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I . -m. . IA r t-. ?i > > ( JJ' '??!-< : U iiijr Hi, ? i. VOLtJMli: VIII. H V..J . , i . . J y? ! I , ?? J?y Jtf. MACX?.42V. | Tttm:?Published weekly at three dollars a year; with an addition, wltnn not paid within three months, of twenty per cent per annum. Two new subscribers may tnko the paper at Ave dollars in advaneo; ami ten at twenty. Pour subscribers, not receiving their papers in towu, may pay a year's subscription with ten dollars, in advance. A year's subscription dlvtaiys due in advance. Papors not discontinued to solvent subscribers in arrears. Advertisements not exceeding I ft lines inserted f ?r one dollar the first time, and fifty conts cacli a ibsoqunnt trno. For inssrtinns at intervals of two Wonka 75 c mts after thb first, nud a dollar if tho intervals aro longer. Payment duo in advance for advertisements. Wliuu the number of insertions is not marked on the copy, llio a irortismnnnt will bo inserted, and charged ti 1 ordered out. XTTho postage must ho paid on letters to the editor on the bnsinone of llio office. APPROPRIATE KOOD, PURR AIR, AND Ii.\ERCISK, NRCE33ARY TOTHC HEALTHY CONDITION OF DAIRY CATTLE. That the natural temperature of food for ruminant animals is tin; most appropriate, in perhaps too plain a proposition to Ih; dispu'ed ; l>nt in the general man. ngement of cows in the vicinity of po. pulous places, this important fact is en- ! iircly disregarded. Man, it is true, is omnivorous. His Rtoniach is nearly equally well adapted to (1io digestion ol animal and vegetable food, of solids or fl lids. Ho is also a rooking animal, and can receive iiis food nt varying temperatures. But it is different with ruminant anitni's. Tfiev are essentially herbivermis, and should re- ! reive this kind of aliui :nt, at a natural temperature, In-fore it Ins undergone certain chemical changes, and not as is tIkc case in tjie form of slop, recking hot j from the distillery. Their immense com. ! plcx concocting organs must have sum' ! ! tiling else to employ them besides receiving some thirty or forty gallons of sliuh per day, winch contains hut it small quantity'of vegetable matter in the form of Aran disseminated through it. To fulfil the obvious design of nature, they must have food which requires mistical ion. Without the power of rumination, or in familiar phrase, without a e?7, they will languish and die. Hence a little gnus or hay cannot be dispensed with. B it a little i? not enough. Tuev must have solid food in sufficient quantity to fill their stomachs. The cow that is fed on distillery-slop, so fur as we know, uses hut oiig of her four atom iclis ; ail the rest ' are idle; of course, there must follow great functional derangement. And when | Iftiu (r itnl #?f ilirtl j furoia vu/l i tvf<. I !><> ? tem, it is rapidly sicked up by toe thousand absorlmnt vessels, and thrown inlet the blood ; and lieforc it becomes nninuil. isccd, probably in the course of ten mill i ut?>s it begins to he strained through the organs of lite udder, in the form of a blue, watery, insipid secret ion, called in lk. llatv very dilFerent is tbc process of forming mi lie out of solid foo I ! By the complicated apparatus already described, the food undergoes various mod fictitious and changes. First, it is partially chewed and mixed with (lie saliva; it then descends into tbc rumen, where it gradually traverses its varum* conip irtments, and is probably retained several hours, until it is thoroughly macerated ; next it passes into the reticulum in small portions, and there being softened and covered with mucus, by a fund of antiperistaltic ' action it is thrown into the mouth.? j Here, * by a compound motion of the lower jaw, half Internal und half vertical," leisurely repented from thirty to forty times, on each end or pellet, the second process of mastication is completed ; and txiitig reduced to a proper conscience, it ] is again swallowed, and glides directly into the omasum, where it sustains some change* not well understood. It next passes into the ahonmsuin, or last stomach, where it is mixed with certain fluids enuivalent to th? imjirin in!c? in !