fi
r^flE
an
VOLUME VIII.
Bf "M. MACLEAN.
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dggjigcpiyjfegiyigdiipw
wmm a.'.i.'ti.Ii m .7- r n; ...;: . . ,^.'.isar
From the Weotern Farmer end Gardener.
AX CUAT OX THK IMPORTAXCK OF LIMU
IN SOILS.? NO. II.
ST DAnn'P LUTIAM, CIVJL ENGINEER.
H iving, in tho flJrmer number, at torn p.
tad In show that litnc is an essential constituent
in nil soils devoted to the cultivation
of such plants as are used by m in
and lieaats fur food, in congruence of its
entering into the composition of such
plants, and that all sails destitute of calcareous
matter nro comparatively harron
and unproductive ;?I shall,in the present
number, offer some reasons to establish
the fact of tho importance of lime in improving
tho fertility of soils, based upon
Is chemical and mechanical effects whon
(H-csent in the soil.
Every soil capable of producing plants,
contains organic substances, either of vcgo
table or animal origin, or belli?'*but
chiefly of vegetable origin. .No soil wholly
destitute of organic matter can support
living vegetation.* It is, therefore, evi
ueni mm me presence 01 organic mailer
ill tiio soil is essential to the-production
?f vegetation. An^l it is also shown by
very dny experience, that the constant
growth of plntifs, wit limit flit* addition of
organic matter, by the application of inn.
nure, or other moans, will sooner or later
completely exhaust the suit of its power
of sustaining-vegetal ion $ and that by the
addition of organic substances to the soil,
this power is again restored, provided all
other essential ingredients l<c present.
Until very recently, the nature nnd
properties of the organic substances con.
tained in soils, had received hut little at.
tcntion from those engaged in the investigations
of agricultural chemistry.?
Within the last few years, however, the
attention of scientific chemists has been
especially directed to the examination of
the organic substance* found in soils, nnd
totho peculiar states in which they should
.exist in the soil, in order that tlioy may
he appropriated l?y the living plant to the
production of u new vegetable organization.
All organic matters and especially ve.
getnhle substances when deprived of vitality,
and exposed to the action of air
dnd moisture, undergo various chemical
changes und they arc ultimately converted
into a brownish or black mass, that has
been honored with a great variety of
names hut which chemist* have now
pretty generally Rgrced to distinguish by
the nntne of humus.
Khiproth first discovered this sulmttinr.c
iti the gurn of an elm, and thence guvo it
tho name of ulmin. Berzolius found the
name substance in nil bark*. Braconnct
found it in snw-dust, starch and sugar ;
and 8prengol and M. Pollydoro Boullay
found it contained in nil sail* nnd manure*,
nnd thence called it humus, from
anil. Borzoi in*, the celebrated fhvedish
chemist, continuing his researches upon
this substance, considered it identical
with apatheme, nnd abandoned all tho
previous names it had received, nnd call,
edit geine, (from earth,) or extract of
mould. Tho insoluble portion of geiuc he
culled carbonaceous humiij. In 1832,
Bcrzclius discovered in the waters of Pur.
la spring in Swoden two peculiar nc:d-,
which he named crenic acid, from the
Greek, krenc a fountain, and apocrente
acid, meaning from the crenic.; and up
on lurincr examination nc diecovorcd that
the substance which luul received the
nemcs pf ulinin, humus, peine. spot heme,
cvlra^l, &c.? wps idontica} with the ereme
mmI a pec re Hie acidt iW (ft Che water
of Purls spring ; so that all the former
name* inay he discarded, retaining only,
for the sulwlence formed by the com bin.
alien of crenie and apocrcnic auide, and
by the decomposition of organic Milalmi.
ccs, the generic name of twmmt. Profee.
nor llilchcuck antl Dr. Dana prefer tore,
tain Berzelitsa' namo of geine. Prof Lie*
big and ethera adopt the name of humus.
