:' 451H #? * tWLsPI
1 .v?<; l<t Ji, ,id . _ |, i<Ti.?|4M.i>?ti; *
1 '.-*** :v: ry. <&$?$> - W S.B WmiB IPIItSiElB* a
, cijeraw. soutm-carolina, Tuesday, January- lai) 1843.
I1MIM-R"! HlWIUli: rill /?" r. Ill'Vf ' .,1 , j'. .1
Bjf Mi, MACjLEAN- . ,>d?
^I'I-oiv >'*>?;! nwjj.vii , - -nil
< Tnurtl-PuW i?hod weekly at thre* lioVprt a
Two
now, nWriben may taholho yoyMf,>W
4n kd+a ibeoi- and lew wb twenty.'I
*onnautao?*lK?mtl>M* reaving tfcoir MPff*
dtiloXln^"*1* l0P
A. year** au&eVibtloM'JlaMtjrd AM' lit adVatteeJ
' Paper* not iitteonttaued te#otoefl*'?abs?ribera
i nonpar*. >? *< I .'1/ .w b??A
Aivertiaementtnot okpoqding t r>ljnoa innerted
fw^wnydnllV the firet time, end nfW cents oaoli
a i*Moqiinnt tinia. Fqf'lnssrUbhf ht interval* of
tkr6 troeks 75'c ints'hAci' ttMfirnty end a dollar
if Ike Interval* are lo*?fq?v Payment <lue In
donnoofer arivartisntbonif. Wlwe the number
of inanition* is not 9V?r^eil on the copy, the
adjrprtljetneru wil^he inserted, and ehargod'tjl
ttTTho postage meet he pnM on lettero to tho
ditn* on the bnainna* of .the office, i
AFraOCKATir KOOD, PURS AIR, AND EX.
ERCISK, NRCB33ARY TO THE HEALTHY
CONDITIO* OF DAIRY CATTLE.
That (lie natural temperature of food
for ruminant nniinat* in tho most appropriate,
ia pcrlmps too plain a proposition
to lie dispu'ed ; but in the general man.
nganmnt of cows in the vicinity of populous
places,.tliis important fact is entiroly
disregarded. , .
Man, it ah Uuo, is. omniynrous., His
stomach is nearly equally well adapted
to tho digoittiun of aaimal and vegetable
food, of solids or fltids. Ho ;ie also a
roOkihg' am mat, rtntf can receive his food
nt Varying temperature*. Hut it is different
with rlitninant animate. They nrc
essentially' hcfhiW;rntl*, and should re- ,
?*etye this lei hit of alnn mty tit a'naturnl
tcgippjratiirr, luTnio it'has undergone
certain tyhqinical changes, and not as is
tit? c**e,tip vl>P OT. ?T
^nnv.tUodisiillery, , 'j Ipyr, iypiqopse com- ,
pIcX. con vocli ng f orgn ns an list har e sumetiling
oIsq to hmploy them, besides roooivi
ing sninc thirty or. forty gallons, of. slush ,
pcrtfajr, which contain* but n ?in;dl quarts i
tityvnf Vegetable master in tliuifortn of
Ar'on dfi^eminnted through it.):. To fuiiil
the obviblis 'design of nature, t lu;y must ,
have rood* whSijh 'fcqtfires1 ma*ti*ation.
Without the' bo^r'br ritmihafioni or in
familiar phrase. vVilhput'h tft'l, rh??y w'rfl
Ungui.V?lU 'Kit". M tf'liWtf'MW"
littlo i* n<>t: cnn^h.' yf-hey rated' haVp ,
alni fouil ?o .jiulRc^n^ q^Vntity lo fill
their tUomncIt*. ,Xhp co^v tliot is ft.d <>u ,
<1i?tillory.8li?|>, 40 far ns wo knoty, uscyt
but nna of hor fig*! ?!om tc|)p; all t l?n ro?>t
aro idle ; of cmirm*, tlioro utmi. follow
grte'ui ftincttomil derangement* And when
thia'kiftd of diet in received into j^li? tyj<
tem, it is rapidly eicked ?p by Ine thous.
and absortmnt VcJrtdla, and thro wo into
kite hh?od ; and IwlVijrd itbecmrtcs nniumh
i*ed, probably in 'the coursh of'ten inin.
nil1* it begme'tn fib titVaindd ihtongh the
organ* ,"f I lie udder, in the form of n blue,
qraiery,.insipid mtcjftiipn, called tii'lk.
