Farmers' gazette, and Cheraw advertiser. (Cheraw, S.C.) 1839-1843, January 17, 1843, Image 1
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VOLUME VIII. CHER AW, SOUTH-CAROLINA, TUESDAY, JANUARY 17, 1843, NUMBER 10, '
By M. MACLEAN.
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From the Western Farmer and Gardener.
AN ESSAY ON THE IMPORTANCE OF LIME
IN SOILS.?NO. II.
BY BAKU'S LAMIAM, CIVIL ENGINEER.
Hi ving, in the Conner number, attemp.
ted to show that lime is an essential constituent
in all soils devoted to the culti.
vation of such plants as arc used by mm
and beasts for food, in consrjucnce of its
^ entering into the composition of such
plants, and that nil soils destitute of calcareous
matter are comparatively barren
and unproductive ;?I shall,in the present
number, offer some reasons to establish
the fact of the importance of lime in improving
the fertility of soils, linsed upon
A ..I
its chemical and mechanical enecis wnen
present in the soil.
Every soil capable of producing plants,
contains organic substances, cither of vegetable
or animal origin, or both?but
chiefly of vegetable origin. No soil wholly
destitute of organic matter can support
living vegetation.* It is, therefore, evi.
O O '
dent that the presence of organic matter
in the soil is essential to the production
of vegetation. And it is also shown bv
o ?
every day experience, that the constant
growth of plants, without the addition of
organic matter, hy the application of manure,
or other means, will sooner or later
completely exhaust the soil of its power
of sustaining vegetation ; and that by the
addition of organic suhstam-.es to the soil,
This power is again restored, provided ail
Other essential ingredients be present.
Lfntil very recently, the nature and
properties of the organic substances contained
in soils, had received hut little attention
from those engaged in the inCi
o
vestigations of agricultural chemistrv.?
H O ?
Within the last few years, however, the
o?;antlfip rlipmists has been
nUt'llUUll *91 0Vlvi?%?Mw
especially directed to the examination of
the organic substances found in soils, and
to the peculiar states in which they should
exist in the soil, in order that they mav
he appropriated hy the living plant to the
production of a new vegetable organization.
W All organic matters, and especially vegetable
substances, when deprived of vitality,
and exposed to the action of air
and moisture, undergo various chemical
changes, and they arc ultimately converted
into a brownish or black mass, that has
bcon honored with a great variety of
names, but which chemists have now
pretty generally agreed to distinguish hy
the name of humus.
Klaprolh first discovered this substance
in the gum of an elm, and thence gave it
the name of ulmin. Bcrzelius found the
same substance in all barks. Braconnct
found it in saw.dust, starch and sugar ;
and Sprengel and M. Pollydore Boullny
found it contained in all soils and ma?
- t r
nures, and thence called it numus, irom
soil. Berzehus, the celebrated Swedish
chemist, continuing his researches upon
this substance, considered it identical
with npotheme, and abandoned all the
previous names it had received, and call,
cd it geine, (from earth,) or extract of
mould. The insoluble portion of geine he
called carbonaceous humus. In 1832,
Bcrzelius discovered in the waters of Porla
spring in Sweden two peculiar acids,
which he named crenic acid, from the
Greek, lcre.nc a fountain, and apocrcnic
acid, meaning from the crenic ; and upon
further examination he discovered that
the substance which had received the
names of uliuin, humus, geine, apotheine,
extract, &c., was identical with the erenic
and apocrenicacids found in the water
of Porla spring; so that all the former
names may be discarded, retaining only,
for the substance formed by the coinbin.
ution of crenic and apocrenic acids, and
by the decomposition of organic substan*
ces, the generic name of humus. Profes,
sor Hitchcock and Dr. Dana prefer toretain
Berzelius' name of geine. Prof Liebig
and others adopt the name of humus.