>? ^ fo"w" ,v J,,,vv 1,1 l,,,/ iiuinun stomach, and thus is Converted into n soft pulpy mass called chyme, from which the small vessels of a portion of the digestive tuhe, still lower down, cull, ed Jacleals, hy u peculiar power which may he denominated vital chemistry, manufacture thnt hlnnd fluid,chyle, which contains in itsell'all the ultimate elements animal bodies. This, then, is an elaborated animalizcd product, containing nn ahundnnce-of oxygen and carbon, with some nitrogen, nnd titled for conversion into albumen, gelatin, fibrin, or any of the proximate, elements of nntmiit bodies. Tho bfootf formed from it is consequently rich in all the elements which are reqinr. ed to supply the waste, and build up the various tissues of the system. Of course, the mt'.h accreted from it is highly aniinti 11 voil ui?il "joi **t 1.?11.. - -J * * ? 1 ~ ir...vvvf ?MU nfnvui'."AWj yii?i p,r|>nuci j Mfl'j ?|K fipiM flic l?lll'xl is Rot incio mhtcIimhichI' 4*r??? w?ol4 dmleml?*<i *ttli sin vim?t?mU tfuanlily %*M*y flu*!,** witmn tb? animal % gnrgerf null fiifttillfry ?io|i. ?7/ ' fhtw'fcrrt, it i* iii?;l?ty prr.lmlile (H&jrtiPitr) Imfit* if iihv Wiyfc foniwd ; CHER. 4 i , in fact, there is very lit lie if nny nppro. priato mailer to mako it out of. It is known that the food of animals must necessarily consist of one of (lie three grent staminal principles?a saccharine, an oily, or an aluminous principle. Thus gramineous and herbaceous matters, on which ruminants feed, contain two or these, viz : the saccharine and tho glutinous, which is a modification of the allui. ininous, while every part of an animal contains nlhuincn and oil. Hut how much saccharine matter can it he .supposed is left in the slop of the distillery or in hrewers' grainr, after, by the process of fermentation, all the alcohol that cun he obtained is extracted from it ?? Stnrit r?r io llu> rlirnnl iiniflnnl ?.r ??| ?/ i? ?nw \im wi j/i \/uuvi U| | iho saccliarino portion of the grains ; | and as it is r ipidly developed by fermentation, it is hurdty probable that any remains behind uudccomposed. As gluten is insoluble in wntcr, and does not so readily ferment as the saccharine principle, it is probable that brewers' grains contain a considerable quantity of it. Indeed it may be said to contain the only nutritious principle that can lie obtained from them. It is fully established by the cxpcr?iiicuts of Majcudio and other physiologists, that a diet, to be complete, must contain more or less of these three stumiiial principles. Such at least must ho the diet of man. Although animals may ' form a chyle, and even live a while on j ono of thi'so clases of aliments, yet it is : impossible that they can do so for u great I length of time. No proper chyle can lie ( obtained from .be digestion of such food ; : i consequently no healthy blood can lie i formed, an I none of the secretions he healthy. T.iis, then, is another import- ! ant reason why the health of cows can- j not lie maintained on distillery-slop and I similar kinds of fond. Healthy chyle is so similar in its pro. j perlies to blood, that it lias been called li- | quid blood ; and Vnuqiiclic, a celebrated j chemist, even regards it as jtbrin in an j imperfect state. Hut when the food, as j is the case with distillery-slop, is of sueh 1 a nature that proper chyle- cannot In* j formed from it, wo would naturally expect, when used and taken up by the absorbents, that the entire system would lie filled with the watery and innutritions fluid, and sueh, as will subsequently appear, ' is the actual condition of animals so fed. ' Such food contains no carbon, which con-, stitutcs (he greater proportion of tibriu, or muscular li tre ; of course id fibre 01 Hush can ho formed, for the very good reason that there is nothing present to furnish the materials essential to its for- , mation. In view of thpsc facts, lh?