Conaidcr.'ihle discussion ia atill going
a, among scientific rrinn, rahtivo to the
nature and properties of humus. It is
not surprising that men thould differ in
The few caws in whieh plants hairo been
forced to vegetate in charcoal, are not conaider.
ad exception* to thin rrm ?rk, at they reqnirc to bo
watered abundantly with rain water, which eon
lain* organic matter i
uitm
opinion about a substance \rhicltf from it*|
origin, m?st necessarily aaaumc, during '
tfca carious stage* of its formation, differ. {
oat Ibrms nod appearances, aa well as dir. I
feronl properties ; or that it should have '
received such a variety of names, ftoin
as many different experimenters, who
wore probably describing the sumo sub.
stance under as many different forms.
Hitherto, the organic matters contain,
cd in tho soil, hnvo been considered by
i writers on agricultural chemistry, as the
source whence plants chiefly dcrivod their
food. In a recent publication on organ,
ic ciiemis'ry, Prof. Lichig bus controvert,
ed this opinion. Hut his conclusions being
contrary to tho experience of practi.
cat agriculturists in nil nges, it is difficult
for us to yield our credence to his ron.
soning.
Dr. Samuel L. Dunnt'of Lowell,.Mass.,
whose original and ingenious investigations
on this substnnce, has produced u
new era in the scionce of agricultural
chemistry,defines "geinc" to be "all the :
decomposed organic matter of the soil."
It results chiefly from vegetable decompo. |
silion : animal substances produce a si. j
tntlrtr rnmiwitinrl ?*Ait(ni?iinnr o-?nfo -
- - ! "-??? ? ? ???
ino exists in two states?soluble and insoluble
; soluble botli in water and in n?.
kali, in alcobol and in acids : soluble go.
inn is the food of plants. Insoluble gcine
becomes food by air and moisture.?
Air converts soluble geine into solid geinc,
wbicii is still partially soluble in water,
wholly soluble in alkali. Insoluble
geine is the result or the decomposition
of solid geine; hut this insoluble geine,
by tbu long-continued action of air and
moisture, is again so altered as to lie.
come soluble. It is speedily converted,
by the action of lime, into soluble geine.
Soluble geinc acta neither as an acid nor
an alkali. It is converted into a substance
hating acid properties by the action of an
alkali, and in this statu combines with
earths, alkalies, nnd oxides, forming neu- r
tral salts, which inay lie termed grates, '
These aru till moro solublo in water than j
solid goine ; especially when they arc j
lirst formed. Their solubility in cold
water is as follows : beginning with the |
easiest, mn gnusiu?I itin:?ntn ngnnose?
par-nxidu of iron?n|umiua?baryta. Tho
geates of the nlknline earths are dcconiposed
by carbonated alkali. Tito geates
of alumina and of metallic o.xidow, arc
.soluble in caustic or carlionuted alkali
without decomposition. The geates of
the alkalino earths, by the action of the*
carbonic ncid of the nir, become siiprrgeates,
always inorc soluble than neutral '
salts.
By the action of growing plants upon i
silicates contained in the noil, lite potash
and other liases are set free, and combining
with gcinc, renders it soluble and tit
lor tho food of plants. Air and moisture
are, however, considered l>y Dr. D inn as
tho principal solvents of geinc, which will :
finally lie wholly dissipated in air( leaving I
only the inorganic bases of (lie plants ;
with which it was once combined. Thn I
notion of tiio oxygon of tho air upon go- j
ino produces volumes of carbonic acid ; ,
and likewise the oxygen of the air unites
with tho hydrogen of the geino, and forms
voale.ry which in its turn again disolvcs
inoro geinc. j
I)r. Dunn is of opinion (hat gcine is a
definite proximate principle, whose separate,
independent existence, whoso pro.
portion, combinations, and uses,are as well
es'ablised nn any facts in chemistry ; and
he believes that gcine existed before organic
matter; that it was an original
formation, dating its birth from the dawning
of time, when oxygen, and hydrogen,
and carbon were created.
Professor Linhiir. in his ri>ri>nf ivnrli r>n ;
. ? . "* * I
Organic Chemistry, defines humus lo he j
Mvoody fibie in a state of decay," and i
any* : The opinion that the substance i
called humus is extracted from tin; soil hy
the awls (if |?lnII1ntiJ itiiiC (hi. eiirlimi
entering into its composition, serves, in
some form t?r other,to nourish their tissues,
is so general,and so firmly established,!hat
hitherto any new argument in its favor
has been considered unnecessary ; the
obvious difference in the growth of plants,
according to the known abundance or
scarcity of humus in the soil, seemed to
afford ineontestible proof of its correct,
nose. Yet th if position, when submitted
to strict oxiummtion, is found to ho un?
tenable, and it becomes cvidont from
most conclusive proofs I hut humus in the
form in which it exists in the soil does
not yield the smallest nourishment to
plants, (Liehig*M Organic Chem., p. 61.)