Considerable discussion is still going
on, among scientific men, relative to the
natUFe and properties of humus. It is
not surprising that men should difiTer in
* The few cases in which plants have been
forced to vegetate in charcoal, arc not considered
exceptions V) this remark, as they require to be
watered abundantly with rain water, which ten
taint* "rg.tnic matter.
opinion about a substance which, from its
origin,- must necessarily assume, during
the various stages of its formation, differ-1
ent forms and appearances, as well as different
properties ; or that it should have j
received such a variety of names, from :
?
as many different experimenters, who j
were probably describing the same sub- '
stance under as many different forms. i
Hitherto, the organic matters contain- ,
cd in the soil, have been considered by J
writers on agricultural chemistry, as the j
source whence plants chiefly derived their
fond fn n rorr?nt nuhlication on ormin
IWVM* W | O
ic cherpis'ry, IVof. Liebig has controvertcd
this opinion. But his conclusions he.
ing contrary to the experience of practical
agriculturists in all ages, it is difficult
for us to yield our credence to his rca. i
son ing. * ' " JmS
** t
Dr. Samuel L. Dana, of Lowell, Mass.,
whose original and ingenious investiga- !
tions on this substance, bus produced a J
new era in the science of agricultural !
chemistry,defines "geine" to be "all the I
decomposed organic matter of the soil." j
It results chiefly from vegetable decomposition
: animal substances produce a si- J
milar compound, containing azote. Ge- j
ne exists in two states?soluble and in- j
soluble ; soluble both in water and in al- j
kali, in alcohol and in acids : soluble ge- j
inc is the food of plants. Insoluble ge- j
ine becomes food by air and moisture.? 1
Air converts soluble geine into solid geine,
which is still partially soluble in water,
wholly soluble in alkali. Insoluble
geine is the result of the decomposition
of solid geine; hut this insoluble geine,
bv the long.continued action of air and
'
moisture, is again so altered as to hecome
soluble. It is speedily converted,
by the action of lime, into soluble geine.
Soluble geine acts neither as an acid nor
an alkali. It is converted into a substance
Lsr 'nyr\rir>r'if>e htilhp nrtinn nf mi
IlllL lllty Ul<(U in<? wrv vivr?"? ^ ....
alkali, and in this state combines with
earths, alkalies, and oxides, forming neu-,
tral salts, which may he termed geales. ;
These are all more soluble in water than !
solid geino; especially when they are !
first formed. Their solubility in cold |
water is as follows : beginning with the
easiest, magnesia?lime?manganese?
pcr-oxide of iron?alumina?baryta. The
geates of the alkaline earths are decom.
posed by carbonated alkali. The geatcs
of alumina and of metallic oxides, are
soluble in caustic or carbonated alkali j
without decomposition. The grates of j
the alkaline earths, hy the action of the
carbonic acid of the air, become supergeatcs,
always more soluble than neutral ;
salts.
By the action of growing plants upon
silicates contained in the soil, the potash
and other bases are set free, and coinhin- j
ing with geino, renders it soluble and tit 1
for the food of plants. Air and moisture j
are, however, considered hy Dr. Dana as
the principal solvents of gein?, which will j
finally he wholly dissipated in air, leaving
only the inorganic buses of (he plants j
with which it was once combined. The |
action of the oxygen of the air upon gc- j
ine produces volumes of carbonic acid; ;
and likewise the oxygen of the air unites j
" . with
the hydrogen of the geine, and forms j
waler, which in its turn again disolves j
more geine.
I)r. Dana is of opinion that geine is a
definite proximate principle, whose separate,
independent existence, whose properties,
combinations, and uses,are as wHI
establised as any facts in chemistry ; arid
he believes that geine existed before organic
matter; that it was an original
formation, dating its birth from the dawn'
O
ing of time, when oxygen, and hydrogen, '
and carbon were created.
Professor Liebig, in his recent work on i
O *
Organic Chemistry, defines humus to he j
"woody fihie in a state of decay," and i
says : The opinion that the substance
j called humus is extracted from the soil by
j the roots of plants, and that the carbon
I entering into its composition, serves, in j
some form or other,to nourish their tissues, i
is so general,and so firmly established,that |
hitherto any new argument in its favor ;
has been considered unnecessary ; the j
obvious ditferenoe in the growth of plants,
according to the known abundance or j
scarcity of humus in the soil, seemed to j
afford incontestihle proof of its correctnoss.
Yet this position, when submitted !
to strict examination, is found to ho un- |
tenable, and it becomes evident from j
most conclusive proofs that humus in the j
form in which it exists in the soil does
not yield the smallest nourishment to
plants. (Liebig's Organic Chem., p. 61.)
On page 69, Liebig states that " it isuni
! versally admitted that humus arises from
| the decay of plants. No primitive hu- !
i mus, therefore, can have exis'ed, fur plants ,
i must have preceded humus."