Haw very {{liferent is the process of
forming milk out of aolLl food! By the
complicated Q|>p?ratus already described,
the food tinUprgoe* various mod ficuttons
iiikI cbnngei. First, it is partially chuw
cd and mixsd with<4lio> saliva; it then
descend* into Hie riimon, where it grad.
uilly traverses it* irirriuur c?im|KiMmen(i4
kind' is probably mtained'several bourse
unfit it is thoroughly macerated ; next it
passes into trtis reticulum in strlaHportion*,
and thorn lining softened and covered
With mucus, by a hind of anti^iMiUutrjd
notion it is thrown into the mouth'.?
nDfjl.!!. ! f compound inolion of1 thin
lower ji?w? h,nlf internal and half vortical,*'
leisurely repented fruin .thirty to forty
lune*,.on each end or. pellot, the second
process of inastioation is completed ; and
(wing seduced to a proper cons.stance, it
t* again swallowed* and glides directly
into the ontnHtim, where it sustains some
changes "not'well understood,* It next
passe* into the nliomnsuin, or last atom
aen, whore 'it is mixed with certain fin- |
ids equivalent to the gastric juice in the
hitman stomach, and thus is Converted
into a soft pulpy mass called chyme, from
which the suiiili vessels of n portion of
the digestivo tube, still lower down, call.
tod lacteal*, by a peculiar power which
may, he denominated vital chumistry,
Manufacture that bland fluid,chyle, which
contains in itself all the ultimate elements
of animal Itodics. This, then, ia an ela-'
boraled animalixcd product, containing
nn aliunde nee-of oxygen and carbon, with!
acme nitrogen, and titled for conversion
intoalbumen', gitalin, Ahrirt, nt any of the ,
jifroxIWta, ote jtWittn of an imah l>oHics.
The hloiifi formed from it id cbhsequohtly
$cp fy al/jtlio elements which Rfcc frquir.
iy.?Vi|?|?!y the waste/and hjjild up the
KnfWya.tj^pQ^ ut the system. Of Course,
frvm( it i^higUty, ani.
maliavd, nod tl
??i<ljfe frpuv ||?R I
moio o(T, /wj
V4?cl?dHl?nM*?||?fMr?iiMMi|?rni '! ,
%M?*v wfcsm ftfc* Miiwtal!
1V/ ?.: i
; 'I^KikVltrtw'icH; prr.lmhl*IM
tK,J If IWV
icry little i.c W appro.
pci*ln: ?a*i?rvfcr make Urn* of. It.u
(mourn lh?* the food of animals must
KiNwrily (ffliniint of ono of |hp ibruu
grunt gtaminal principle*?a saccharine,
ft* pi/y, or eiialumtnoxu principle. /Thus
ind h?rbio?oua matters, on
whifch tdmtowirtta feed, contain two of
these* vtsrt the saccharine nnd the glutinous,
which is n modification of the nihil. I
inlhoua, white every part of an atmnnl
contains atbuincn ami oil. But flow
much saccharine matter can it be supposed
in left in the slop of tho distillery
or in brewers grainr, after, by tho pro.
cvss of fermentation, all tho alcohol that
can ho obtained is extracted from it ??
Spirit, or alcohol, is the direct produet.of
the saccharine portion of the grainil ;
nnd ns it is r >puffy developed by termer)*
tation, it is hardly probable that any re.
mniiiM Imhirxi unrlnnumimuul. A* alnlnn
? ' insoluhio in water, and doos not so
readily ferment as the saccharine principle,
il is probable that brewers' grains
contain a considerable quantity of it.
ttidced it inay bo aaid to contain the only
nutritious principle thut Can be obtained
from them. It is fully established by the
experiments of Majcndie and other physiologists,
that a diet, to be complete, must
contain mora or less of these three stuinin-.
al principles. Such at least must ho tlio
diot of man,. , Although aniinuls may
form a chyle, and even live a while on
otioof tti?-0o ctnses of nlimuntn, vet it is
impossible that they can do so for a great
length of time. No proper chyle can be
obtained from '.he digestion of such food ;
consequently no healthy blood can Ik?
formed, and none of the secretions be
healthy, T.iis, then, is another importaal
reason why tlio health of cows can.
not he maintained on distillery.slop and
suuil ir kinds of food.