On page 60, Lielng states that " it isunu
versally admitted that humus arises frnrn
the decay of plants. No primitive hu.
mui. thafnfori*.?* ? liivn ?via?rl r.rnl-infu I
. ? r
mint have preceded human."
The following in Liehig'a view of (lie
action of iiuimia in the nutrition of plnntn.
Humua acta in (he an mo manner in n aoil
permeable to atrt na in tho air itwlf: it
ia A continued aourco of cartmnic ncul,
which it emita very alowly. An ntmoa.;
phgre of carbonic acid, formed at the ex. (
j?on"?o of the oxygen of the ai'i aurround ' j
/ I
- . 'v* a rr .*0*" - ? < ***9>
1t r &*
vMmm&w s
\ V, . : '/. ' ;" ( w
I I =g?=g=
VW. SOUTH-CAROLINA,
every particle of decaying humu*. The 11
cultivation of land, by tilting and loosen- I i
ing the soil, causes a free and unohstruc. I I
ted access of air. An atmosphere of '
carbonic acid is therefore contained in '
every fertile soil, and is the first and '
most important food for tho young plants 1
which grow in it. Tbc roots porform the {
functions of tiic leaves from tho first moment
of their formation ; they extract I (
from the soil their proper nutriment, viz. r
the carbonic acid generated by the liu- a
mus. ?
When kept in a dry place, humus may d
be preserved for centuries; hut when a
moistened with water, it converts the sur- u
rounding oxygen into carbonic acid. As i
soon as tho action of tho air censes, that 11
is, as soon as it is deprived "f oxygen, 0
tho humus.sutlers no further ctinngc. Its v
decay proceeds only when plants grow s
in tho soil containing it ; for they ah. n
sorb bv their roots the cnrhonic acid as it
(i
is formed. The soil receives again from ?
a
living plants the carbonaceous matter it jj
thus loses. So that the proportion of c
humus in it docs not decrease. (Licbig, n
p. 196.) h
Dr. Charles T .Jackson, in hir investi- e
gat ions connected with the geological p
survey of Rhode Island, has inndo ex- s
tensive and valuable researches and o'.i- "
nervations on the substanco of humus ; I'
and as his labors arc of more recent date
than those of Dana or Licbig, nnd differ ?
from them in some essential particulars,
I shall quote his viows somewhat at large.
"Much confusion appears to exist as to
the nature and names of the organic mat- ^
tcrs contained in soils, nnd it is probable c
that in the several stages of docomposi- p(
tion of different substances, n variety of
changeable compounds are produced that |,
have not yet been fully examined. si
During the last year, (1S39,) I have ii
riiuciivurcu t<1 ;i.tccriu;n wic nature 01 tne s\
extractive mailers obtainable from the a
humus.of soils nnd from peat, ntul have f?
ascertained that the principal mass of '
those substances, to which the names of w
humus, gcinc, and npothente have been P
applied, is a compound of (ho crcnic and n
apocrcnic acids, which arc in part com. "
biuod with bases, such as the jjer-oxido of ^
iron, manganese, lime and magnesia. ^
The Holuhlu extract of humus is mostly R
composed of crenic acid, sometimes com- Sl
bincd with lime and pcr.nxido of iron. r(
After the discovery of those acids in! n
the soils and peats of Maine, Massuchu-1 |j
setts, and Rhode Island, I had the cucio- | 6
sity to examine the soils from the contin. i b
onts of Asia. Africa, and thoso from the ; ir
West Indies, and from tho Western states "
of this country. In nil of them I have w
discovered crcnates and n-ocronates. I C(
have also detected the crcnic acid in vari.
nus waters from lakes, rivers, ar.d wells,so *
that there can lie no do iht of its being j
generally present in arable soils. I ^
Crcnuto of lirno is soluble in water, !