>n'>11 ' e | umnstructcd hv experience, us to the ne- i lual results, we might confidently nnticipato the deleterious effects which are j rvuuw ii n? lime pincc, uiui uiuii ever lie j consequent u|>on the use of unwholesome anil insufficient food. It 111 there are other conditions which are essential to the health of these mii- ! mills, which may he concisely noticed. | First, Pure air is indispensably neccsj snry. Any other conclusion tlian this, I would he as contrary to the known laws' of life and health, as to the common sense of mankind. The effects of living in foul iur, are manifested by the debility which ensues?impaired digestion, depression ol | the vital functions, nml oftentimes the generation ot diseases of the most iilalig. limit and fatal character. Now as nir is i rendered impure by every thing which impedes its circulation, hut especially by I the breath and perspiration of animals ( crowded together in small and close upjiartinents ; the presence of cxciements ! and stench, and putrifying animal and | vegetable matter, which, even with the I 1 - inmv.11.111 iv-.mi IU CHrtlllllllCSS, linUVlllJ! ably accumulates by immuring Ili?;tn in confined stables, such a condition, in tin* abacuco of all oilier prejudicial causes, cannot fail to prove destructive to lieailit nnd life. Second, Exercise, It is as evidently the design of nature that cattle should enjoy that bodily activity which is produced by the natural action of their own limbs, in moving from place to place for the means of subsistence, as it is that vegetables should be left undisturbed in the soil from which they imbibe thc'r nourishment. Cattle were necessarily endued with powers of locomotion in order to | seek their own subsistence; and it is self-evident that llicy cannot be condomI ned to a torpid veffeinblu condition ?. ;??? impunity. Nature, ever unerring in her instinct*, prompt* the hounding frolic* of young animal*, as well as (lie mora clumsy gambols of the old. "There must," remark* Addison, "ho frequent motions, agitation*, to mix, digest, nrnl separate the juice* Contained in the hody, a* well u* to clear and cleanse that infinitude of pipes and strainer^ \'hk*h U i* compos. ed? us to give their sold parts a more tirm and lusting tone. Exercise ferments the humor*, oasts them into lltoir proper channels, throw* off rodiindnnoc*, and li'dpi nature in (hose secret distribution**, i i i AW. SOUT^I-CAKOLINA. .. ? m . t | without which tho body cannot subsist in I vigor." And in ordor to this healthy Ac. tinn of the vital function, it is not suflllj ciont that exercise l>? taken occasionally i and at long intervals, hut,when the senium ! permits, it should ho taken daily. Coin, tnon sonso and observation, independent of physiological knowledge, might lead lis to the conclusion, that any other man. I ngcmorit of cattle than that liore suggest. | cd, must lead to the derangement of i health, and fatal diseases.?Hartley's | Essay on Milk. CVLTUltK OF COTTOX. There arc many nrounil us who think the surface-culture of cotton, r.r of cro|>s, n new-fangled notion, and scout at the idea. All encroachments on cs ublishcd usages and customs are received in this very ' way. There are others who think it has done and will do for the north, hut will not in the south. I will state one circumstanoc, and close hy citing one fact. In 1533, 1 think, I planted in the same field, about twenty acres of cotton, as usual barred otT and scraped. The subsequent culture wns entirely with the hoe and sweep, the latter merely shaved the surface, probably to the depth of onehalf to one inch; also three acres, and cultivated as was customary ; plowing three times nnd hoeing. There was hut a path of eighteen to twenty.four inches dividing. Land as near similar as could he, only the first piece had been cleared live years, and the second piece only two years; therefore, the latlar should have resisted the drought host. Mr. William Montgomery, my neighbor, a practical | farmer of soine thirty years' standing, j i ridiculed my notion, as I had heen but , recently from school. I took him into I i the field to look at it. He admitted that | the unplougiie.il land was the best crop, | 1 and hid sustained itself the best