Healthy chylo is so similar in its pro.
parties to blond, that it has been called /*.
quid blood ; and Vauqitcliii, a celebruled
ehoni:?f,'kv?ii regards it as Jibrin in nn
imperfect stater Hat when the food, as
is the case with distillery-slop, In of such
a nnturc- that proper chyle* cannot lie
fliflMml frmn 11. IVH IVmllrl nnt?tr*ill?r
? V -'? -
pbct, when used and taken tip by tliii nh.
sorberitiq'tlvit tho entire system w'otild bo
tilled wiih tho watery and innutritions fluid,
ami suuh, us will subsequently appear,
if the .actual condition of aniinnhr so fed.)
Such food contain* no curbon, which con- .
stitutc* the grcator proportion of fibrin, I
or muscular tibro ; of course n> fibre or
flesh can ba formed, for the very,good
reason that there is nothing prosoirt to
furnish tho materials essential to itefortnfttioiv.
lit view of these facts, though
uninstructcd hy experience, as to tho ne(Ufil
rcsnltrq wo might c onfidently anticipate
tho deleterious effects which are
known to take place, and intist Aver he
consequent upon the use of unwholesome
ami iiisuiliciout fond.
But thcronro Other conditions which
arc'essontiulto the health of these Quil?a|*,
which may be concisely policed.
Frrst, Pure air is indispensably necessary.
Any other conclusion than this,
would ho as contrary to tho known laws
of life and health, as to tho common sense
of mankind. The effects of living in foul
air, nr* manifested hy tho debility which
ensues-r-impairrd digestion, depression of
the vital functions, and oftentimes the
generation nt diseases of the most mnlig.
l--.-1 _l . K.T . I
Iinm Kill' IHIIII Uliur>tcicr? OOW HS air IS
rendered impure by every thing which impedes
its circulation, .but especially by
the breath and perspiration of ttnininU
crowded together in small nnd close up.
partmcnts ; tho presence of cxcienionts
and stench, nnd putrifving animal and
vegetable matter, which, even with the
strictest regard to cleanliness, unuvoiJ.
ably ncciimutnlos by immuring tlicm in
confined stables, such u condition, in the
nbsonco. of all other prejudicial causes,
cannot fail to prove destructive to Uenilli
and lifo. i
Second, Exercise, It is ns evidently
the design of nature that cattle should
enjoy that bodily activity which is produced
by the natural action of their own
limbs, in ihoving from place to place for
tho means of subsistence, as it is that vegetables
should lio left undisturbed in the
scpl frpm which they imbibe their nourishincnt.
Cattlo were necessarily endu
ed wild powers of locomotion in order to
Keek their own subsistence ; and it in
self-evident that llicy cannot bo condemned
:<o n torpid vegetable condition with
impunity*. .in. . . 1
Nature, over unerring in her instincts,
prompts the bounding frolics of ynnng
arfimaiw; ok woll at* the more clumsy gum- 1
bole of the old. "Then* must," remarks
Addison, ?<be frequent motions, agitatidls,
to mix, digest, and separate the
'contained (jiti the body, as well as
MW'.tt;ll.,.n#l!*i,,u,lu ol
Wi*vt
.*??? MJfMt U tnore
firrr* utul b.stfHg^P, E*,cr?i* fcnno.il?
tlio limnorH, Oflrtt* U?om irU> Uiu.r pfflp*r
cii-ninoU, lUrotflpp oif winntlunoo*, mfd
ln:l|?i nature in (ftftMrrtiirci (halnbufcioWN!
t I
without whftrh tho body cnVtnot oiiTwtist rn ?
vigor." And in ordor to this healthy tttfi a
Hon or tha. vital function, it is dot ttufflh ?k
' . , , ' ... t;T
Clone that exercise Im taken occasionally
and at long intervals, but,when the sen sou *'
permits, it should l/o taken daily. Com, J*'
tnon souse and observation, independent j
of physiological knowledge, might lead
ua to the conclusion, that any other, man- j*
I ngemont of cattle than that here suggest- e
od, must toad to the derangement of n
health, and fatal diseases.?Hartley's p
Essay on Milk. w
CVLTUKH OF COTTO.V. S
There are tnany around us who think "i
tho surface-culture of cotlun, or of crops, a v.'
