Historical Newspapers of South Carolina

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- ^ ^ ^ |'^ ^ J " "I "' " . . ? ' : . : ; . ; l" _ ' '' ' ??i?^?; _?.?_. ...?^. . | : >ot oxMedinf IRUbm InMited rJZSidSSttho 6r?tUna. iud fif\v q??U mqH , tfdiifRiuittaw'. for inMtfoiiiil IntamMf ; III Nwli McuNti after th* firat, and a dellar Km Nydwl' 4?n in I ilwiw fcr dwrtUtannu. Wiion the wwnk*r j f temrtliii I# ?oi marked the mpt. U? J - ^*8555^^ t wlm^t&mim&BmmKetmmgstsBBtaamm Frsm the Western Fsrmw fgj Gardener. ' AX MJIT M THI IKNRTAXCK OP UNI < IS WIU.-KO. II. * ST OXMW* LIVVAM, CIVjL ?KGIXBE?. < H iving mi tho former number, attorn p- <j led to show that lime U an essential cot. I stitucnt in all s?m1* devoted to tho culti. vat ion of flftnh plnnt? as are used by m in ti and ImanN for food, in canaquonce of i|a i entering into the composition of such a plants, and. that all soils destitute uf eel. k eareons matter arc comparelively barren i hhd unprodtTetivc ;?I shall,in the present i tkOnthor, oflVr Sorrto reasons'to est ablish J tiki f ict of the importance of lime in im- i prOring tho fertility uf soils, based upon t ih cfcetnioal and mechanical effects when g I present in the anil. o jffiootfnoil capabU of producing plants, li contain* organic miosis:;*ce, etimtr m vC- n getablo or animal origin, or both?4>ut c chiefly of vegetablo origin. >N? noil whol. t Iy destitute of organic innttor can sup|K?rt S liviog vegetation.* It is, t hero fore, evi. n dent thai the presence of organic matter h Uwie'nlwl l..lho ihwIucIumi ? or vegetation., And it is also shown by n o^nce, that the coustant I, groaih p( pUpUS o.iIh.uI the addition of I organic matter, 1?y the application of uia? -* use# P* nihor mwo?, will suoiter or biter fi completely exhaust Hie aoii of it* power ? of PwhiiiiafrwyUliiw 4 and that by the e addition of organicattforfanem to the soil, p Mt power is again mstuecd, provided alt j Other essentia! ingredients he present. p Until eery recently, the nature and o properties of the organic substances con. s tained in soils, had received hut little at. ? ? Cmm ? ... OM<B <? rl ?H ilaA I It #' icmcofi iruio ?ii'^o . inv ? ventilations of Agricultural chemistry.? c Within the last few ycara, However, thu g attention of anientific chemists has been s especially directed to the examination of tfcf orijaitic substances found in soil*, and 9 'to the peculiaretate*in which they should a .exist in tl?e soil, i? order that tlicy may i he appropriated by the Irving plant to the f production of a near vegetable nt-gnnixn. a (fon. ' r- -II All organic matters, and especially ve. fi getahle substances, when deprived of vi. <1 tnlity, and exposed lo (he action of air * . dtfU moisture, undergo various chemical ? changes, and they arc ultimately convert- i od ?t?4o a brownish or hiaclc mass, that has a honored with a great variety of] ? name*, but which chemists have now u pretty generally agreed lo distinguish by 11 the name of Kumus. V-e .1 < . iaS.t ' I 4 _ AMptoiH nm^ucoverca ii)i?<uiwinRr.e a in the -gum ??f an elm, and thencn gavo it r Ike name of tdmin. Bemiiut fnvnd tho p same substance in all bark*. Braeounct r. found it in sawdust, starch and sugar ; h and and M. PoUydore Botillay g found it contained in all soils and ma- I" nurcir, and thence called it hum?#, fr*?in ii aut. Bcfitcliiw, the celebrated Swedish a chemist, continuing hi* researches upon this substance, considered it identical ( with ajmlhcme, and abandoned all tho ? provicms name* it .had received.and call* ? edit grine, (firomcnrth,) or extract of c mould. Tho insoluble portion of'jteine hp l! culled carbonaceous futmuj. In 18*2, e Bcrzcliu* discovered in the urn tarn of Per U iprlr; In Sweden two peculiar nc:d-, ii which tvn unmed crenic mtfid, from the h Greek, Jb-ene a fountain, *nd apoctenic h acid, manning from the Ormmc.ond up. o on further oxnminntion he rfiifeernrcd fhnt a nnmenmajr bndiaearded, rcUmtng ?otyr : < e*ib. aMMMiJM.kf ?h? aw*i?