through | the season, hut could not account for it. Now every gardener knows the fact, that 1 his garden returns hint a greater income than any other spot lie can cultivate. | 'I'he plough never enters, nor is the earth disturbed two inches from March till July, lie cultivates the surface entire, It tving previously spaded deep and manured | well. Then, if this he so in relation to j raising vegetables c,f the tap-root and ho. j rixont.il root fain.lies in the garden, may i it not he well to try it elsowheie, espeei- I ally as more land can he cultivated and { 1 kept cleaner 1?Western Far/nrr. U From Sinclair's Husbandry. LI 31K. j There is perhaps no country in Lurope, j where calcined lime is used to so great an | extent, and in such quantities, as in the I, more unproved nod improving districts of' ' .Scotland. This may lie partly owing to ( the total absence of chalk, which ' abounds in so many parts of Lngfand. ' and which renders calcined liinc less neI ccssary there; hot it is principally to lie ! attributed to (lie great benefit that has ^ | heon dciived from its use. In bringing! ; in new or maiden soils, the use of lime is found to lie so essential, that little good ' could ho dona without it. Its li nt nppli | canon, in particular, gives n degreo of | permanent fertility to the soil, which can lie imparted by no other manure. Itsef. feels, indeed, tire hardly to he credited, hut their correctness cannot he disp ited. 1 Maiden soils, in Ltmmcrmuir, of a tolcra. , lile quality, will, with the force of sheeps' dung, or other anunal manures, produce a middling crop of oats, or rye ; hut the richest animal dung does not enable them to hung any other grain to maturity.? Pens, hurley, or wheat, will set tint with ' i every appearance of success ; hut when I tile peas are in bloom, nnd the other grains are putting forth the ear, they proceed no farther, and dwindle away in fruitless abort ion.* The same soils, after getting a sufficient quantity of lime, will produce cvotv species of grnin, nud in good sea- 1 sous bring them to maturity, in all future tine 8, always supposing the ground to he under proper culture, and the climate adapted to llio crop. This fact proves, that oats and rye require less calcareous matter than what is necessary for other grains; that lime acts as an alterative, ns well as an active medicine, and that the defects in the constitution of the soil are cured, even after the stimulant and ferti. lizing effects of the lime have long ceased to operate. Lime is also peculiarly bene, i (icial in improving rnuirish soils, by making I iheill lirmllll'U iKinil tin,l??..? ?I , (f?? ..VlWUj^V, WUIIU nothing but heath and other unpalatable grasses grew formerly. The expense of this article in Aberdeenshire is stated to be enormous, very little of it being produced in that country; yet lime is there considered to bo absolutely necessary, and, indeed, the foundation of nil substantial improvements.f it is supposed, how. .Marl, although containing calcareous matter, ' is not bo effective. It will produce oats, barley, and early poas ill abundance, and in Rome situations will also produce wheat, when the season is favorable ; but wheat crops cannot be depended upon from marl alone. 1 j t Communication from Mr. Barclay, Mill of Knocklcith. It is observed, tJiat lime has some, times been withheld both from low lands after fallow, und from hilly lands after turnips ; but in all those eases, with an evident loss to the o:cupant, by a doorcase of produce throughout thwhole eoursc. ' mi TUESDAY, JANUARY : ! i i ?? over, not to be nn n^efttl on the sen-shore, ns in Jh?! more inland distilcts, front the oil being perhaps mixed with nea-slioHs. The impnrtnncn of lime ns n manuro is strikingly exemplified bv the following informntion trorn Mr. Walker of Mellende?n: Ho entcrod into the possession ol that fiirin twenty.fivo years njjo, nnd then gave the whole farm, (with thooxccption of a few acres of the richest soil in differcnt fields, which hnd for nges heen mnnureil as infield.