new-fangled notion, and scout at the idea. 11
All .....,,^....1.?._uII t ni
r??? v?iwi?mviiiiiauiiv r?i? go (iiilinilUU ^
and customs are received in this very ^
way. There are others whb think it has ni
done and will do for the north, but will
not in tho south. I will state one cir- Q(
cumstance, and close by citing one fact. ^
In 1633, I think, I planted in the same nt
field, about twenty ncrcs of cotton, as usu- g(
al barred ofif and scraped. Tiio suh.se- In
qucnt culture was cntiroly witli the hoc tv
and sweep, tho latter merely shaved the tt
surface, probably to the depth of one hi
half to one inch; also throe acres, and c'
cultivated us was customary; plowing ul
three times and hoeing. There was but *r
a path of eighteen to twenty-four inches jjj
dividing. Land as near similar as could w
he, only tho first pieco had been cleared
five years, and the second pieco only two ^
years; therefore, the latter'should have
resisted the drought best. Mr. Wdliam v,
Montgomery, my neighbor, n practical (j,
fanner of some thirty years' standing, n|
ridiculed my notion, as I had been hut it
recently from school. I to?k him into 01
tho field to look at it. Ho admitted that 3.
the unploughcd land was the host crop, 0.
and had sustained itself the best through
the season, but could not uccouul for it.
Now every gardener knows the I act, thai m
liis garden returns him a greater income
than nny-other spot ho can cultivate, j7'
Tho plough never enters, nor is tho earth '
disturbed two inches froin March till July. c|
He tultivatos tho surface entire, h iving ...
, - III
previously Hpnricd deep antl nnnurerf t|,
well; Then, if this he so in relation to la
raising vegetables t,f tike tap root ahd ho. a<
rizoiit.iT root families in tho garden, may til
it.mil be wojl to try it clsowheic, oapeci- la
ally us .luorp Jand urni be cultivated and of
kept cleaner ?? Western,Farmer. .lii
_____ p
From ShtcHtir'* Hua'jandry. .'
LI ii c. /
There i*perhaps no country in Kurope, ^
where calcined lime is used to so great an t'n
extent, find in such quantities. a* in the '
more improved nnd improving districts of
Scotland. Thin may lio partly owing to
thn total absence of chalk, which tt>
abound:* in ?o many parts of England.
and which renders calcined lime loss ne- ^
cessury there ; hut it j*'principally to ho .
attributed to the groat benefit that has
been deiived from its use. In bringing; j"
i in new or mai.lon soils, the uso of liinu is' .
Ibund to l>o ?o essential, that little gr>od '
could be done without it. Its fi at application,
in particular, gives a degree of ^
permanent fertility to the soil, which can J
be imparted by no other manure. Its of.
I fccts, indeed, ere hardly to ho credited,,
hut their correctness cannot be disputed.
Maiden soils, in Lnmmcrmuir, of a tolcrn. w
ble quality, will, with the force of sheeps?
dung, or other nntinal manures, produce a
middling crop of oats, or ryo ; but the 0
richest unimnl dung does not enable then*
to bring nny other grain to maturity.--* ai
Pens, barley, or wheat, will sot out with c<
every appourwnco of miicccsh ; but when ^
the pens urif in bloom, nnd the other grains
arc putting forth tboenr, they proceed no .
fnrthar, and dwindlo sway in fruitless
abortion.* The same soils, after getting
a sufficient quantity of lime, will producu M
every species of grain, and in good sea. j?'
sons bring them to maturity, in nil future '
times, always supposing the ground to he
under proper culturo, nnd the climate ^
adapted to tho crop.- This fact proves,
that oats and rye require less calcareous w
matter than what is necessary fur othor '*
grains}' that lime nets as an allcrativo, as "j
well as an active medicino, and that the V
defects in tho constitution of the soil are '
I curo.l, even after tho stimulant and ferti. 1
lizing e flee Is of the limo have long ceased U:
| to operate. Lime is also peculiarly bene- 111
ficial in improving muirish soils, by making w
them produce good herbage, whero 01
nothing but hoatli nnd other unpalatable *
grasses grew formerly. The expenso of
thiw article in Aborducnshiro is stated to M
be enormous, very little of it being pro. '
ducsd in that country; yet lime is thcro J"*'
considered to bo absolutely necessary,
and, indeed, the foundation of all suiislnn. IH
tial improvements.f It is supposed, how .
f Marl, although containing calcareous matter, '*
is not so Q&'ectivo. It will produco oats, barley, ..
atid early peas in abunduuee, and in somo aitua. 1
| tious will also produce wheat, when the season in
I favorable ; but wheat crops cannot ho depended
I upon from joarl alouq. ..