The following is Lielug's view of the j
action of humus in the nutrition of plants, j
Humus acts in the same manner in a soil j
permeable to air, as in the air itself: it
is a continued source of carbonic acid,'
which it emits very slowly. An ntmos-1
phere of carbonic acid, formed at the expense
of the o.wgcn of the air, surrounds
* i
every particle of decaying humttft. The
cultivation of land, by tilling and loosening
the soil, causes a free and tt^obstructed
access of air. An atmosphere of
carbonic acid is therefore contained in
every fertile soil, and is the first and
most important food for the young plants
which grow in it. The roots p?:rforrn the
functions of the leaves from the first moment
of their formation ; they extract
from the soil their proper nutriment, viz.
the carbonic atid generated by the humus.
When kept in r dry plaoe, humus may
be preserved for centurion; but when
moistened with water, it converts the surrounding
oxygen into carbonic acid. As
soon as the action of the air ceases, that
is, as soon as it is deprived of oxygen,
the humus suffers no farther change. Its
decay proceeds only when plants grow
in the soil containing it ; for they ab- j
sorb bv their roots the-carbonic acid as it j
is formed. The soil receives again from
living plants the carbonaceous matter it j
thus loses. So that the proportion of I
humus in it does not decrease. (Liebig, 1
p. 19G.)
Dr. Charles 'J1 .Jut kson, in his investigations
connected with tho geological
survey of Rhode Island, has made extensive
and valuable researches and oh- j
scrvations 0:1 the substance of humus ;
and as his labors are of more recent date |
than those of Dana or Lining, and difFer I
front them in some essential particulars, !
I shall quote his views somewhat at large.
Much confusion appears to exist as to
the nature and names of the organic matters
contained in soils, and it is probable
thai in the severs.I stages of decomposition
of different substances, a variety of
changeable comp?unds are produced that
have not yet beem fully examined.
During the last \ear, (1S39,) I have
endeavored to ascertain the nature of the
extractive matters obtainable from the
humus of soils actd from peat, and have
ascertained that the principal mass of
those substances, to which the names of
humus, geino, anil apolhcinc have been
applied, is a compound of the crenic anil
apocrenic acids, which are m part combined
with bases, such as the per-oxido of
iron, manganese, lirno and magnesia.
The soluble extract of humus is mostly
composed of crenic acid, sometimes combined
with lime f.nd per-oxide of iron.
After the discovery of these acids in :
the soils and peats of Maine, Massachu-j
setts, and Rhode Island, I had the curio, j
sity to examine the scils from the continents
of Asia, Africa, and those from the
West Indies, and from the Western states
of this country. In all of them I have
discovered eremites and apocrcnatcs. 1
have also detected the crenic acid in various
waters from lakes, rivers, and wells,so
that there can he 110 doubt of its being
generally present in arubie soils.
Crenate of lime is soluble in water,
and is, without doubt, an active agent in
the nourishment of plants. Apocrenate j
of lime is more difficult of solution, hot {
is slowly taken up and colors the water j
yellow. It is sufficiently soluble to supplv
the rootlets of plants. All the alkalies,
both fixed and volatile, dissolve erenic
and apocrenic acids; ashes, the alkalies,
potash and soda, carbonate of am- j
monia, and even the alkaline earths, ren- j
der the inert cronates, and apocrcnatcs, j
in the soil, soluble and active, while the 1
alkalies and acids neutralize each other,
and render the soil more fertile.
M .ny of the lake waters around Boston
contain the crenic acid, either sepa- (
rate or in combination with linie, manganese,
or iron. It is found in the water
of most of the wells in the city, and I
doubt not is universal.
Any chemist can foresee some of the
consequences that may he deduced from ;
the above data, and that by chemical
means wo can bring some of those new
combinations to bear tipon the art of agriculture.
if the per.oxide of iron in a
soil is really in combination with crenic
and npocrcnic acids, then we can understand
why the land is improved by means
of an application of ashes and lime, which
will dissolve the vegetable acids, and render
thein convertible into food of plants.
Carbonate of ammonia, which is known
as one of the most powerful stimulants, as
it is improperly called, is capable of dissolving
these new acids, and will take
them irom lime, manganese, and magnesia.