- 1 ||mm jIajmiinftf firn-i to?or ' PPpF PP9QOoirpp**WPW^w'OP OTJJ p coo, tten merio w?r> >f Am* < oot'lfrftiieiiofc mA P?. Unite |Mm tori-' t utalWrfcolin/wNn? ofgcme. < LtU-1-iJ " .?, -0 - - 1Vi^|V P Pp^P aWp^P PPP ' P : ^ConokUrable 4frc*$ti*n w otiN gfiing 4 auMMf Ni?Mt|t fitn, rtliiivo ( (tM Mlura and Humua. U U i not eurpriairi* llnl nna ottnuld differ in I * The few MM in wfckh plant* have Imn J forced to vegetate in dfrafeee), are not eoneider. , *<f exception* to thin vrrnvk, ae tfeey require to be watered abundantly with rain-water, wtii?h cont.uo? organic matter. * W<r'' ji SF - " * ' ' ' ' . ^ . . " " ^ ' ' *' ' .-' iffaiSk 1 - #fr -i 4 * .; ; W| ;. '? 'Jjfy/ f'lJj* "***' ^ 'i ' 4,1 ^. v id?u>4pt '"ffiiiiStf I which, fw* it* fee.-WMSWWI stages of iu formation* diffei. rent properties ; or that it should have WMvtd mill * nriMy of Mmm, from i* ssaoy jWfcrwit wqwimentcn, who mm fwbMy describing the anmo sub. Iteeui whier? many different forms. Hitherto, the organic matters contain. :d in ihesoil, have been considered by eritera.on agricultural chemistry, as the RNiree whence plants chiefly derived their food. In a recent publication on organic ohemis'ry, J?rof. JLiobig has controvert. h1 this opinion. But his conclusions be. ing contrary to the experience of practi. sal agriculturists in all ages, it is difficult wr us to yield owr onMfeca to Us ran. | mning. ';*>- 1 ' V- ? Dr. Samuel L. Dttna^of Lowell, Mara., riioss original and ingenious investigaion* on this mibitnncc, hu* produced a ?ew em in (he science of agricultural dieiriixtry, defines "gcinc" to be "nil the Iccnmpoaod organic mutter of the soil." t results chiefly from vegetable decompo(tkm : nnimnl substances produce n *iuilnr compound, containing azote. Gene exist* in two state*?inhibit; and inolublc. ; nolutilc both in water and in ni;*li, in alcohol and in acid* : soluble gono ii the Tood of plants. Insoluble gene became* food by air and moisture.? lir converts soluble geine into solid ge-nc, which is still partially soluble in w*. er, wholly. soluble in slknli. Insoluble ;hine is the result oT the decomposition f solid geinc ; hut this insoluble geine, iy the long continued sction of nir and uoisture, is -again so ottered a* to lieotne soluble. it is speedily converted* y the action of lime, into soluide goine. lolublc geinc acta neither as an acid nor n alkali. It is convened into a substance aving acid properties by the action of on Ikali, nm\ in this state ce;ohinns with iariiii?| n ?% ? ? *"! iiitu uajh*:#, ncu* ' ral salts, which (nay he termed grates. riiMo aro *11 ujnr6 ooluble in water than olid geinc; especially when they are rat formed. Their solubility in cold rater is at follows : beginning with the Mist, magsesiu? lime?manganese? ?r>nK??le of irus?a|umiua?baryta. The [eateM ?if the aMtetiae parlh* are decent* ?wd by eurboftntcd alkali. The gen tea f alumina and of tMlatlio ?w>id?a, are iduble in caustic or carlmmited ulknli rithout decomposition. The gentrs of lie alknfiho earths, by the action of the nrhonic ncid of the itir, become tuprrtattty always more soluble than neutral alts. By the action of growing plants upon ilieates contained in the suit, the potnali iiid other bases ore set free, and coinhin* ng with gcioc, renders it soluble and .tit or Uto food of plants. Air nnd moisture re, however, considered by Dr. D-inn n? bo principal solvents of geinc, which will initlly be wholly dissipated in air, leaving My the ihmrgattic bases of the plants ^!.L :.1 * 1* ... s a m. I run wuicii u win* once comiimeo. i no j cfion of (ho oxygon of (ho air upon ge. t n? produce* volume* Of carbonic acid ; nd likewise (lie oxygen of flto air unites ritli thehydrogen of (he g?'ine, nnd forms xifer, which in it* turn again disolvc* noregeine. Dr. Duna in of opinion (hat guino U a eiiiutH proximate principle, whose sepa*te, iiKio|>ondot*t existence, whoso