t Communication from Mr. Barclay, Mill of
Knockloith. It is observed, that lime has some. 01
times been withheld both from low lands after V1
fallow, and from hilly lands after turnips; but in
jail th^ee eases, with an evident loss to the oecu. ?
pant, by^a decrease of produce throughout the
whole course. "
f . -U . ;. * , H . I r mi
rirr, not'tn Iki an n?eful on tfmwotl-shore
R in the inoro inland disti'.cts, from th
rril lining perhaps mixed with liea?slroTls
Tho importance of litno ?a a manurei
Irikingly exemplified'by the follbwingffi
irmntion from Mr. Walker of Mdlen
enn: Ho entered into the possession o
lilt farm twenty .five years ago, and thei
avc tho whole farm, (with the oxceptiai
f a f?w acres of the richest soil in differ
rtt fi<*id*, which had for ago* boon ma
ure<l at infield.) a gowi dose of litne ?
rom the newly-limed land, liia rcturOi
cro fully oquaj to his expectation*, ant
really superior to those from the riches
iota that hud received no lime. Boinj
nry desirous to ascertain how long tht
mod land would maintain its superiority
o kept both the limed and unlimsd undei
le same mnnngement in every respect
uring hi* first lease of twenty.one yours;
ud ho can affirm, that at the end of thnl
sriod, his crops upon the limod land were
)unlly good, and as much superior tc
lose of tho unliincd lond, as they were
t the commencement thereof. Having
ot a new lease of that farm, he proposes
ying lime upon every spot of ground thai
as not limod formerly, being convinced
tat ho has been a considerable loser by
is experiment. I low long therefore (he
Tocts of lime may last, he will not lake
pon himself to foresee ; but he can safely
iy? (hat there is land upon his brother*!
ropcrty at Wooden, that was liincd by
is father upwards of thirty yonrs ago,
here the e fleets of the lime, upon every
rop, i.re still as apparent as when it was
rst laid on the land.
It is proposed, in discussing this subject,
>ry shortly to explain (lie following par.
rulnrs: 1. Tho soils to which lunn i>
plicablc ; 2. The distance from which
has been carried; 3. Tlio quantity
tod ; 4. The best inodo of slacking ;
, The common modes of application;
i Tho plan of top dressing the surface;
, Tho price; 8. The use of pounded
mcstone; and, 0. The causes which
ay occasion its failure.
1. This manure is certainly well cnlilaled
for clay lands. Some recommend
ying on a certain quantity of it, to the
uoiitit of'20 UolU ol shells, or 1*20 hushs
to Hie Scotch, or 00 to the Knglisli
ire, and as hot as possible, every lime
o land is fallowed. This plan, howovcr,
-objected to from respectable authority ;
id it< is eaiilended, that no sinull u qtian
ly qI lime shells is quite unlit for alimu.
ting any kind of soil, except where it is
a dry mufrish nature, and not .formerly
ncd. To lime land every time it is in
How, seems unnecessary, inore especial,
if a sutRaient quantity wore applied
(he lirst instance.;? From 00 to 70
irley bolls per Scotch acre, or from 390
420 bushels per Scotch, that is, from
i6 to .'jirfl bushels per English acre, are
mntilics frequently givon in Kant Lolliii.
in regard to loams, if they uro in
iod condition, ami in good heart, pcrips
liming once in the course of two ro.
tiond will be sutficicnl It is a rule,
rwever, in regard to the .application oi
ne, and other calcareous manures, that
icy should only he upplied to land in a
y state, and well drained.
2. It is astonishing tho distnnco from
hich lime is carried in some onrts oi
collund. Mr. Uluckie, of llolydcnn, in
nxhiirghshro, drives it twenty.two miles,
id the carriage, when hired, is 75. Gel.
:r hull of shells. In the parish of Moffat,
here of late considerable improvements
ivu been carried on, and corn, turnips,
id clover, raised in great perfection, 1001)
el above the level of the sua, tho lnno is
irriej from Douglas, at twenty-seven
:id thuty miles distance. It is sometimes
irriud on thu borders, hut in no grcnt
lantity, about thirty, or even Ihirty-iwe
nlos ,|| and in Aberdeenshire, it is driven
nit di^tHiico inland, after being imported
otn Sunderland.