. Hence, the value of animal manures,
which generate ammonia, will he
u ndnrstood.f
" *1 1 '? - ' ? ? w/1 irril Inn
Jf'rom an mai nns uccn sum aim
about humus, geine, npothcme, ulrnin, ulmic
ncid, hnrnie acid, crenic and npocrenic
acids, &c., we mav conclude, that all
sosls contain organic matters : and that
D .
that these matters may exist in the soil,
in nil stages of decomposition, from the
fresh and perfect vegetable and animal j
substance*, down to the complete extinction
of all organic structure; nnrl that dur
ing the progress of this process of disorganization,
a part of the organic matters
arc disengaged or set free from their original
combination in the form of gaseous,
f Gcol"ei?jl Kf port '.*1 Rhode
I
saline, an 1 earthy matters, which are left
in a condition to enter into other combinaj
lions, and form new compounds, or be disj
sipatod in tho air, or absorbed and mixed
! with the soil, or they may be taken up by
j the roots of living plants and form a new
vegetable structure,
i When the process of tho disorganization
of organic matter has proceeded to a
certain extent, tho residue of tho mass,
, that has not been dissipated in the form
n ?
i or gas, or separated in the form ot saline
| anil earthy substances, assumes a fixed
I and determinate character, and no further
J decomposition or transformation occurs ;
J and if it bo not exposed to air and moist!
ure, will remain unaltered for ages, until
it is again exposed to the action of air and
moisture, or to the action of the alkalies |
or alknljno earths, it is this substance
whuM Is c tHod humus. Dr. Dana con
sidci'a :f a definite proximate principle,"
and Dr. Jackson has discovered that it
! consists of two new acids. Both, howev|
er, agree that the action of alkalies and
I alkaline earths will render it soluble and
I fit for the food of plants, whether it be
called 44geine," apocrenic and crenio
! acids," or 44 humus." It is therefore of
! hut little importance to the practical fanner
by what name the substance is called,
provided he has a clear conception of the
substance itself, and a knowledge of the
manner of converting it into food for his
plants.
Air and miislurc will convert a portion
of humus into a state in which it is easily
.i'\l it it It* i r\ iir fi f?* r 7 j m o r*rtni'Prf<j
OI/IMVIV ? II *V ?| IVI W/IO f WVU w w
tho remaining portion which is of difficult
.solution, into a soluble state. Alkalies
convert it into a state in which it has acid
properties, and in that state it will readily
combine with earths, alkalies, and oxides,
forming neutral salts, which arc readily
soluble in cold water, and these salts are,
by the action of carbonic acid, rendered
still more soluble. Growing plants acting
upon the silicates contained in the soil,
set free the potash and other bases, which
net upon the humus, and convert it into
food of plants. The oxygen of the air act.
ing upon humus produces carbonic acid,
which forms a large portion of the food of
j plants. And likewise the oxygen of the
nir unites with the hydrogen of the humus
and forms water,which again dissolves
more humus. Ashes, which contain potash
nn 1 li ne, act upon the humus to render
it solubb. Atnmviia, contained in
animal manure and urine, as wed as in
| snow and rain-water, acts upon humus to
| render it soluble. Carbonate of ammonia
his a greater nihility for humus than
I r
j lime, iron, manganese, or magnesia.?
i Gypsum, by being decomposed in the soil,
by the carbonate of ammonia contained
in the rain-water, forms sulphate of am.
monia and carbonate of lime, both of
which act upon the humus of the -soil and ^
i convert it into the food of plants.
I Lime is considered by both Drs. Dana
and Jickson, to he the chief solvent of
! the "geine" of the first, and the "crenie
! and apocrcnie acids" of the latter gentleman.
There are, however, various other
acids existing in a Dec state in the soils,!
which have the effect to arrest the con- j
version of woody fibre into humus, and |
consequently prevents it from becoming
tho food of plants, until lime has been np.
I- 1 a _ ? I * Iw..-a o /?i rl j a rwl n llnti;
Ifj IK'Uirilll^t; lliuoc ai/iuo nuu unv?>
the process of the formation of humus to
proceed. Peat is a remarkable instance
of this kind. The vegetable substances,
by the action of acids, is prevented from
becoming converted into humus, until
neulrali/.ed by lime, and peat then forms
on j of the best compost manures a farm
er can have.