^ a irood rinm? nf time I 1/ -- r . From the now I y.limed Inr.d, hi* returns i woro fully equal lo his expectations, and greatly superior to those from the richest i spots that had received no lime. Being I very desirous to ascertain how long the i limed land would maintain its superiority, i ho kept both thcliincdnnd unlimsd under tho same mnnngement in every respect, i during his tirst lease of twenty.one years; I and lie enn aflirm, that at the end of thnl ! period, his crops upon the limed land wcto i | oqunlly good, anil as much superior to | I those of the unliincd loud, us they wcro ' I nt the commencement thereof. Having ' < ~ i I got n new lease of that farm, he proposes I laying lime upon every spot ofground that ( was not lunod formerly, being convinced i that ho has been a considerable loser by < his experiment. How long therefore the i effects of lime may last, he will not tako i upon himself to foresee ; hut he can safely J I say, that there is laud upon his brother's i properly at Wooden, that was liined by l his father upwards of thirty years ngo, I where the effects of the lime, upon every ( crop, i.re still as apparent as when it was ( first laid ou the land. I It is proposed, in discussing this subject, I very shortly to explain the following par- | liciiinrs: 1. Tho soils to which limn is ' ; applicable ; 2. Tho distance from which 1 i it has been carried; ."5. The quantity |( used; 4. The best mode of slacking; j| f). 'fhc common modes of application ; , i 3. The plan of top dressing (lie h iilace; j \ 7. Tim price ; 8. Tho use of pounded | limestone; and, 0. I lie causes which j; may occasion its failure. i 1. Tins manure is certainly well cal- j | ciliated lor clay lands. Sumo recommend . I laying on a certain quantity of it, to ttic ; (mount of Ut> bolls ot shells, or 12(1 hush- / j!s to the Scotch, or 90 to the Fngli-.li j iere, and as hot ns possible, every time ; the land is fallowed. This plan, however, r is objected to from respectable authority ; ?, iiid it is cnuiciidcd. that ho small a quan I I lity of lime shells is quite unlit fur stiinu* I v ntingimy loud of sinl, except win ru it is r .f a dry nourish nature, and not formerly I itned. 'Co lime land every tune it is in i allow, seems unnecessary, more especial. : r y if a .sufficient quantity were applied c n tlie lirst instance From GO to 70 I jarley In.lis per ticotcti acre, or from 300 t 0 430 bushels per Scotch, that is, from t iS8 to 3o0 bushels per English acre, arc j quantities frequently given in East Lollii- * hi. in regard to loams, if they uru in | noJ condition, and in good heart, per- | j naps liming once in the course of two ro- ! i intions will he sufficient.? It is a rule, 1 1 liowever, in regard to the .application of \ i i:ne, and other calcareous manures, that | ] lliey should only he applied to land in u t Jry state, and well drained. ; 2. It is astonishing the distance from | ivliicli lime is carried in some parts of I I Scotland. Mr. lllackie, of llnlydean, in ' | Koxliurglislii'C, drives it t wenty-two miles, j ilid the carriage, when hired, is 75. (id. I \tcr hull of shells. In the parish of Moflat, i where of late < onsideruhlu improvements ' | have been carried oil, and corn, turnips, 1 1 nd clover, raised in great perfection, 1000 feet above, the level of the sen, tho lunc is carricJ from Douglas, at Iweuly.seven mid lh:ity ini!?:s distance. It is sometimes : eariied on thu borders, hut in no great | quantity, about thirty, or even thirty-two ( miles ,[| ami in Aberdeenshire, it is driven that distance, inland, alter being imported | from Sunderland. A. The nuanlitv n<ipfl ri>rii.? nmr.1i Ii i is evident that strong deep soils requite n greater quaintly than those which are ' light and shallow. Baron Hepburn is of 1 ojnniou, that it should he applied frequently, and in small quantities at a time, espeeiully on gravolly bottomed loams, which are apt to become too open nnd pliable by an over dose ol' lime ; by follow, lug this practice, ho finds Ins crops wonderfully improved, both in regard to quantity and quality. Mr. Robertson of La dykirk stales, lliat he