3. The quantity used varied much. It
evident that strong deep soils require n
reutcr quantity than those which arc
glit and shallow. Baron Hepburn is ol
jjiiion, that it should be npplted frequent.
r, nnd in small quantities at a time, esjcially
on gravolly bottomed loams,
hicti aro apt to become too open and
inhio by an over dose of limo ; by follow,
ig this practice, he finds Ins crops wonjrfully
improved, both in regard to quan.
ty mid quality. Mr. Robertson of La
ykirk stales, that bo had never seen hint
*ud in too great a quantity, if the land
i judiciously cropped ; if otherwise, it
ill ultimately hurt thu soil. Ho has laic
a no less n quantity than 100 bolls ol
tells, 4 Winchester bushels each, pet
inglish aero, mid frequently with muuil
iccesn. On dry fresh land n leas quanti
r will do. Mr. Illuckin of Holydoar
nnsidcr* sixteen holla of shells, en sucl
ind, a auflicienl dressing. Dr. Coventry
i of opinion, that in general, about 0 torn
funslackcd or newly.burnt lime, of nine
t or ninety.live per cent, of purity, inaj
0 sufficient lor tho statute acres of hint
tnl bus never boon limed ; hut if lh<
mo he impure, a greater propurt on wil
t Mr. John Shirreflf remarks, that to specify i
nantity for all lurids is impossible, so much dc
suds upon the depth and qualit y of the soil; ale
1 the quantity of culcareoufl matter, either |>r<
musty applied or originally in tho soil.
f) Communication from George Patcreon, Eer
' Castlo-lluntly.
U Communia ition from Mr. Walker of Mellcr
IMIV * ' * i
i " i - a * titfft t ir ' !'.* r?
U ho requisite. Several intelU^fehtTeribere
e ?fd o? opinion, that net less than WorJO
. bolls of time ahoMs per acre, should !)# laid
s on a strong clay soil, and that thiaquan
tity, arith judioious croppiog, will be sufli
eicnt for a lease of nineteen or tvaentyI
ono years. ? : w ?
i Thn information transmitted to iMbv
1 Mr. Wnlkor of Mellendoan upon thissub
jflct, is of poculinr importance, aa he .has
limed perhaps more land than any>ind?.
vidual in the whole island, and to the
s com ao of thirty years has tried various exI
perimenls in regard to tho quantity that
t should he applied per acre. On nowly
' broken.ttp land from old turf, he hag laid
5 on from 20 and 20 to 40 and 45 boils of
. shells, of 4 Winchester bushels each, per
r English acre. On light and thin (out.
Held) soils, the crop on that part of the
I field that* was limed at the rate of 20 and
I 25 bolls per acre, was as rough, and ap?
> pcarcd equally good, with the crop on tho
? land that had reccivod 40 bolls per acre;
i but when it came to be thrashed out, the
! groin was found very inferior in qunnti*
> tv. and still more so in aunlitv. Unon
?r ' % *7 "* " 1 " I
1 clay Reilat the effects of the lime* where
I n smalt quantity was laid, were hardly
' discernible ; while that part of Iho held
i that received 40 and 45 bolls produced nn
> abundant crop. Finding the produce of
' Iho land that was limed with a small quani
tity so very inferior, ho laid on, (when
' the land came to be rcJallowed). 20 or 25
. bolls more, the effects of which were nov.
' cr perceptible. Ho is therefore decidedly
i of opinion, that every kind of soil should
have a good doso at onco, in which case
i lie considers no repetition to be necessary
' for a long time after; but if repeated at
> all, the second liming should be consider*
> ably greater than tho first, which seems
! to bo tho general opinion of tho Scotch
farmers. As to repeated liming in small
r quantities Mr. Walker it} convinced, that
whatever is laid out in that way, after tho
I first doso, is so much money thrown
i away. He can givo no slrungor proof,
of his conviction in that respect, than his
practice upon the farm of Rutherford.?
i He entered to that farm in Juqts 1803.
and since that tiine hns gono over rigid
hundred and fifty acres; and though a
gront part of it consists of a light dry soil,
and the lime has to bo carried twenty-four
or twenty-five miles, consequently at a
j?reat expense, yet on no part of the farm
has ho luid less than 40 hulls of shells, or
210 Winchester bushels per English acre,
and on many places fully 50 bolls. Nothing,
in hi* opinion, assimilates tho pro.
duce of outfield, to that of infield land so
much, ns a good dose of lime laid on at
onco. The conscqucncq of this Hming
has been, tho most prnductivo crops, of
every description, to bo seen in all that
neighborhood.