The chief and most important advantages
to be derived by the farmer in the
application of lime to the soil, consist in
applying it in contact with fresh vegetable
and animal substances, either in a cornpost
heap, or by ploughing them into the
soil. By this method we obtain the benelit
of the action of the lime upon the fresh
vegetable fibre, to convert it into a state
of fermentation, in which an abundance
of carbonic ncid is produced, and if animal
manures be used, ammoniac*! gas is
likcwiso formed, both of which will be
absorbed and retained in the soil by the
lune, but which would otherwise escape
info the air and be lost, before the vegetables
intended to be grown upon the land
could bo sufficiently advanced to appropriate
their gases as food. The remaining
portion of the manure and vegetable
fibre would still pass into the state of humus,
and the lime in its form of a carbonale,
will proceed to dissolve the original
A ? - --- 4 I* ~ ^ " ? ?/-? 11 n c
humus contained in mu nu.i, na
that newly formed ; and should any free
acids be present in the soil, which will
frequently he the case when fresh vegetahie
substances are ploughed into the soil,
the lime combines with such acids, and
yields the carbonic acid, to the roots of
plants.
From Miss Leslie's Magazine.
THINGS WORTH KNOWING.?No. 1.
BY MISS LESLIE.
To soften Sponges.?A sponge, when first pur. j
clnscd, is frequently hard, stiff, and gritty. To (
I soften it, and dislodge the particles of sea sand j
j from its crevices, put the sponge into a clean vessel
of water, and boil it about an hour, (or more) I
changing the water twice ; or three times if it is
very gritty; letting the rpongc cool so that you
can squeeze it thoroughly before putting it into the
fresh water. When the epongo has become qt>ite
j pah. m l ?h?rc ir no more appearance oi sand or
grit, squeeze it out, and it will be fit for u?. A
brown sponge, prepared in this way, is quite ai
good as a white one. But you may bleach it bj
adding to the water, when boiling, a few dropa o
oil of vitriol.
After using a sponge, always wash it immediate
ly in clean water; squeeze it out, and let it dry.
Tc clean looking-glasses.?Take a ncwspapci
or a part of one, according to the size of the glass
Fold it small, and dip it into a basin of clean cold
water. When thoroughly wet, squeeze it out in
your hand as you would a sponge, and then rub it
hard all over the face of the glass; taking carc
that it is not so wet as to run down in streams. In
fact, the paper must be only completely moistened
or damped all through. After the glass has been
well rubbed with the wet paper, let it rest a few
.! A J _ ? -? - r J
minutes; ana men go over 11 wan a iresn ary
newspaper (folded small in your hand) till it looks
clear and bright?which it will almost immediately
: and with no farther trouble.
This method (simple as it is) is the best and
most exped:tiotis for cleaning mirrors, and it will
be found so on trial?giving a clearness and polish
that can be produced by no other process. It is
equally convenient, speedy, and effective. The
inside of window panes may be cleaned in this
manner, to look beautifully clear: the windows
being first washed on the outside. Also, the glasses
of spectacles, &.c. The glass globe of an astral
lamp may bo cleaned with newspaper in the above
manner.
Dusting furniture.?If a hand-brush is used
for dusting furniture, it should always be followed
by a dusting cloth. A brush merely disturbs the
dust without taking it up or absorbing it; and is
only useful in dislodging it from crevices. Therefore,
if the dust is not afterwards wiped up in a
cloth (which should be frequently shaken out of
the window) it floats about the room, and settles
again; being only removed from one place to
spread itself on another. A yard of sixpenny calico
will make two small dusters, or one largo one.?
They should be hemmed, that the servants may
not regard them as mere rags, to be torn up, or
thrown away when dirty.
To keep a muff smooth.?Always, after putting
it into its box, take hold of the top or upper end of
the muff, and give it several hard twirls round.
This will smooth the fur, and make all the hairs
lie the same way. Keep in the box, two or three
lumps of gum.camphor, wrapped in paper to retard
evaporation. Camphor is the best preservative
against moths. When you finally put away your
muff in the spring, place about it half a dozen
lumps of fresh camphor, each wrapped in a paper.
Close the lid tightly, and do not open it till the
return of cold weather. To prevent the wadding
of the inside of the muff from falling downwards,
or getting into clods, keep the muff-box always ly.
ing on the side instead of standing it upright.