has never seen lime I used in too great a quantity, if the land is judiciously cropped ; if otherwise. It will ultimately hurl the soil. He has laid on no less n quantity than 100 bolls of shells, 4 Winchester bushels each, per Kuglisli acre, and frequently with much ; success. On dry fresh land a less quanti- : ty will do. Mr. Blackm of Holydean considers sixteen bolls of shells, on such j land, a Hullicicnt dressing. l)r. Coventry \ is of opinion, that in general, about 0 tons ! of unstacked or newly.burnt lime, of nine- ; iv or niooiy-nvo per ecu!, olpuuty, may l>o sufficient for tlio statute acres of land j that has nouT been limed ; but if the ; lnno bo impure, a greater proport on will | t Mr. John Shirrcfl' remarks, that to specify a j quantity for all lands ih impossible, ho much de. | pendu upon tlic depth and quality of the roiI ; also on the quantity of in,!oareou? mutter, either pre- j viouuly applied or ori naily in the soil. f) Communication from George I'utcreon, Esq. of Custlo-IIuntiy. || Communis .lion from Mr. Walker of Mellcn- > dealt. , , I , ? Ifm m* : ^ 31, 1843. 'J * i i .* ( ho requisite. Several intelligent farmer# fire of opinion, that not less than GO or 70 hells of lime shells per acre, should he laid on a strong clay soil, and that this qunntity, with judicious cropping, will he sufficient fur n lease of ninotecn or twentyone years. Thn information transmitted to ma by Mr. \Viiliter of Mellundcan upon thin joet, is of peculiar importance, as he has limed perhaps more land than any individual in the whole island, and in the comse of thirty years hns triod various experiments in regard to the quantity that should ho applied per acre. On newly broken.tip land from old turf, ho has laid on from 20 and 25 to 40 and 45 bolls of shells, of 4 Winchester bushels each, per English acre. On light and thin (outHeld) soils, the crop on that part of Iho field that was limed at the rate of *20 and 25 bolls per acre, was as rough, and appeared equally good, with the crop on the land that had received 40 bolls per acre; but when it came to bo thrashed out, the grain was found very inferior in qunntity? and still more ao in quality. Upon lihiv soils, the effects of the lime, where \ small quantity was laid, were hnrdlv Jiscernible; while that part of the field ihnt received 40 and 45 bolls produced an ibundnnt crop. Finding the produce of [he land that was limed with a small quantity so very inferior, ho laid on, (when the land came to be re-fallowed). *20 or 25 bolls more, the effects of which wore nov. cr perceptible. Ho is therefore decidedly ?f opinion, that every kind of soil should liavc a good doso at once, in which case be considers no repetition to be necessary for a long time after; but if repeated at ill, the second liming should be consideribly greater than the first, which seems lo be the general opinion of the Scotch farmers. As to repeated liming in small piniilities Mr. Walker iq convinced, that vhatovcr is laid out in that way, after the irst dose, is so much money thrown iwny. He can give no stronger proof, >f his conviction in (hut respect, than his lructice upon the farm of Rutherford.? lie entered to ihnt farm in June* liS03. Inrl mnen tlmft tiinn hnu trnnn nvnr """ B"1"' """ " luadrcd and fifty acres ; and though a 'rent part of it consists of a light ?lry soil, ind the lime has to bo carried twenty-four ?r twenty-five miles, consequently at a ;reat expense, yet 0:1 no part of tlie farm ins lie laid less than 4(1 hulls of shells, or J ID Winchester bushels per English aero, irul on many places fully 50 bolls. Nulling, in his opinion, assimilates the pro. luce of outfield, to that of infield land so ouch, as a good dose of limu laid on at >n?:o. The consequence of this timing las been, the most productive crops, of ivery description, to he seen in all that leighhoriiood. Mr. Aitchison, of Clement's Wells, alio has found that lime answers every puriosc he could wish, in promoting the imifoveinent ol his estate in Peebles shire, .vhore the climate is cold and moist. Ilo legan to improve that property