in ordor to this healthy Ac.
tinn of the vital function, it is not suflllj
ciont that exercise l>? taken occasionally
i and at long intervals, hut,when the senium
! permits, it should ho taken daily. Coin,
tnon sonso and observation, independent
of physiological knowledge, might lead
lis to the conclusion, that any other man.
I ngcmorit of cattle than that liore suggest.
| cd, must lead to the derangement of
i health, and fatal diseases.?Hartley's
| Essay on Milk.
CVLTUltK OF COTTOX.
There arc many nrounil us who think
the surface-culture of cotton, r.r of cro|>s, n
new-fangled notion, and scout at the idea.
All encroachments on cs ublishcd usages
and customs are received in this very
' way. There are others who think it has
done and will do for the north, hut will
not in the south. I will state one circumstanoc,
and close hy citing one fact.
In 1533, 1 think, I planted in the same
field, about twenty acres of cotton, as usual
barred otT and scraped. The subsequent
culture wns entirely with the hoe
and sweep, the latter merely shaved the
surface, probably to the depth of onehalf
to one inch; also three acres, and
cultivated as was customary ; plowing
three times nnd hoeing. There was hut
a path of eighteen to twenty.four inches
dividing. Land as near similar as could
he, only the first piece had been cleared
live years, and the second piece only two
years; therefore, the latlar should have
resisted the drought host. Mr. William
Montgomery, my neighbor, a practical |
farmer of soine thirty years' standing, j i
ridiculed my notion, as I had heen but ,
recently from school. I took him into I i
the field to look at it. He admitted that |
the unplougiie.il land was the best crop, | 1
and hid sustained itself the best through |
the season, hut could not account for it.
Now every gardener knows the fact, that 1
his garden returns hint a greater income
than any other spot lie can cultivate. |
'I'he plough never enters, nor is the earth
disturbed two inches from March till July,
lie cultivates the surface entire, It tving
previously spaded deep and manured |
well. Then, if this he so in relation to j
raising vegetables c,f the tap-root and ho. j
rixont.il root fain.lies in the garden, may i
it not he well to try it elsowheie, espeei- I
ally as more land can he cultivated and { 1
kept cleaner 1?Western Far/nrr. U
From Sinclair's Husbandry.
LI 31K. j
There is perhaps no country in Lurope, j
where calcined lime is used to so great an |
extent, and in such quantities, as in the I,
more unproved nod improving districts of' '
.Scotland. This may lie partly owing to (
the total absence of chalk, which '
abounds in so many parts of Lngfand. '
and which renders calcined liinc less neI
ccssary there; hot it is principally to lie
! attributed to (lie great benefit that has ^
| heon dciived from its use. In bringing!
; in new or maiden soils, the use of lime is
found to lie so essential, that little good '
could ho dona without it. Its li nt nppli
| canon, in particular, gives n degreo of
| permanent fertility to the soil, which can
lie imparted by no other manure. Itsef.
feels, indeed, tire hardly to he credited,
hut their correctness cannot he disp ited. 1
Maiden soils, in Ltmmcrmuir, of a tolcra. ,
lile quality, will, with the force of sheeps'
dung, or other anunal manures, produce a
middling crop of oats, or rye ; hut the
richest animal dung does not enable them
to hung any other grain to maturity.?
Pens, hurley, or wheat, will set tint with '
i every appearance of success ; hut when
I tile peas are in bloom, nnd the other grains
are putting forth the ear, they proceed no
farther, and dwindle away in fruitless
abort ion.* The same soils, after getting
a sufficient quantity of lime, will produce
cvotv species of grnin, nud in good sea- 1
sous bring them to maturity, in all future
tine 8, always supposing the ground to he
under proper culture, and the climate
adapted to llio crop. This fact proves,
that oats and rye require less calcareous
matter than what is necessary for other
grains; that lime acts as an alterative, ns
well as an active medicine, and that the
defects in the constitution of the soil are
cured, even after the stimulant and ferti.
lizing effects of the lime have long ceased
to operate. Lime is also peculiarly bene,
i (icial in improving rnuirish soils, by making
I iheill lirmllll'U iKinil tin,l??..? ?I
, (f?? ..VlWUj^V, WUIIU
nothing but heath and other unpalatable
grasses grew formerly. The expense of
this article in Aberdeenshire is stated to
be enormous, very little of it being produced
in that country; yet lime is there
considered to bo absolutely necessary,
and, indeed, the foundation of nil substantial
improvements.f it is supposed, how.