ntul is. without douht, an nclive agent in j u,
the. nourishment of plants. Apocrenate ! V(
of limo is more difficult of solution, hut ! c,
is slowly taken up and colors the water j t!
yellow. It is sufficiently soluble to sup. pi
ply the rootlets of plants. All the nlka- (!
lies, Iwjth fixed and volatile, dissolve ere- pi
nic and apocrcnic acids; ashes, the al- : fj|
kalios, potash nnd soda, carbonate of am. j
innnia, nnd even tho alkaline earths, rcn- j 1,1
der tho inert crcnates, and npocrcnntcv,, n
in t'ue soil, soluble ami active, while the ' 01
alkalies and acids neutralize each other, J 01
and render the soil more fertile.
I fll
iW .ny of tho lake waters around Bo*. j n'
ton contain Ilu? crunic acul? either sepn.; ?J
rule or in combination with lime, man. ni
gnm-ac, or iron. It is found in the water p,
of moat of the well* in the city, and I ' st
doubt n??t is universal. fi
Any chemist can foresee some of tire v<
consequences that may be d/duocd front "I
the above data, and that by cliemical
means we can bring some of these now n"
m * " I
eooihinations to hour upon the art of ay- 11
riculturc. If the per.oxide of iron in a
soil is renlly in combination with crenic !!
and npocrenie acids, then wo can under. |r
stand why the land is intp-oved by means '
of nn npplicqlion of aaltes and lime, which ^
will dissolve the vegetable ncids, and run- j,
der them convertible into food of plants, f,
Carbonate of ammonia, which is known rr,
as ono of the most powerful stimulants, as al
it is improperly called, in capahlo of dis. h
solving these now acids, and will take tl
them from lime, manganese, and ntagnc- i
sin. Hence, tho vnlito of animal inn. f'
nitres, which genernte ammonia, will be
understood.f ''
From all that has hecn said and writton J1
nltm.t hunitiM, gnine. npothemo, ulmin, ul- I'
rnic acid, hemic acid, crenic and npocre.
nic acids, dee., we may conclude, that all
soils contain organic matters ; and thai
that thaso matters may exist in tho soil,
in all stages of decomposition, from the
fresh and perfect vcgotahlo and animal el
substances, down to the complcto extinc- "
-11 _ ........ 1 .L-? -> - - r.
mmi hi uii vivjgiiiiii; mruciuii^ nviti iririi niir- | "
in# tho prngre** of llii* process of disor o
gnuijcation, a pari of (ho organic mailers c
aro diaengugcd or act frco from their ori. ?
ginnl combination in tho form of gmiunua, o
... fl
t Grologi*nl Rf-port of Rhode Intnad. ' ^
#
%
&u>irm?W2i
TUESDAY. JANUARY
inline, an 1 aarthy matter*, which are left
n a condition to ooter into other combine*
ion*, and form new compound*, or bo dis*
ripated in tho air, or absorbed and mixed
villi tho toil, or they may bo taken up by
ho root* of living plants and form a new
regejable structure. .
When the process of tho disorganize*
ion of organic matter haa proceeded to a
lertain extont, the residue of tho mats,
Jim! ha* not been dissipated in the form
if go*, or separated in tho form of saline
ind earthy aubstnnco*. assumes a fixed
ind determinate character, and no further
lecompositinn or transformation occurs ;
ind if it ho not exposed to nir and moistire,
will remain unaltered for ages, until
t is again exposed to the action of air and
noisture, or to tho action of tho nlkalios |
r nlknlino earths. It is thi* substance
rhich is e illcd hiirnii9. Dr. Dana con
idcra it a "definito proximate principle,"
nd Dr. Jackson has discovered tlint it
onsists of two new ncid*. Both, howevr,
agree that tho action of alkalio9 and
Iknliiic cirths will render it soluble and
it for tho food of plants, whether it bo
ailed*" goine," * apocrenic and crenic
cius," or * humus." .It is thereforo of
ut little importance to the practical farm- <
r by what name tho substanco is called, !
rovided ho has a clear conception of the
nbstancc itself, arid a knowledge of the
mnnerof converting it into food for his
lants.