pro. ertica, combination*, and usoa,nre a* w#?ll stahlised a*any fact* in chemiwtry ; nnd a hot rove* that gcine existed before or[anic matter; (lint it wan an original urination, dating its hirth from (ho dawn. ng of time, when oxygon, and hydrogen, nd cnrboh were created. Professor Liohig, in hi* recont work on )rgnnic Oheroiatry, define* hitmtts to he k woody fibie in n atntc of iWenv," ami Ryu: The opinion' that the substance idled humus in extracted from th'n noil hy lie r?M(a ?f |itnnl>| tin J (hat the ourl<t?i ntering into it* composition, server, in omc form or other,to nourish their tissues, t no generat,and so firmly established,!lint hitherto ahy nei# argument in its favor ma boon considered unnecessary ; lite hvioos difference in tbo growth of plnpta, ccording to the known abundance or earcityof hurrnw in the soil, see mod to fiord iacantoalilds proof of it# correct. 90, ?** thif position, when aubmitlod % Strict examiflRtion, is found,, to ho a*., w?Wcr *nd it kmpntswm infant from neetwecUwiee^iroefii (Hut humo# in tho arm in which rt axiata in ifen #oil dun* Ml fiiM ihtiiliwUMt nourHtfi mont to ilantn* (IrfotdgVOrganic Owl*., p. t.y )? 0*gn ?0. Lialng atote* tltnl * it in utii. ?My admitted that Iwtmua nrittfni from Iw decay ?.f p**ni?. No primitive hu. nu?, t haftifrft ? , can Itaraaxis erf, f?r plant* ouat K?tv? prerodad humw?." **''' Tht? following in CwHig'. ?i#>w of tl.o iction of Uutmta inth* nuuition of plant*, rlurau* gaU in'lkwaumo manner in n noil >tf man bin to aii^na in tho air rtaflt: it a continued aonrco of ontrbooic acid, vhieh it armla wary aJowly. An at mo* J )h|r? ? cnrbowc mm, forrood nt th? m. , mnso of ilio oxygon of (lie air, turround-4 j # mf-- ' u * ' * * J *i' fx' T^' '^ - jfe /# crery particle of docaying Hantaan Hi? .91 cultivation of land, Ay tilling adf htaiAtt- Mi ing the aoil, eaueap a fine* and unobelntc* ti ted acceea of air; An atrooapHaee of A carbonic acid n therefore contained in * every fertile anil, and i? the first and !' moat important food for tho young plants v which grow in it. The roots perform the . functione of the leaves from tho firat mo- ^ ment of their formation ; they extract I y from tho aoii their proper nutriment, viz. oj tho carbonic acid genera ted by the liu- ai fnuH, ai When kept in n dry place, humua may d< bo preserved for centuries; but when ai moistened with water, it converts the eur. in rounding oxygon into, carbonic ncid. As it g/Uin IA lKa% nation lletfs ni? AAaaae #1%^# 111 m ?? -w ???W W? ???V 11191 is, as soon as U is fieprived of oxygen, 01 tha humus, suffers no farther change. Its w decay proceeds only when plants grow *' in tho Noil containing it} for they ah. ni sorb by their roots the cnrlionic acid as it is formed. The soil receives again from. R| living plants the carbonaceous matter it fji thus loses. So that the proportion of Cf humus in it docs not decrease. (Liebig, n( p. 196.J bi Dr. Chnrles T .Jackson, in hi< in vest i- er gations connected with tho geological pr survey of Rhode Island, has made ex- " tensive and valuable researches and oh- " nervations on the substance of humus ; P' and as his labors arc of more recent date than those of Dnna or Lichig, and differ ?' from them in some essential particulars, I shall ipiote his viows somewhat at large. Much confusion appears to exist as to c( tho nature and names of the organic mat. tors contained in soils, and it is probable c( that in the soveral stages of docomposi- fu lion of different suhstunccs, a variety of sc changeable compounds are produced that Uj have not yet been fully examined. at During the last year, (1S39,) I have in endeavored to ascertain the nature of the sc extrnctivo matters obtainable from the ac hutnus.of soils and from peat, and have f? ascertained that the principal mass of in those substances, to which, tho nnmcs of w humus, gcinc, and npotliemo have been P| applied, is a compound of tlw? crcnic and ni npocrcnic acids, which are in part qom> In binod with bases, such as the peroxide of iron, manganese, lime and magnesia. ^ Tho soluble extract of humus is mostly nr composed of crenic acid, sometimes com- sr bined with lime and pcr.oxido of iron. rc After tho discovery of those acids in nj tho soils and peats of Maine, Massucliu- |t< setts, and Rhode Islam!, I hud the cucio. G sity to examine tho soils from the contin. bj onts of Asia, Africa, and those from tho tn West Indies, hud from tho Western states ** of fhis country. In nil of them I have w discovered crcnntes and npocrenatos. 