Mr. Aitchison, of Clement's Welts, also
lias found that lime answers every purposo
he could wish, in promoting the improvement
ot his estate in Peebles shire,
where the climate is cold and moist. He
began to i.-nprove that property in 1800,
i :_ /\ .i i *o* i I? i 1 i.i-i ? i*
nun in ucuuur, ion, lit: iiiiu lam oil u,
10,380 bolls, or 62,310 Winchester husheld.
Hid ridget nre 18 feet broad ; and
according to (he quantity ho wishes to
put on per acre, his overseer has tiio following
table to conduct the operation.
If it is proposed to lay on 25 bolls per
ncro, betwixt each heap, of ono tir.
lot each, thero ought to be a distance
of 30i foot.
1 If 33 bolls, .... . 24*
35 do. .... .22
40 do 10
' 45 do 17
And in the same proportion ns high ns
1 50 bolls. He never puts on less than 25
bolls, or 150 bushels of shells, per Scotch,
1 (130 bushels per English ncro,) nod on
heavy land ho has gone the length of 70
1 bolls. Tho day the lime conies the
Held, a man follows the carts, and covers
1 it up immediately with eurth, by which,
I generally in a few days, it is reduced to
\1 powder. When in that state, it is spread
on the land. After trying several other
' j methods, this was found to he the best.?
j The improvement effected by lime on
1 I that property has beon very greut.
' 4. The slacking of lime completely is
* a most important operation. The common
mode is, to lay it in heaps from tho kiln
' upon the ground intended to bo liincd;
' but this, although tho most expeditious, is
1 1--- iL. A - I
wy no mcnna 1110 most auvn niagcous me.
' thod. In the first place, if the lime is nut
1 all of the same quality, (which is seldom
' tho case,) the best lime commonly dt#1"lven
' first, and the inferior quality continues ;
unslncked; so that it must either be spread '
1 in that stuto, or the good hrno must lie
' allowed to receive too much moisture, or
1 again to re.nbsorb its lixeri air, both of
1 which should lie prevented.. The best
' mode of slacking, is to lay down tho shells
* in o heap near to wntcr, nnd by onco turn.
* ing anil watering the whole mass, it is
f reduced to a conipleto powder; in which
i atato it should ho applied to tho soil, and
L' ploughed in immediately with a shallow
' furrow, when there is no douht but it will
mix more intimately with the soil, than
a by tho formor methml.1T This plan, how.
ever, is attended with an ndditionul ex0
panto of considerable magnitude.
The necessity of slacking calcined lime,
as soon after it is burnt as possible, in ob.
I- vinu*. If any sudden ruin should fall, it
i- f Communication from Mr. Rdinic of t!j.
i UIOMt.
I? Ijw *
after if hnarbeeit wKS^^^^^ySR
?lL it fie* (Uk Oprmfcd mm ikmiSSSOmf
the field, U 0rt4?iw6irwWfB^W#
insoluble* callwk, awdwadyf slehs j?ni?lk
xlnta ?mr yeirn#?fitk?o?t jWi dhrt?iilli?l mm
b?ing .0***100*. I*a*fl(t* IW4I. /M
the course or repented | l iftfr
Patfbrson, of CsfetfeimeM?i
pieces of-herd Im?? come op. mm imiiftthbo .
?s if they..had^eo?pieac*rf??^ilM?ilifc<r
kg. i ;4 -V>1 :?i > .r't
Considering those oircuaietaneds,! kra^
much pleased tor fied, tbst .a jfxts b*4b
boon discovered by Ms. Ned Ktdliogel, *
Pifo, which obviates those <hflMn?a i
His plait is, to. Isydhocsicthedtime nbfa
on any thick head-ridge of ?r?od jHrlkt
within the field where it is to baappU?*t
and tho instant it is so, two mop ore ready,
to innko up a compost of tha liwo sheds
and earth; throe cert-loads of earth (a
ono enrt of shells, raised to s ridgo j**gi
I and narrow, fivo foot high, that rain fear,
not enter it. The moisture in the earfla
slacks or roducoa tho lime k) a powder; it
' swells to n considerable bulk, and then all
cracks und openings are closed with,it*
spado, and a little ninrc oarth put o?r*s the* ,
whole. In this way, ho has had il Ire*.
qucntly mixed up for six mouth*, and isk
ono particular instance .fifteen nraathft.