Air and moisture willconvort n portion
f humus into a state in which it in easily <
iluble in wutcr. Lime speedily convert*
no remaining portion which is of difficult <
nlution, into a soluble state. Alkalies '
onvcrt it inton state in which it has ncid i
rnperlics, and in thnt state it will readily i
ombme with earths, alkalies, and oxides,
trilling neutral suits, which are readily '
olublu in cold water, and these suits ure, i
y the action of carbonic* acid, rendered i
11II more soluble, (growing plants actig
iipin the silicates contained in the noil, i
:t free tiie potash and other liases, which i
ct upon tiie humus, and convert it into
tod of plant*. The oxygen of the air act- I
ig upon humus produce* carbonic acid, I
diicli forms u largo portion of llio food of ?
lants. And likewise tho oxygen of the <
ir unites with the hydrogen of tho hu- i
ius and form* water,which again dissolves I
ioro humus. Ashes, which contnin pot- <
sh an I lime, act upon the humus to ren- >
er it hoIu'iIj. Ammonia, contained in i
nirnil manure and urine, as wed us in <
, i :
1M\MX? lillll IVillt'h Ui 11 UJJUII UUIIJU1 lO | 1
:ndor it soluble. Carbonate of aminoin
ins a grculcr affinity for hutnus than [ '
me, iron, mangar.cse, or magnesia.? |
rypsmn, by being decomposed in tho soil, <
y the carbonate of ammonia contained <
i the rain-water, forms sulpbato of um. ;
main and carbonate of lime, both of <
hich net upon the humus of the soil and I
onvort it into tlie food of plants. 1
Lim* is considered by both Drs. Dana '<
nd J ickson, ?o bo the cliirf solvent of '
to geioo" of the lirst, and th . cretin*
nd aporrenic acids" of the latter gentle- I
lan. Thero ore, however, various other I
sid-; existing in a ficc slate in tho soils, '
'Iticli liavo tho effect to arrest the con- '
vision of woody fibre into humus, and 1
tnseq leritlv prevents it from becoming '
in {'..oil of plants, until lims hns boon r.p
lied to neutralize these acids and allow
[o Mrrt^nss of tho formation of humus to
roceed. Pent is a remarkable instance
!* t!liy liiri.l. 'Ftio ?ul?ct f?
y the action of ncids, is prevented from
scorning converted into humus, until
uutrnli/.cd by lime, and peat then furm?
ij of the best compost manured a Turin 1
r can have. i
Tiie chief nnd most important ndvant- i
jjns to be derived by the firmer in the I
Implication of lime to the anil, consist in I
|?|dyin< it in contact with fresh vegetable '
nd nninal sobstuncos, either in n comrvsl
heap, or by ploughing them into the
mil. I5y this method wo ohtnln the benet
of tho action of the lime upon the fresh
pgctn'ile fibre, to convert it into a state
f for:nc:itatioii, in which an abundance
f carbonic acid is produced, nnd if nniinl
manures lie used, nminoniucal gas is
kcwiso formed, both of which will be
isorin-d nnd retained in the soil by the
mo, but which would otherwise escape
do the air nnd he lost, before the vegcihlns
intended to lie iinnvri minn lUo Inn,! i
< e? :i
r>iiU he mtlRcir'nlly atlviinecd to nppro. <
riatc their gases n* food. The remain- 1
i<j portion of the manure nnd vegetable |
hro would still puss into the statu of hu- 1
mis, aud the lime in its form of a carbon- '
tu. will proceed to dissolve the nriginnl <
umu* eontnined in (lie so.I. ns well as 1
int nowly formed ; nnd should nny free
rids ho present in tho soil, which will
-equoutly ho tho enso when frcah vegotnle
substances nr? ploughed into tho soil,
in limn combines with such ncids, nnd
inlds the carbonic acid, to the roots of
lasts.
From M*Ji L**Um'? Magazine.
THINGS WORTH KNOWING?No. 1.
BY MISS LKStlR.