1 Cf have also detected the cronic ncid in vari. o;is v*ntcrs from lakes, rivers.and wotls,so that there can he nq doihl of its being generally prcstut in nr.ihlo soils. m (Jrenote ol luno is soluble in water, a( and is. without douht, an active agent in u. the nourishment of plants. Apocrunatc Vf of lima is more difficult of solution, but rc is slowly taken up and color* fh? water th yellow. It is sufficiently soluble to sup- pi ply the rootlets of plants. All tho nlku- Ih lies, both fixed ntul volatile, dissolve cfc- pr nio-and npocrvnic ncids; ashes, the nt- fd kaKes, potash and anda, carbonate of nm- '>J mania, and even the nlknlinc earths, rcn- l,c der tho inert crenatcs, and npocrenntes nt in the soil, soluble ami active, while the m alkalies nnd acids neutralize cnch other, j 01 and render tho soil maro fertile. I ... M .ny of tlio I;\kn waters around Bo*. J jjj Inn contain the crcnic acid, cither sepn.; HJ rate or in combination with lime, man. n, giirit'se, or iron. It is fotnfd in the water p, of iiiimI of tho well* in the city, and I ec doubt not i* universal. Hi Any chemist can foresee some of the vc consequences that may lie d.-duocd from of the above data, nod that by chemical "I means wr can bring some of tlirau now m rflinhinHlinftx In hrer upon the nrt of ajj. riculturc. If the per.oxido of iron in n noil is really in combination with crenic . and npocronic acids, then wo can under. J" stand why the land is improved by means c* of an application of nghesand lime, which p( wijl dirsulvu the vvgalahlo acids, and ron. jn der tham convertibla into food of plants. f, Carbonate of ammonia, which ** known m iioneef tho moat powerful stimulants, as a| it isknpfoperly called, is capaldo of di*. hi salving tftaso now ncida, and will take it ? *# ivirfwi vtvnvy# ni'ivv^iifwir| nvvu fvingnc da. Hence, the initio of animal ma? ft ntues, which generate ammonia, will bo hi nndcrttood.f From aft (Hat haa been an id and written ? about hnmiiM, geine, apotheme, iilrnin, ol P roic acid, huotic acid, efeoie and apocfonic acid*, dte., we mi?y conclude, that all eoHe contain organic matters ; and that that theao matter* may exist in the noil, in all etagce of decomposition, tifcm the freati and perfect vegot.-ihlo and animal el snhetancc*. down to the completo extinc- ? lion of all organic atracturo; and that dur- ft Ing the prog res* of thi* process of di*<?r o ,i'_ .l/ s I - gririiJCMiivm, ? pnrft ?? inu urgnmc mnuerx ? *ro dtaengxgftd or act frco from (heir ori. t ginal combination In tho form of gaaunus, ? f, t Geological Report of Rliodc ( laud. j ^ iljno, aivl earthy matters, which arc left i a condition lib eater in to oiher combine-1 on*, and form new compound*, or be die* p*<ed in the air, or absorbed end mined trth the aeil, or they may bo taken up by ie roota of living plants and form n new rgCjnbls Structure. ? V When the process of the dieorgf nixa* on of organic matter has proceeded to a srtain extont, the residue of the mass, tat has net been dissipated in the form T gan, or separated in the form of saline nd earthy auU|*nco?, assumes e Axed nd determinate character, and no further ecomposiiion or Irnnsformation occurs ; nd if it be not exposed to air and moistre, will remain unaltered for ages, until is again exposed to the action ?f air and oiaiure, or to uio action or tho alkalies