before it was carted nway* nn.dyet whjen,
carried on to tbo luBd end spread, life!
whole moss put on tho oppoqraiifopfwbij.9,
lime, flying with ih?,.?*-uirf,JWrt/j
from tho kiln, Thi* mode bo means a)*,
ways to follow, being cerlniu of iff a4v*/H *,
tagc. It enn he niixed.ns inUmwtoiywith
tho soil as if new from tho kilo, apd fee ha*
had crop? fmm it, in t.hi%>yny, superior t*,
nn equal quantity of hot iitTw^f h^b iined,
w ithout dung. Tho nnujicutuw common,
ly is to the mummer-fallow : bo has also
applied it to pasture, quite hot, and in
compost as above described, and (bund
both to answer well : hut the time oTap.
plica(ion was July,, ami (ie sopn round,
that it ought to lie ai loast onto ycer dr
moro before tho field was ploughed. ' Vi
Mr. Rutlingal having usetl from 500 fe
100 bolls per annum, for several yeaht, hie
experience may be confidently relied on.'
He remarks, that lime, if exposed to rain,'
or even to frost, and slacked like mot-tar,'
loses luilf its effect ; no caro cau then
mix it intimately with tho soil, lira Igtnlj
is wet, and often when the lithe is driven
unfit (or carting upon tho Afcld, nof dto
I ho ridges prepared for spreading tho tube;
without having fallon upon such a ptnh,
therefore, he could never have used ' Jlmu*
to equal advantage. lie adds, thbt1* htV
intelligent neighbor of his, bring* hi? limo
from tho kiln, lays it in small he* pe, about
a firiot of shells in each heap, or four
heaps per boll, on thd fallow ; cover*
those instantly with earth,- whk?h*ehlCk*
tho lime, and when It is completely no, Ira
spreads it in powder, quito hot, on the fatlows,
and ploughs.it in with a 3light fhr*>
row. *I*his saves labor and cxpens?, We
never uses wator in slacking time, aadlhtf
effects of his practice nro Ccry good1? tfitt
earth, or rather the moisture in it,< alack*
(lie limo most completely,and novate* is
necessary.j i nis is an excellent prac*
ticc, and very common in many conn lies:
and m^ny intelligent farmers prcforitto
the other plah, which they think WOnldbo
attended with too much expense to bo
generally imitated. ' At the some time*
an intimate mixture with the soil is or the
utmost importance in the application of
lime; any plan that contributes to that
object merits attention.
4. Mr. Dudgeon, of I'rirr.roee-HMI, con*
aiders it to be the most ndvswtageoue
mode, of applying lime, to lay it os in t
powdery stnlc, upon ground whew under
siimmer fallow, before tho fallow receives
(ho Inst furrow, nnd then to mix it inti*
mately with the soil, by harrowing before
it is ploughed in. In regard to linking fellows,
Mr. Rennio of Hhantsssie observes,
that it is the most proftlable modn of application,
it it is laid on st e proper arasoio.
lie has been in tho practice, for those ten
yenrs past, of laying lime on his tallows,
from tho 1st of April to the 1st of Octo*
her, nnd alvvnys found, that the'first laid
on produced the host crops, which ha ascribes
to its being more raiwutbly mixed
with tho soil, by/: > tho more numerous
ploughing* and borrowings, and of course
tho fcrmentntion more complete, Ihau
what is laid on late in the season t June
and June and July, therefore, are te be
preferred, so (hat ths-lime may be completely
mixed with the soil before the crop
i %*' t\
* Thin is an important feet, it '^Wig groermlty
supposed that when inserted fc, Uw form of hot
lime, in u stale of perfect powder, its effects em
guatr and mora immediate than an any other
way. Uy Mr. Hjilingars plan, tiio lime Can bo
earricd to (lie tiold in aulumn, or evon in Srinter,
which, though on oid practice, could not to done
with equal safety, as under the proposed system.
t A correspondent contends that Ume ia beat
laid on the land in amsll heaps, and immediately
covered with oarth, which in a damper moist season
slacks or falls it ; but he frequently puts on
water from a water cart, which stacks it directly,
and it is immediately spread in that quiek state,
harrowed, and ploughed in, when it mixes most
intimately with the soil. Lime should be in pons,
di-r, ami the land in a po-.vdcr.liks stntry wime tt?i?
laid on. . > i .*rx *
Obrt I
t w