To eojten Spinget^?A tponjjr, when first pur.
i / - i J '*? '
naauu, i? ircqucnuy naru, hid, ana grniy. i o
jftcn it, and dislodge ths particles or sea sand
om its crcr.ces, pot the sponge into a clean vessel
f water, and hoil it ahnut an hour, (or moro)
hanging the water twice ; or three times if it is
try gritty; letting tho sponge cool so that you
on squeeze it thoroughly before putting it into the
esh wator. When tho sponge has become quite
>fr, and thsrc is no more appearance of sand or
.y I 7. t ? <
fwtim
17, 1849.
I'.
grit, (qm?(i it out, and it will be fit for on. A w
brown sponge, prepared in tbia way, ia quit* aa ra
goorTaa a whit* one. But you may bleach it by ?
adding to tba water, when boiling, a few daapa of
aII ~
VU VI Tlinw* I #
After using a sponge, always wush it tiM?di??c. A
ly ia clean water t squecso it out, and let it dry. ar
To tltmn looking-gluaaet.?Take a newspaper th
or a pert of one, according to the size of the g!sae? fo
Fold it small, and dip it into a basin of dean odd th
water. When thoroughly wot, squecto it oat in tH
jour hand as you would a sponge, and then rub it th
bard all over the faoe of the glass; taking oare Pi
that it is not so wot as to run down in streams. In
fact, the paper must be only completely moistened
or damped all through. After.the glasa haebeen #CI
well rubbed with the wot paper, let it reel a faw *?1
minutes; and then go over it with a fresh dry 'or
newspaper (folded small in your hand) till it looke ft
clear and bright?which it will almost immediate- 001
ly : and wtth no farther trouble. ?
This method^ (simple as it is) is the best and
most expeditious for cleaning mirrors, and it will
be found so on trial?giving a clearness and polish In
that can be produced by no other process. It is
equally convenient, speedy, and effective. The
inside of window panes may bo cleaned in this
manner, to look beautifully clear: the windows
being first washed on tho outside. Also, the glasses
of spectacles, Aoc. Tho glass globe of an astral jy'(
latnp may be cleaned with nowspapcr in the above CV(
manner. 0f
Dinting furniture.?If a hnnd.hmsh is used CCI
for dusting furniture, it should always be followed ?
by a dusting cloth. A brush merely disturbs the H;n
dust without taking it up or absorbing it; and is ^
only useful in dislodging it from crevices. There- Buj
fore, if the dust is not afterwards wiped up in a the
cloth (which should bo frequently shaken out of 3^.
the window) it floats about the room, and settles tjM
gqjii being only removed from ono place to <
spread itself on another. A yard of sixpenny calico Qf
will make two small dusters, or one large one.? jng
They should be hemmed, that the servants may tioi
not regard them as mcft rags, to be torn up, or f0]|
thrown away when dirty.
To keep a mu[f tmooth.?Always, after putting
it into its box, take hold of tho top or upper end of
the muff, and give it several hard twirls round.
Tiiis will smooth the fur, and make all the hairs
lie the same Wav. Keen in the hnr tivn nr ili?.
lumps of gum.camphor, wrapped in paper to retard
evaporation. Camphor ia the best preservative .
against mollis. When you finally put away your in
inuff in the spring, place tdmut it half a dozen ",c
lumps of freali camphor, each wiappcd in a paper.
[*ose the lid tightly, and do not open it till the
return of cold weather. To prevent the wadding ex'
if the inside of the muff from falling downwards, . 1
>r getting into clods, keep the muff-box always ly. j1'1'
ng on the side instead of standing it upright. 111,1
A black lynx muff ia rarely, if ever, attacked
ay moths. ^
To clean xchite fur.?Take a sufficient quanti. on<
ty of dry starch, very finely powdered, and sift it PCI
through a fine sicvo into a clean broad tin pan.? Prc
3et the pan near enough to tho fire for the pow. nf
Jercd starch to get very warm, stirring it frequent.
ly. Then roll and tumblo about the white fur
, fee
lrticlc among tho starch, till it in well saturated.
. cm
Shut it up closely in n bandbox, and let it remain
unopened for a week or two.
When you put away while fur in the spring, ^
proceed as above, (using < large quantity of tho
pulverized starch,) and put into the box some
lumps of camphor tied up in papers. Keep the
box closely shut, and do not open it to look at the
fur till the beginning of next winter. It will then ^
bo found a good clean wliito.