j * alkaline earths. It ia this substanco hich ia on I led humus. Da. Dane con ders it a "definito proximate principle,** id Dr. Jackson- has discovered that it insists or two new acids. Both, howevagree that tho action of alkalies and kaline earths will render it soluble and I for tho food of plants, whether it "bo illed-^geine," **npocrenio and crenic :iusfM or " humQi." .It is therefore of it little importance to tho practical farm* ' by what name tho substanco is called, ovided he bus n clear conception of the ibstancc itself, and n knowledge of the nnncrof converting it into food for his ants. Air and moisture will convort a portion ' humus into a state in which it is easily J utile in water. Lime speedily converts u remaining portion which is of difficult lotion, into a soluble state. Alkalies mvert it into a state in which it has acid -opertics, and in that state.it will readily imbine with earths, alkalies, and oxides, rminj[ neutral salts, which are rcndily JuUlo in cold water, and theso suits are, t the action of carbonic* acid, rendered ill more soluble. Growing plants actg upon tho silicates contained in tho aoil, t froe the potash and other bases, which it upon the humus, and convert it into od of plants. The oxygen of the air netg upon humus produces carbonic acid, liich forms a largo portion of tho food of ants. And likewise the oxygon of the r unite* with lite -Hydrogen ot the huus and form* toaler,which again dissolve* ore humus. Ashes, which contain pot* ih an I limr, act upon the humus to ren* sr it soluhlj. ~Ammonia, contained' in lirnal manure and urine, as wcil as in iow and rnin water, tu'ls upon humut tondor it soluble. Carbonate ot' amino* n Ins a greater affinity for humus than ne, iron, mnngnr.ose, or mngnr?io.? ypxum, by being decomposed in thosoil, r the carbonate of ammonia contained the rain-water, forms sulphato of -am. nnia nnd carbonate of lime, both of hich net upon the humus of the soil and invert it into the food of plants. Lim* h considered by both Drs. Dnna id J icksnn, to be the chief solvent of o * goiuo" of tlie lirat, unJ the 'crenic id aporrenic acids" of the latter gentle* an. There are, however, various other :iih existing in n fice state in tho soils, hich havo tho effect to arrest the contrition of woody fihrc iivto humus, nnd I nseq icnlly prevent* it from becoming o f"Oil of plants, until lims hns been np ied to neutralize these acids and allow c of the formation of humus to ocred. Poat is n remarkable instance this kind. Tho vegetable substances, r the notion of acids, it prevented from scorning converted into humus, until sutmiixed by liine, and peat then forms is of the best compost manured a farm can bavo. Tin: chief and most important ndvant* fns to be derived by tho firmer in tho tplicntion of lime to tho anil, consist in ?plyin< it in contact with fresh vegetable )d noi nnl sobsfnnco*,1 eilltor in a comw?t heap, or by ploughing them into the ?il. By this method wo old nib the benet of tho action of the lime upon the fresh ;cctn'do fibro. to convert it into a strife fermentation, in u-hioh nn abundance "carbonic ncid U produced, and if aninl manure* tie used, nrmnoniac.il gas is tcwiso formed, both of which will he isorbcd nml retained in tho soil by the :no, hut which would otherwise escape to the air and be lost, before the vegebfos intended to he grown upon the land >u!d be sufficiently advanced to appro, iatc their gases ns food. The remain?g portion of the manure and vegetable l?ro would still puns into the statu of hn* ine, and tho lime in its form of a carbon[o, will proceed to dioiolve tho original umus contained in thn so.l, ai well at iat nowtj formed; and should any free rcid* he present in tho ami, which wilt orpiontly ho the cnae when froeh vegota. lo substance* nre ploughed into tho Mil. to lime comhinoe with such acids and ield* the carbonic acid, to the root* of last*. ^. ' . __ " I From Mia* Lt*iW* Magmstat. | THINGS WORTH KNOWING-?No. I. I mm mivv Te ?