.Marl, although containing calcareous matter, '
is not bo effective. It will produce oats, barley,
and early poas ill abundance, and in Rome situations
will also produce wheat, when the season is
favorable ; but wheat crops cannot be depended
upon from marl alone. 1
j t Communication from Mr. Barclay, Mill of
Knocklcith. It is observed, tJiat lime has some,
times been withheld both from low lands after
fallow, und from hilly lands after turnips ; but in
all those eases, with an evident loss to the o:cupant,
by a doorcase of produce throughout thwhole
eoursc. '
mi
TUESDAY, JANUARY :
! i i ??
over, not to be nn n^efttl on the sen-shore,
ns in Jh?! more inland distilcts, front the
oil being perhaps mixed with nea-slioHs.
The impnrtnncn of lime ns n manuro is
strikingly exemplified bv the following informntion
trorn Mr. Walker of Mellende?n:
Ho entcrod into the possession ol
that fiirin twenty.fivo years njjo, nnd then
gave the whole farm, (with thooxccption
of a few acres of the richest soil in differcnt
fields, which hnd for nges heen mnnureil
as infield.^ a irood rinm? nf time I
1/ -- r .
From the now I y.limed Inr.d, hi* returns i
woro fully equal lo his expectations, and
greatly superior to those from the richest i
spots that had received no lime. Being I
very desirous to ascertain how long the i
limed land would maintain its superiority, i
ho kept both thcliincdnnd unlimsd under
tho same mnnngement in every respect, i
during his tirst lease of twenty.one years; I
and lie enn aflirm, that at the end of thnl !
period, his crops upon the limed land wcto i |
oqunlly good, anil as much superior to | I
those of the unliincd loud, us they wcro ' I
nt the commencement thereof. Having ' <
~ i I
got n new lease of that farm, he proposes I
laying lime upon every spot ofground that (
was not lunod formerly, being convinced i
that ho has been a considerable loser by <
his experiment. How long therefore the i
effects of lime may last, he will not tako i
upon himself to foresee ; hut he can safely J I
say, that there is laud upon his brother's i
properly at Wooden, that was liined by l
his father upwards of thirty years ngo, I
where the effects of the lime, upon every (
crop, i.re still as apparent as when it was (
first laid ou the land. I
It is proposed, in discussing this subject, I
very shortly to explain the following par- |
liciiinrs: 1. Tho soils to which limn is ' ;
applicable ; 2. Tho distance from which 1 i
it has been carried; ."5. The quantity |(
used; 4. The best mode of slacking; j|
f). 'fhc common modes of application ; , i
3. The plan of top dressing (lie h iilace; j \
7. Tim price ; 8. Tho use of pounded |
limestone; and, 0. I lie causes which j;
may occasion its failure. i
1. Tins manure is certainly well cal- j |
ciliated lor clay lands. Sumo recommend . I
laying on a certain quantity of it, to ttic ;
(mount of Ut> bolls ot shells, or 12(1 hush- /
j!s to the Scotch, or 90 to the Fngli-.li j
iere, and as hot ns possible, every time ;
the land is fallowed. This plan, however, r
is objected to from respectable authority ; ?,
iiid it is cnuiciidcd. that ho small a quan I I
lity of lime shells is quite unlit fur stiinu* I v
ntingimy loud of sinl, except win ru it is r
.f a dry nourish nature, and not formerly I
itned. 'Co lime land every tune it is in i
allow, seems unnecessary, more especial. : r
y if a .sufficient quantity were applied c
n tlie lirst instance From GO to 70 I
jarley In.lis per ticotcti acre, or from 300 t
0 430 bushels per Scotch, that is, from t
iS8 to 3o0 bushels per English acre, arc j
quantities frequently given in East Lollii- *
hi. in regard to loams, if they uru in |
noJ condition, and in good heart, per- | j
naps liming once in the course of two ro- ! i
intions will he sufficient.? It is a rule, 1 1
liowever, in regard to the .application of \ i
i:ne, and other calcareous manures, that | ]
lliey should only he applied to land in u t
Jry state, and well drained. ;
2. It is astonishing the distance from |
ivliicli lime is carried in some parts of I I
Scotland. Mr. lllackie, of llnlydean, in ' |
Koxliurglislii'C, drives it t wenty-two miles, j
ilid the carriage, when hired, is 75. (id. I
\tcr hull of shells. In the parish of Moflat, i
where of late < onsideruhlu improvements ' |
have been carried oil, and corn, turnips, 1
1 nd clover, raised in great perfection, 1000
feet above, the level of the sen, tho lunc is
carricJ from Douglas, at Iweuly.seven
mid lh:ity ini!?:s distance. It is sometimes :
eariied on thu borders, hut in no great |
quantity, about thirty, or even thirty-two (
miles ,[| ami in Aberdeenshire, it is driven
that distance, inland, alter being imported |
from Sunderland.