PnxsiDKN riAL Nomination.?Tho following Pre-.mb'.c
and Resolutions, offered in the House of ^
Representatives of our Legislature, by Col. Albert
Rlictt, wore unanimously agreed to by both CQ]
branches: .
" The people of South Carolina have witnessed tra
with high gratification, the growing disposition
of tho Democratic Party throughout the Union,
to call their eminent citizen, John C. Calhoun, to <;j,
me mgiicBi timcc in mc 01 ino American 1'copie.
They have been heretofore restrained from yC,
proposing him as a candidate for this distinction, Vci
by high considerations of delicacy, and by the
confident belief that, in spite of temporary miscon- 1
ccptions, his worth and services would ultimately ! ere
enforce from his whole country a just appreciation J tio
and candid recognition. But they are of opinion the
the time has now arrived, when justice to them- ye:
selves and to one who has served them so faithfully, 1 thi
demands that thny should put forth to tho world, j op<
in expression of their unlimited confidence in Ii'ib i tiv
abilities and integrity, and preference of him over j hu
ill other men, for the otHccof Chief Magistrate of > M<
tho Union. I tlx
" The approaching election for President is one j hu
:?f momentous importance to the great cause of Tl
Constitutional Liberty, to which this State has tlx
long been conspicuously pledged. Our people arc cd
profoundly solicitous, ns to the result, and believe iV.
Him ii vuuuy involves meir interest* an<l dearest j
rights; and this Legislature would shrink from an 1 m;
obvious and imperative duty, and bo guilty of die. ' a|
api-'iinting and misrepresenting their constituents, fol
did it adjourn without giving direct and solemn dii
expression to the unanimous wish of the people of y<
South Carolina. * tio
"They look forward with sanguine expectation
to the triumph of the Democratic Party, but they er
believe it aa essential to the ensuring aa it is to the ri)
value of such a triumph, that the Candidate of t(>
the party should be clearly identified with the oa
principles to whieh they stand so directly pledged, ^
and should, if sleeted, rest his administration of ?r
the Government upon the broad basis of " Free brj
Trade, Low Dulite, No Debt, No Connection 0f
with Banks, Economy, Retrenchment, and a strict W(
adiio.-cnco to the Conatitution." Mi
" Should a National Convention, to timed and
at organized aa to ensure that the matured opinion Kl
of the Democracy of the Union ahull be clearly aa to,
ccrtaincd andduirly expressed, bestow their prefer,
cncc on any other member of tho Democratic par.
ty, as a Candidate, than him who is the pre-eminent
choice of the people of this State, South Carolina ^
v.
T "/
i. -* . ' ' '.;,'v " '"= '
>
1 . V 4. r? : r * %
*ki*\ * . S NUMBER
10. ;'
=K=99a=999=S99sikt?SS?fc
J (aoOnlnadir Mth, QtoiliiM?ahi.M.'h?,
wdial rapport. ?
~ Bo it rifcrrt/Wv naraAnraofy Jtreeieed, ftp
raft ml JVmsr of RtprtetnuHott teCftiMrwl
owoolly iwl, Tl^u>oiMidraiooofttt forig
id fakhftri raim. the unsullied privwat bowel-,
poiHioatintegriti, distinguished abilities, (etr.
Tii lWi,en4 MuH CtMitOtiond prineipbl of
eir fdfov4AitiB, John CAtuwtu Cataotm,
ey do hereby nominate and reoonirnend him to
a American people for election to Ibc office of
eeident of the United States."
Our Roincd Cmr and Country.'?Thora i?
arcdjr another instance on record of a City bar.
I increased ao rapidly in population, and for ao
ig a period, aa hae the the eity of New York.?
m ratio of ineroaao ia much larger than in Om
anlry at large, aa will appear from the following
lament >?
rorcLATJoN or
Ntw York. United Sialtt.
1800 60,489 h 1800 5,305,924
1810 96,373 1810 7,339,814
1820 123,706 1820 9,638,131
1830 203,207 ' 1830 12,866,920
1840 313,710 1840 17.062,566
The average rate af increase in the city of
;w York, ia a trifle over over 51 per cent, for
sry period of ten years ainee 1800, while that
the country at large ia a little ahort of 34 per
tit.