/<?? Sp3ng<-?<?\ appngr, wheu flratpar. | hated, M frequently hard, stiff, end gritty. To ?ften it, end dtatodgc the particles of n? und <om its cre?ioe?, pnt tlwepoago into a clean vcase! f water, and Hoil it abndt an hour, (or moro) hanging tlie water twice; or three times if it ie ery gritty i letting the aponge cool to that you an equeexc it thoroughly before patting it ioto tho cah water. When tbo sponge hee become quite >ft, end there ie no more appearance of eand or pit, tfmmm it owt, and it w? bed* ftr a?. A brown aponge, piepand a this Way* la 50it* m goeAp a white oim. lAjwatjUiatliitb) adding te the water,*vhmi hrilmyyo kw dteps *1 oil af vitriol. AlwaiU|4ipt|^ ihAymAh AtatnAaw |y in dean watery sqiisBss il ooymad bait Ay. I #V Am AIAi fluw^'Tik 1 oeeaapopar <rtp<AofMt, ?1 aiding teths wot efthe giaaBi Fold it imallt and dip it idte a bain of cJesn odd water. Whan thoroughly wst, squscs* it oat ha your hand as you would a aponga, and then Kb it bard all over tha facts of tha glaat taking oara that it i? not so wot ah to ran down in atitema. In fact, tba papar mote ba only completely msisteoad or damped all through. Aftev.th* glaao hep base well robbed with tba wat paper, let it tost * few ininutee; and than go over it with a fradb dry newspaper (folded snrall in yoor hand) till ft looh clear and bright?which it will almost imined: ately: and wMi no farther tioublo. This method^ (simple ss it is) is the oast add most expeditious for cleaning minors, and if will ba found eo on trial?giving a clearness and polish that can bo produced by no othn process. It jm equally convenient, speedy, and effective. Tha inside of window panes may ba cleaned in this manner, to look beautifully clear: the windows being fim washed on the outside. Also, the gtaaeee of spectacle*. See. Tho glass globe of an astral lamp may be cleaned with newspaper in tho above manner. Dtitling furniture.?'It a hand.brnsh is used for dusting furniture, it should always be followed by a dusting cloth. A brush merely disturbs the dust without taking it up or absorbing it; and is only useful in dislodging it from crevices. There, fore, if tho dust is not afterwards wiped up in a cloth (which should be frequently shaken out of the window) it floats about tho room, and settles i^n; being only removed from ono place to spread itself on another. A yard of sixpenny calico will mako two small dubtcrs, or one large one.? Tbcy should be hemmed, that the servants may not regard them as rneft rags, to bo torn up, or thrown away when dirty. To keep a muff" emoolh.?Always, after putting it into its box, take hold of tho top or upper end of the muff, and give it several hard twirls round. Tiiis will smooth the fur, and make all the hairs lie the kudo way. Koop in the box, two or three tumps of gum.camphor, wrapped in paper to retard evaporation. Camphor ia the best preservative against moths. When you finally put nway your mufT in the spring, placo nlmut it half a dozen lumps of fresh camphor, each wrapped in a paper. Gioso the lid tightly, and do not open it till the return of cold weather. To prevent the wadding pf the inside of the muff from falling downwards, or getting into clods, keep the muff-box always ly. ing on the side instead of standing it upright. A black lynx maff in rarely, if ever, attacked by mollis. To clean while fur.?Take a sufficient quanti. ty of dry starch, very finely powdered, and sift it through a fine sieve into a clean broad tin pan.? Set the pan near enough to I ho fire for the powdered starch to get very warm, stirring it frequent, ly. Then roll and tumblo about the white fur article among the stareh, till it is well saturated. Shut it up closely in it bandbox, and let it remain unopened for a week or two. When you put away white fur in the spring, proceed an above, (using t large quantity of tho pulverized starch,) and put into the box