A. The nuanlitv n<ipfl ri>rii.? nmr.1i Ii i
is evident that strong deep soils requite n
greater quaintly than those which are '
light and shallow. Baron Hepburn is of 1
ojnniou, that it should he applied frequently,
and in small quantities at a time, espeeiully
on gravolly bottomed loams,
which are apt to become too open nnd
pliable by an over dose ol' lime ; by follow,
lug this practice, ho finds Ins crops wonderfully
improved, both in regard to quantity
and quality. Mr. Robertson of La
dykirk stales, lliat he has never seen lime I
used in too great a quantity, if the land
is judiciously cropped ; if otherwise. It
will ultimately hurl the soil. He has laid
on no less n quantity than 100 bolls of
shells, 4 Winchester bushels each, per
Kuglisli acre, and frequently with much ;
success. On dry fresh land a less quanti- :
ty will do. Mr. Blackm of Holydean
considers sixteen bolls of shells, on such j
land, a Hullicicnt dressing. l)r. Coventry \
is of opinion, that in general, about 0 tons !
of unstacked or newly.burnt lime, of nine- ;
iv or niooiy-nvo per ecu!, olpuuty, may
l>o sufficient for tlio statute acres of land j
that has nouT been limed ; but if the ;
lnno bo impure, a greater proport on will |
t Mr. John Shirrcfl' remarks, that to specify a j
quantity for all lands ih impossible, ho much de. |
pendu upon tlic depth and quality of the roiI ; also
on the quantity of in,!oareou? mutter, either pre- j
viouuly applied or ori naily in the soil.
f) Communication from George I'utcreon, Esq.
of Custlo-IIuntiy.
|| Communis .lion from Mr. Walker of Mellcn- >
dealt. , ,
I , ?
Ifm m* : ^
31, 1843.
'J
* i i .* (
ho requisite. Several intelligent farmer#
fire of opinion, that not less than GO or 70
hells of lime shells per acre, should he laid
on a strong clay soil, and that this qunntity,
with judicious cropping, will he sufficient
fur n lease of ninotecn or twentyone
years.
Thn information transmitted to ma by
Mr. \Viiliter of Mellundcan upon thin
joet, is of peculiar importance, as he has
limed perhaps more land than any individual
in the whole island, and in the
comse of thirty years hns triod various experiments
in regard to the quantity that
should ho applied per acre. On newly
broken.tip land from old turf, ho has laid
on from 20 and 25 to 40 and 45 bolls of
shells, of 4 Winchester bushels each, per
English acre. On light and thin (outHeld)
soils, the crop on that part of Iho
field that was limed at the rate of *20 and
25 bolls per acre, was as rough, and appeared
equally good, with the crop on the
land that had received 40 bolls per acre;
but when it came to bo thrashed out, the
grain was found very inferior in qunntity?
and still more ao in quality. Upon
lihiv soils, the effects of the lime, where
\ small quantity was laid, were hnrdlv
Jiscernible; while that part of the field
ihnt received 40 and 45 bolls produced an
ibundnnt crop. Finding the produce of
[he land that was limed with a small quantity
so very inferior, ho laid on, (when
the land came to be re-fallowed). *20 or 25
bolls more, the effects of which wore nov.
cr perceptible. Ho is therefore decidedly
?f opinion, that every kind of soil should
liavc a good doso at once, in which case
be considers no repetition to be necessary
for a long time after; but if repeated at
ill, the second liming should be consideribly
greater than the first, which seems
lo be the general opinion of the Scotch
farmers. As to repeated liming in small
piniilities Mr. Walker iq convinced, that
vhatovcr is laid out in that way, after the
irst dose, is so much money thrown
iwny. He can give no stronger proof,
>f his conviction in (hut respect, than his
lructice upon the farm of Rutherford.?
lie entered to ihnt farm in June* liS03.