in 1*0(3, mil in October, 1611, he had laid on it, l(),3S(> hulls, or G2,:J1G Winchester hush:ls. His ridges are IS feet broad; and recording to the quantity he wishes to ml on per acre, his overseer has the fulowing table to conduct the operation, [f it is proposed to lay on 25 bolls per acre, betwixt each heap, of one firlot each, there ought to lie a distance ^ T nai r ui ?)OJ IC'Clt [f 30 holla '2'i 35 do 22 40 do 10 45 do 17 And in tho sumo proportion as high as 50 bolls, lie never puis on less than 25 bolls, or 150 bushels of shells, per Scotch, [130 bushels per English acre,) nnd on heavy land he has gone the length of 70 hulls. Tho day the lime comes to the lield, a man follows the carts, and covers it up immediately with earth, hy which, generally in a lew days, it is reduced to powder. When in that *tatc, it is spread on the land. After trying several other methods, this was found to ho the best.? The improvement effected hy lime on that property has been very great. 4. The slacking of lime completely is a most important operation. Tho common mode is, to lay it in heaps from the kiln upon the ground intended to ho limed ; lint this, although the most expeditious, is hy no means the most advantageous method. In the first place, if the litno is not all of the same quality, (which is seldom l ho case.) the best lime commonly dissolves first, and the inferior quality continues tinslaeked; ho that it must either be spread in that state, or the good lime must he allowed to receive too much moisture, or ngain to re-absorb its fixed air, both ol which should ho prevented. The best mode of slacking, is to luy down (he shelh in a heap near to water, and hy once turning and watering tho whole mass, it i> ii-oiictai IU a compiem powuer ; llittliicil stato it should ho applied to llto soil, nut ploughed in immediately with n shallow furrow, when there is no doubt hut it wil mix more intimately with the soil, tliui by thn former method.H This plan, however, is attended with an additional ex pen so of considerahln magnitude. 'i'he necessity of slacking calcined lime as soon after it is burnt as possible, is oh vious. If any sudden ruin should fall, i T Communication from Air. R< uiiic of Iviobl. il| IMOUt. /-7 " f.v ' ?fc t jt .. W .. :.^ ? ,, i ?i*v, ^ > <9<?i uv> .? ' % ro -*1 . ii * #fl?i , .! ? < ? jj . ?*< i<! . . " i j'l' .? i ii? ?, r> ? i .1. ? HI II I'll' ' ' ' 'u pMill >ft it . v ' : NVMBKR lft . 1 -vttvir* l? X P* f > r; * -** . ? '?d 'LJ?jL_i ? **# . r , '-v } ? * v r: , C r * i would he converted into nftorfar; no nrt i can thoif sepnrate iff and mix it equally with tho Boil; nor would double the quxn ' mjf nave me name goou cttoct. Kven after it luta Inion reduced to pftwder* if any rain should happen to full, or 'if by nny means it receive too inucli moisture, while it lies thin spread on the surface of the field, it will partly be formed into hard insoluble enkes, and may remain in ' that stnto for years, without mixing with, or* being of the least benefit to, the soil. In the course of repeated ploughing*, Mr. Patterson, of Castle fluntly, has observed pieces of hard lime come up. as ittsolnbhr us if they had been pieces of an old build* ing. Considering these circumstances, 1 was much pleased to find, that a mode had been discovered by Mr. Neil llnllingal, in Fife, which obviates those difficulties.?His plan is, to lay the calcined lime down on nny thick head ridge ?>f good earth, within the field wlicro it is to he applied, and the instant it is so, two men are ready to make up a compost of the liino.shells and earth ; three cart-loads of earth to one cart of shells, raised to a ridgo long and narrow, live feet high, that rain may not enter it. The moisture in tho eartli slacks or reduces tho lime to a powder ; it swells to a considerable bulk, and then all cracks and openings nrc closed with a spade, and a little more earth put over tho whole. In this way, he lias had it Ire* rpiently mixed up for six mouths, nnd in one particular instance fifteen months, before it was carted away , and yet when carried on