A black lynx muff is rarely, if ever, attackcc
by moths.
To clean white fur.?Take a sufficient quanti.
ty of dry starch, very finely powdered, and silt il
through a fine sieve into a clean broad tin pan.?
Set the pan near enough to the fire for the pow.
dered starch to get very warm, stirring it frequent,
ly. Then roll and tumble about the white fur
article among the starch, till it is well saturated.
Shut it up closely in a bandbox, and let it remain
unopened for a week or two.
When you put away white fur in the spring,
proceed as above, (using a large quantity of the
pulverized starch,) and put into the box 6ome
I lumps of camphor tied up in papers. Keep the
box closely shut, and do not open it to look at the
I fur till the beginning of next winter. It will then
be found a good clean white.
Presidential Nomination.?The following Preamble
and Resolutions, offered in the House of
Representatives of our Legislature, by Col. Albert
Rhett, were unanimously agreed to by both
branches:
" The people of South Carolina have witnessed
vvit/i nign graiincaiton, mo growing umpusuiuu
of the Democratic Party throughout the Union,
to call their eminent citizen, John C. Calhoun, to
the highest office in the gift of the American People.
They have been heretofore restrained from
proposing him as a candidate for this distinction,
by high considerations of delicacy, and by the
confident belief that, in spite of temporary misconceptions,
his worth and services would ultimately
enforce from his whole country a just appreciation
and candid recognition. But they are of opinion
the time has now arrived, when justice to them,
selves and to one who has served thrm so faithfully,
demands that they should put forth to the world,
an expression of their unlimited confidence in his
abilities and integrity, and preference of him over
all other men, for the office of Chief Magistrate of
the Union.
" The approaching election for President is one
of momentous importance to the great cause of
Constitutional Liberty, to which this State has
long been conspicuously pledged. Our people are
profoundly solicitous, ns to the result, and believe
that it vitally involves their interests and dearest
rights; and this Legislature would shrink from an
obvious and imperative duty, and be guilty of disappointing
and misrepresenting their constituents,
did it adjourn without giving direct and solemn
expression to the unanimous wish of the people of
South Carolina.
44 They look forward with sanguine expectation
to the triumph of the Democratic Parlv, but they
believe it as essential to the ensuring as it is to the
value of such a triumph, that the Candidate of
the party should be clearly identified with the
principles to which they stand so directly pledged,
and should, if elected, rest his administration of
' " ? ? the Krmrl hasis of 44 Free
IDC UOVCriiiuciii upv?<i ? _
Trade, Low Dudes, No Debt, 1V0 Connection
with Banks, Economy, Retrenchment, and a strict
adherence to the Constitution."
"Should a National Convention, so timed and
so organized as to ensure that the matured opinion
of the Democracy of the Union shall be clearly ascertained
and fairly expressed, bestow their preference
on any other member of the Democratic par.
ty, as a Candidate, than him who is the pre-eminent
! choice of the people of this State, South Carolina
i 1 will be permitted to submit ber wishes to the gene*
ral good, and render to tbe Candidate selected, her
f cordial support.
f | " Be it therefore unanimously Retolted, by thr
I Senate and Ilouee of Representative* in Gemeri
. Auembly met, That, in coosidcretioo of tbe Ion
; and faithful services, the unsullied private bono:
the political integrity, distinguished abilities, feaf
.! less virtue, and sound Constitutional principles *
I their fcllow-bitizen, John Caldwexa Calhoun
i they do hereby nominate and recommend him U
. the American people for election to tbs office o4
i President of tbe United States."
Our Ruined City and Country.?There i?
scarcely another instance on record of a city barj
ing increased ao rapidly in population, and for io
long a period, as has the the city of .New York*?
The ratio of increase it much larger than in the
country at large, as will appear from the following
statement:?
porcLATiox or
New York. United Stater.
In 1800 60,439 la 1800 5,305,925
1810 96,373 1810 7,239,814
1820 123,706 1820 9,638,131
1830 203,207 1830 12.866,920
1840 3J 2,710 1840 17,062,566
The average rate of increase in the city of
New York, is a trifle ever over 51 per cent, for
every period of ten years since 1800, while that
of the country at large is a little short of 34 per
cent.