Inrl mnen tlmft tiinn hnu trnnn nvnr
""" B"1"' """ "
luadrcd and fifty acres ; and though a
'rent part of it consists of a light ?lry soil,
ind the lime has to bo carried twenty-four
?r twenty-five miles, consequently at a
;reat expense, yet 0:1 no part of tlie farm
ins lie laid less than 4(1 hulls of shells, or
J ID Winchester bushels per English aero,
irul on many places fully 50 bolls. Nulling,
in his opinion, assimilates the pro.
luce of outfield, to that of infield land so
ouch, as a good dose of limu laid on at
>n?:o. The consequence of this timing
las been, the most productive crops, of
ivery description, to he seen in all that
leighhoriiood.
Mr. Aitchison, of Clement's Wells, alio
has found that lime answers every puriosc
he could wish, in promoting the imifoveinent
ol his estate in Peebles shire,
.vhore the climate is cold and moist. Ilo
legan to improve that property in 1*0(3,
mil in October, 1611, he had laid on it,
l(),3S(> hulls, or G2,:J1G Winchester hush:ls.
His ridges are IS feet broad; and
recording to the quantity he wishes to
ml on per acre, his overseer has the fulowing
table to conduct the operation,
[f it is proposed to lay on 25 bolls per
acre, betwixt each heap, of one firlot
each, there ought to lie a distance
^ T nai r
ui ?)OJ IC'Clt
[f 30 holla '2'i
35 do 22
40 do 10
45 do 17
And in tho sumo proportion as high as
50 bolls, lie never puis on less than 25
bolls, or 150 bushels of shells, per Scotch,
[130 bushels per English acre,) nnd on
heavy land he has gone the length of 70
hulls. Tho day the lime comes to the
lield, a man follows the carts, and covers
it up immediately with earth, hy which,
generally in a lew days, it is reduced to
powder. When in that *tatc, it is spread
on the land. After trying several other
methods, this was found to ho the best.?
The improvement effected hy lime on
that property has been very great.
4. The slacking of lime completely is
a most important operation. Tho common
mode is, to lay it in heaps from the kiln
upon the ground intended to ho limed ;
lint this, although the most expeditious, is
hy no means the most advantageous method.
In the first place, if the litno is not
all of the same quality, (which is seldom
l ho case.) the best lime commonly dissolves
first, and the inferior quality continues
tinslaeked; ho that it must either be spread
in that state, or the good lime must he
allowed to receive too much moisture, or
ngain to re-absorb its fixed air, both ol
which should ho prevented. The best
mode of slacking, is to luy down (he shelh
in a heap near to water, and hy once turning
and watering tho whole mass, it i>
ii-oiictai IU a compiem powuer ; llittliicil
stato it should ho applied to llto soil, nut
ploughed in immediately with n shallow
furrow, when there is no doubt hut it wil
mix more intimately with the soil, tliui
by thn former method.H This plan, however,
is attended with an additional ex
pen so of considerahln magnitude.
'i'he necessity of slacking calcined lime
as soon after it is burnt as possible, is oh
vious. If any sudden ruin should fall, i
T Communication from Air. R< uiiic of Iviobl. il|
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i would he converted into nftorfar; no nrt
i can thoif sepnrate iff and mix it equally
with tho Boil; nor would double the quxn '
mjf nave me name goou cttoct. Kven
after it luta Inion reduced to pftwder* if
any rain should happen to full, or 'if by
nny means it receive too inucli moisture,
while it lies thin spread on the surface of
the field, it will partly be formed into hard
insoluble enkes, and may remain in ' that
stnto for years, without mixing with, or*
being of the least benefit to, the soil. In
the course of repeated ploughing*, Mr.
Patterson, of Castle fluntly, has observed
pieces of hard lime come up. as ittsolnbhr
us if they had been pieces of an old build*
ing.