The city hai increased in a much greater ratio
ce 1820, than it had done previously. It will
found on trial, that for each of the two periods
wcquont to that date, ita increase haa been at
i rate of 62 per cent., while in the United
itca, for the same time, the increase has been at
) rate of only 33 per cent, for each noriod.
Should the city cooliouo to increase lit the rat#
51 per cent., for every period of ten year* dur;
tho remainder of the 19tf^ century, Its populaii,
on tire rcrurn of each decade, would be as
lows: .
In 1850 472,192
1860 713,009
1870 1,073,643
1880 1,G25,730
1890 2,454,852
1900 3,706,806
Should tho United States increase, in future,
the rate that they have followed since 1800,
y will have attained a population of at least
,000,000 in 1880, and of 92,000,000 m 1900.
We do not say. that so vast an increase is to bo
iccted, or desired. But the above are the num.
s which would result from a ratio of increase
e that of the past. What is to become of this
menac population 7 Is it to enjoy, as now, that
ssin js of freedom, moral and religious, or is it to
I under the dominion of a tyrant 7 Is it to be
? united people, nr split up into several indeldcnt
and conflicting nations? Is Popery to
dominate here, or is the Bible ??A*. P. Jour.
Com.
A rowEnrcL Microscope.?A new miacro.
pe was recently exhibited in London, the pow.
of which arc said to surpass all previous i net runts.
It consists of six powers. The second
gnific* the wings of the locust to twenty^sven
t in length. The fourth, the sting of the bee to
cnty.seven feet.' By the sixth, each lens in the
? of the fly is so magnified, that it appears to be
irtecn inches in diameter; and s human lisir,
htccn inches in diameter, or four feet in^circuin*
ence.
Boston and Cincinnati.?A Cincinnati paper
,'s: When tho Sandusky rail road is finished, ticinnati
will be within 3 days of Boston. From
neinnati to the Lake, the distance may be ae.
rnplished easily in sixteen hours; a magnificent
am packet will then receive the passengers and *
nsport them to Buffalo in twenty hours; and
m Buffalo to Boston thoy will go by rail road,
r in thirty-four hours; ?hc whole distance front
neinmti to Boston requiring only seventy hours,
tcs this prediction startle any one 7 In a few
irs it will pass into history, end be regarded as a
rv common place fact.
The D?ds or Asol-tion.?The persons who
t called a Vigilance Committee of the Aboli*
nists nt Albany, have published a full rrport of
sir doings in relation to slaves during the past
it. Tncy state that they havo aided about
cc hundred and fifty runaway negroes since the
?nin<r r*C nftttUutSnM Af at
t wn apiuij, \JI UKN IUgl>
c*. about one hundred and fifty wero men, one
ndrcd srtid fifty women, end fifty children?jst
of them catnc from Virginia, Maryland, and
t District of Columbia, and nearly or quite a
ndrcd from Washington and Georgetown?icsc
fugitives hare gone chiefly to Canada, and
; sum of five hundred dollars has been expend*
for their board, passage, and other expense*?V.
Evening Poet.
Wc have only to say, if the " Vigilance Com.
ttcc" of the Abolitionists hare made tho avow,
ascribed to them iu the Poet, that they ought
thwith to be indicted, tried and punished, for a
ect violation of tho law of the State of New
irk, of the lawsof Congress under the Constitu.
>n of the United Srates. They are guilty of a
{h crime by their own showing, and every own.
of a slave who oan identify him ae one of tho
naways thus rescued from his hands, is entitled
receive the foil value of his property and ax*
iplary damages for the high-handed act of dia.
seeeaion. If any of these owners can identify
eir slaves thus spirited away from thant, and oan
ing the act home upon tlicae " vigilant" violator*
their righta?a suit in tho United 8tatee Court
Mild very readily reach them, and make them
Lite their " philanthropy" through their pockets.'
is the grossest outrage that we have ever yet
en acknowledged voluntarily by the perpctse.
re.?N. Y- Courier and Enquirer.
Hard Tistee.?'The Galena Gazette think* that
i* a great mietako for the merchant* to cry out
ioot hard time*. Thojr can ait by their atrra