some lumps of oamphor tied up in papers. Keep the box eloeely shut, and do not open it to look at the fur till the beginning of next winter. It will then bo found a good clean whito. Presidential Nomination.?The following Pre. amble and Resolutions, offered in the House of Representatives of our Legislature, by Col. Albert Rhett, wore unanimously agreed to by both branches: " The people of South Carolina have witnessed with high gratification, the growing disposition of tho Democratic Party throughout tiic Union, to call their eminent citixen, John C. Calhoun, to the highest office in the gift of the American People. They hare been heretofore restrained from proposing him as a candidate for this distinction, by high considerations of delicacy, and by the confident belief that, in spite of temporary roisconcaptions, his worth and services would ultimately enforce from his whole country a just appreciation and candid recognition. But they arc of opinion the time has now arrived, when justice to'them, selves and to ono who has served them so faithfully, demands that they should put forth to tho world, an expression of their unlimited confidence in his abilities und integrity, and preference of him over all other men. for tho oifieoof Chief ?r tho Union. " The approaching election for President is one of momentous importance to the great cause of Constitutional Liberty, to which this State has long been conspicuously pledged. Our peoplo are profoundly solicitous, as to the result, and believe that it vitally involves their interests and dearest right#; and this Legislature would shrink from an obvioua and imperative duty, and be guilty of die. apj/jinting and misrepresenting their constituents, did it adjourn without giving direct and solemn expression to the unanimous wish of the people of South Carolina. * 44 They look forward with sanguine expectation to the triumph ?f the Democratic Partr. but the* believe it asesscntial to tbo ensuring as it is to the vklue of such e triumph, that the Candidate of the party should be eicarly identified with tlir I principles to Whieh they stand so directly pledged, I and should, if sleeted, rest bis administration of the Government upon the breed basis of M Free Trade, l/nc Duiioe, No Doit, No Connection tilth Ban he, Economy, Retrenchment, and a strict adherence to the Constitution.M M Should a National Convention, so timed and so organized as to unsure that the matured opinion of the Democracy of the Union shall bo clearly as. ccrtamcd aniM airly axpreeecd, dmIaw their prefer, encc on any other member of the Democratic par. ty, ae a Candidate, than him who ie the preeminent rhoiee of the people of thie State, South Carolina ?*??1*W*fc - ;. j* ^ ^ ^ /rW f!^ W+, , r-r, -r ^ ,w wwnmiu mm w the American people for ejection Id the Offico of ,v President of the United flutes." [ . Illl ' , . On R?tra? Crhr axn Couimtr.^Tbere b scarce!/ another inlltnee ?ti record of a dity having increased so rapidtjr fa population, and far .so long a period, as has the Iks chy of New Ydriu-itM ratio of inarsaaa b moeh largtlr than in Am oountry at latfa, aa w3i appear ftom the fallowing statement v? - ' i *. . " - t ronuitefl or JT?? IV*. UmtudSOli* T In 1800 60,489 1? 1800 5.9oM35 1810 96,878 1810 7,399,814 1830 198,706 1890 9,638,1Si , 1830 203,207 ' 1690 13,866^90 1840 313,710 1840 1?JN9^G6 The average rate of inoreaaa in the city of New York, is a trifle over over 51 per cent, far every period of ten years einoe 1800, while that of the country at large is a little short of 34 per cent. The city has increased in a much greater ratio since 1820, than it had done previously. It will bo found on trial, that for each of the two periods subsequent to that date, its increase has been at iiie rate oi W per cent., while in the Vailed States, for Uie ami time, the in ore** hah been at the rate of only 33 per oent. for eaek period. Should the city contiauo to iaoreeee