Considering these circumstances, 1 was
much pleased to find, that a mode had
been discovered by Mr. Neil llnllingal, in
Fife, which obviates those difficulties.?His
plan is, to lay the calcined lime down
on nny thick head ridge ?>f good earth,
within the field wlicro it is to he applied,
and the instant it is so, two men are ready
to make up a compost of the liino.shells
and earth ; three cart-loads of earth to
one cart of shells, raised to a ridgo long
and narrow, live feet high, that rain may
not enter it. The moisture in tho eartli
slacks or reduces tho lime to a powder ; it
swells to a considerable bulk, and then all
cracks and openings nrc closed with a
spade, and a little more earth put over tho
whole. In this way, he lias had it Ire*
rpiently mixed up for six mouths, nnd in
one particular instance fifteen months,
before it was carted away , and yet when
carried on to the lund and spread, tho
whole mass put on the appearance of white
lime, flying with the wind, as if newly
from the kiln. This mode he means al*
ways to follow, being certain of its aiKan.
tngo. It can be mixed as intimutoly with
the soil as if new from tho kilo, and he has
had crops from it, in this,way, superior to
an equal quantity of hot limu* both tried
without dung. The application commonly
is to the summer-fallow : ho has also
applied it to pasture, quite hot, ntul in
compost as above described, and found
both to answer well: but the lime of up.
plication was July, and lie soon found,
tlrat it ought to lie at least one year or
more before the field was ploughed.
Mr. Iiallingal having used from 500 to
100 hulls per annum, for several years, his
experience may be confidently relied on.
lie remarks, lliut lime, if exposed to rain,
or even to frost, nnd slacked like mortar,
loses half its eficct ; no care cnu then
mix it intimately with the soil. His land
is wet, niut often when the lime is driven
n. ? t ? - * 1 1
uniii lor caning upon ine nckl, nor are
the ridges prepared for spreading the lime;
without having fallen upon such a plat:,
then fore, ho could never have used lime
to cqunl advantage. 11 o adds, that an
intelligent neighbor of his, brings his limo
from tho kiln, lavs it in small heaps, about
a (irlot of shells in each heap, or four
heaps ]>cr boll, on the fallow ; covers
these instantly with earth, which slacks
the lime, and when it is completely so, ho
spreads it in powder, q lito hot, on the fallows,
nnd ploughs it in with a light furI
row. This saves labor ami expense. Ho
! never uses water in slacking lime, and the
elFects of his pructiec nro very good ; the
rurlh, or rather the moisture in it, slacks
the lime most completely, and no water is
necessary.f This is an excellent practice,
nnd very common in many counties:
and uianykintelligent farmers prefer it to
the other plan, which they think would bo
:? t I r? 11 rtrwl tllfll i r\t\ tniliMi Avnnnoo t ?*
?* mi ??/\# tiiuwia v.tuwnaw ill uu
generally imitated. At the snmc time,
an intimate mixture with the soil is of the
utmost importance in the application of
lime ; any plan that contributes to that
object merits attention.
1. Mr. Dudgeon, of Primrose.Hill, conI
aiders it to ho the most advantageous
j mode, of applying lime, to lay it on in it
powdery stale, upon ground when under
summer fallow, before the fallow receives
tho last furrow, and then to mix it inti.
mntcly with the soil, by harrowing heforo
it is ploughed in. In regard to liming fallows,
Mr. Ronnie el' I'hintassic observes,
thut it is the most profitable mode of application,
il it is laid on at a proper s< osoi>.
lie has been in the practice, for these ten
years past, oflnying lime on his fallows,
from tho 1st of April to (ho 1st of Octo.
her, and always found, that the first laid
on produced tire best crops, which he ascribes
to its being mnro minutely mixed
with the soil, by the more numerous
ploughing* nnd Itai rowings, and of coursu
tho fermentation more complete, than
. what is laid on late in the season: Juno
and Juno and July, therefore, are to bo
preferred, so that the lime may bo completely
mixed with the soil before the crop
This is un important tact, ,t gcncrally
, supposed that when inserted the form of hot
i lime, in 11 Ftate of perfect powder, its effects arc
i
i g-.iai r ami more immediate than in any otlicr
( way. P?y Mr. Il.u tin gal's plan, the lime can be
I carried to the rich! in autumn, or even in winter,
which, though an old practice, could not he dono
I with Cqual safety, at under the proposed system.
( + A corresjiondcnt contends that liinc ih best
hud on the land in small heaps, and immediately
] covered with earth, which in a damp or moist sc.i
6on slacks or falls it *, hut he frequently put* on
! water from a water cart, which slack* it directly,
' | and it is immediately spread in that quick rtalc,
( 1 harrowed, and ploughed in, when it mixes most
intimately with the soil. Lime should Ixi in pons,
der, and the land in a powder-like st ile, when it i>
lai?l on. ;
4