The city has increased in a much greater ratio
since 1820, than it had done previously. It will
be found on trial, that for each of the two periods
subsequent to that date, its increase has been at
the rate of 62 per cent., while in the United
States, for the same time, the increase has been at
the rate of only 33 per cent, for each period.
Should the city continuo to increaae at the rata
of 51 per cent., for every period of ten years during
the remainder of the 19th century, its popular
tion, on the return of each decade, would be as
follows:
In 1850 472,192 ;
1860 713,009
1870 1,073,643 *
1880 1,625,730
1890 2,454,852
1900 3,706^06 *
tit 1 J <1 Tf *1- J Hi _ a . - i ?
anouia inc unuca rsuies increase, in future,
in the rate that they have fo(leT7cd since 1800,
they will have attained a population of at least
52,000,000 in 1880, and of 92,000,000 in 1900.
We do not say that so vast an increase is to bo
, expected, or desired. But iW?^j}ove are the nam.
bers which would result from a raTlb^fin crease
like that of the past. What is to becomcH^his
immense population ? Is it to enjoy, as now, tWv ts.
I blessings of freedom, moral and religious, or is it to ^*1
fall under the dominion of a tyrant ? Is it to bo
one united people, or split up into several independent
and conflicting nations 7 Is Popery to
predominate here, or is the Bible 7?-V. Y. Jour.
of Coin.
A Powerful Microscope.?A new misano.
scope was recently exhibited in London, the pow.
crs of which arc said to surpass all previous instruments.
It consists of six powers. The second
magnifies the wings of the locust to twenty^even
fect in length. The fourth, the Jting of the bee to
twenty-seven feet. By the sixth, ebch lens in the
eye of the fly is so magnified, that it appears to be
fourteen inches in diameter; and a human hair,
eighteen inches in diameter, or four fect in circum.
fcrence.
Boston and Cincinnati.?A Cincinnati paper
. siys: When the Sandusky rail road is finished,
i Cincinnati will be within 3 day* of Boeton. From
Cincinnati to the Lake, the distance may be accomplishcd
easily in sixteen hours; a magnificent
olasm drill tlion pn/*n i vn ilia ni senn Itrif OH/)
J nitOUl jJUVy tvv. I> TT 111 iflVI! IVVVtTV ?IIV |l ?ma
i transport them to Buffalo in twenty bourn; and
; from Buffalo to Boston thoy will go by rail road,
say in thirty.four hours; the whole ductance from
1 Cincinnati to Boston requiring only seventy hours.
Does this prediction startle any one ? In a few
; years it will para into liistory, and be regarded as a
very common place fact.
The Deeds or Abolition.?The persons who
are called a Vigilance Committee of the Aboli;
tionists at Albany, have published a full report of
their doings in relation to slaves during the pest
year. Tncy state that they have aided about
!. three hundred and fifty runaway negroes since the
opening of navigation last spring, Of these fugi.
1 lives, about one hundred and fifty were men, one
hundred and fifty women, and fifty children.?
Most of them came from Virginia, Maryland, and
j the District of Columbia, and nearly or quite e
| hundred from Washington and Georgetown.?
These fugitives have gone chiefly to Canada, and
the sum of five hundred dollars has been expend,
cd for their board, passage, and other expenses.?
.V. Y. Evening Poet.
We have only to say, if the " Vigilance Com.
mittce" of the Abolitionists have made the avow,
al ascribed 'to them in the Poet, that they ought
forthwith to be indicted, tried and punished, for a
direct violation of the law of the State of New
; York, of the laws of Congress under the Constitu.
1 tion of the United Sratee. They arc guilty of a
i high crime by their own showing, and every owner
of a slave who can identify him as one of the
-? j t u:. i J- ?.:.i i
j runaways inus rescueu irom ma nanus, ? wuucu
to receive the full value of hit property and ex?
| cmplary damages for the high-handed met of die.
jwsscssion. If any of these owners can identify
j their slaves thus spirited away from them, and can
i bring the act home upon these " vigilant" violators
j of their rights?a suit in the United States Court
would very readily reach them, and make them
settle their " philanthropy" throngh their pockets.
It is the grossest outrage that wo have ever yet
seen acknowledged voluntarily by the perpetra.
tors.?N. Y. Courier and Enquirer.
I 4
Hard Times.?The Galona Gazette Hooka that
it is a great mistake for the merchants to ery oqt
aboot hard times. They can sit by their slot*