hi the rath of SI per ccnt^ far every period of ten year* don. inf the remainder of the 19th century, Ita pepola lion, on Uie rcrurn of each decade, would bf ad follows: , In 1850 472,193 1860 713,009 1870 1,078^43 1880 1,(35,730 1890 9,454,858 1900 3,706,806 Sliould tho United States increase, in future, in the rate that they have followed rince 1800, they will hare attained a population of at least 52,000,000 in 1880, and of 92,000,000 in 1800. We do not saj^thet so vast an increase is to be expected, or desired. But the above are the number* which would result from a ratio of increaea like that of the pest. What is to become of this * . immense population 7 Is it to enjoy, aa now, thai blessings of freedom, moral and religions, or is it to tydi pndor the dominion of a lyrsnt ? la it ts be one unitod people, or split op into several-independent and conflicting notions 7 Is Popery to predominate lrcre, or is the Bible 7?N. Y. Jour. of Com. A Powerful Micaoscors.?A now mlacro. scop* was recently exhibited in Loodon, the paw. on of which are said to larpwaH pminwindru. mcnte. It consist* of sis powers. The second magnifies the wings of the locust to tirwIysHM feet in length. The fourth, the sting of the ben to twenty.seven feet.' By tlis sixth, each lens in the. eye of the fly is so magnifiedrthat it appears to l?a fourteen inches in diameter; arid a human hair, eighteen inches in diameter, or four feet in^circuin* ference. Boston and Cincinnati.?A Cincinnati paper says: When the Sandusky rail road is finished,? Cincinnati will be within 3daya of Boston. From Cincinnati to the Labs, the distance may be. accomplished easily in sixteen hours; a magnificent steam packet will then receive the passengers an^ transport them to Buffalo in twenty boors; and <7*mw "?>? ?t- * vw uuawu uwjr win jo bj nut ima, say in thirty.foor Honrs; the whole distance from Cincinnati to Boston requiring only seventy Hours. Does this prediction startle any one ? In a lew years it will pass into history, and be regarded as a very common place fact. ? . The Deans or ^soltion.?The persons who are called a Vigilance Committee of the A boh: tionista at Albany, have published a full report of their doings in relation to stave* during the pad year. Tncy state that they have aided about three hundred and fifty runaway negroes since the opening of navigation last spring. Of the** fugitives, about ono hundred and fifty srero map, en* hundred did fifty women, and fifty children^? Most of them came from Virginia, Maryland, and the District of Columbia, and nearly or qoito a hundred front Washington and Georgetown^? Thcso fugitive* have gone chiefly to Canada, and the sum of five hundred dollars has been expended for their board, passage, and ether expense*. JV. If. Evening P?H. We have only to aay, \C the " Vigilance Committcc" of the Abolitionists hat* made the avow. > al ascribed to thorn in the Pes/, that they ought forthwith to ba indicted, triad and punished, for a direct violation at the law of the State ot New York, of the Is we of Congress under the CouetHu. tion of the United Srates. They are guilty of a high crime by their own showing, and every own er of a slave who eon identify him as one of the runaways thus rescued from his hands, is awtitlad to receive the foil value of hie property and es> emplary damages for the high-handed act ef dispossession . If any of those owners can identify their alaves thus spirited away from them, and oon bring the act home upon them " vigilant" violators of their rights?a euit in the United States Court would very readily reach them, and make then .eettlc their 44 philanthropy" through thctf pukiH,' It ie the groaeret outrage that we have ever yet eoen acknowledged voluntarily by the petpHn. tore.?N. Y. Courier and Enquirer. H*u Timu^?The Galena Gaeette thinka that it is a great mietako for the merchant* to cry out 1 about hard time*. They can ait by their etere I *" X