to the lund and spread, tho whole mass put on the appearance of white lime, flying with the wind, as if newly from the kiln. This mode he means al* ways to follow, being certain of its aiKan. tngo. It can be mixed as intimutoly with the soil as if new from tho kilo, and he has had crops from it, in this,way, superior to an equal quantity of hot limu* both tried without dung. The application commonly is to the summer-fallow : ho has also applied it to pasture, quite hot, ntul in compost as above described, and found both to answer well: but the lime of up. plication was July, and lie soon found, tlrat it ought to lie at least one year or more before the field was ploughed. Mr. Iiallingal having used from 500 to 100 hulls per annum, for several years, his experience may be confidently relied on. lie remarks, lliut lime, if exposed to rain, or even to frost, nnd slacked like mortar, loses half its eficct ; no care cnu then mix it intimately with the soil. His land is wet, niut often when the lime is driven n. ? t ? - * 1 1 uniii lor caning upon ine nckl, nor are the ridges prepared for spreading the lime; without having fallen upon such a plat:, then fore, ho could never have used lime to cqunl advantage. 11 o adds, that an intelligent neighbor of his, brings his limo from tho kiln, lavs it in small heaps, about a (irlot of shells in each heap, or four heaps ]>cr boll, on the fallow ; covers these instantly with earth, which slacks the lime, and when it is completely so, ho spreads it in powder, q lito hot, on the fallows, nnd ploughs it in with a light furI row. This saves labor ami expense. Ho ! never uses water in slacking lime, and the elFects of his pructiec nro very good ; the rurlh, or rather the moisture in it, slacks the lime most completely, and no water is necessary.f This is an excellent practice, nnd very common in many counties: and uianykintelligent farmers prefer it to the other plan, which they think would bo :? t I r? 11 rtrwl tllfll i r\t\ tniliMi Avnnnoo t ?* ?* mi ??/\# tiiuwia v.tuwnaw ill uu generally imitated. At the snmc time, an intimate mixture with the soil is of the utmost importance in the application of lime ; any plan that contributes to that object merits attention. 1. Mr. Dudgeon, of Primrose.Hill, conI aiders it to ho the most advantageous j mode, of applying lime, to lay it on in it powdery stale, upon ground when under summer fallow, before the fallow receives tho last furrow, and then to mix it inti. mntcly with the soil, by harrowing heforo it is ploughed in. In regard to liming fallows, Mr. Ronnie el' I'hintassic observes, thut it is the most profitable mode of application, il it is laid on at a proper s< osoi>. lie has been in the practice, for these ten years past, oflnying lime on his fallows, from tho 1st of April to (ho 1st of Octo. her, and always found, that the first laid on produced tire best crops, which he ascribes to its being mnro minutely mixed with the soil, by the more numerous ploughing* nnd Itai rowings, and of coursu tho fermentation more complete, than . what is laid on late in the season: Juno and Juno and July, therefore, are to bo preferred, so that the lime may bo completely mixed with the soil before the crop This is un important tact, ,t gcncrally , supposed that when inserted the form of hot i lime, in 11 Ftate of perfect powder, its effects arc i i g-.iai r ami more immediate than in any otlicr ( way. P?y Mr. Il.u tin gal's plan, the lime can be I carried to the rich! in autumn, or even in winter, which, though an old practice, could not he dono I with Cqual safety, at under the proposed system. ( + A corresjiondcnt contends that liinc ih best hud on the land in small heaps, and immediately ] covered with earth, which in a damp or moist sc.i 6on slacks or falls it *, hut he frequently put* on ! water from a water cart, which slack* it directly, ' | and it is immediately spread in that quick rtalc, ( 1 harrowed, and ploughed in, when it mixes most intimately with the soil. Lime should Ixi in pons, der, and the land in a powder-like st ile, when it i> lai?l on. ; 4