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^ f \ ' MfB (SMMIkil W ilB WlMUi WW??* VOLUME VI. CHER AW. SOUTH-CAROLINA, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 4, 1841. NUMJBER 38. if, r . _ ? ; ? ' 1 1 ??".".' -JJlL^ritrrr^ ??*???? ???m ? By J?. MAC LE IX. Tsrms: Pub!i?h?d weekly at three dollars & year; with an addition, when not paid within three months, of tw enty per cent per annum. Two new subscribers may lake the paper at five dollars in advance; ana ten at twenty. Foot subscribers, n??t receiving their papers in town, may pay 4 year's subscription with ten dollars, in advanced A year's subscription always due in advance. Papers not discontinued to solvit subscribers in arrays. Advertisements not exceeding 1C lines inserted or one dollar the first time, and fifty cents eucli ubsequent time* For insertions at intervaU of two weeks 75 cents after the first, and a dollar if the intervals are longer. Payment mie in . advance for advertisements. When the number of insertions is not marked on the copy, the advertisement will be inserted, and charged lil irdered out. 17^ The postage must be paid on letters to the editor on'the business of the office. mtamm????????^ From the Farmers' Register. HOG RAISING. It is a maxim in law, that " when the rett&on of the law ceases, the law itself ceases but not so with custom. An old national habit is unmeaningly persevered in, when the reason of its origin has long ceased to exist. This remark can find no better practical illustration than in the common modeof raising hogs in Virginia. In the early settlement of Virgin* ia, when most of the forest was standing, ^ the cheapest possible method of raising was to permit them to run at large. THie acorns attorded by extensive iracis oX woodland, unenclosed, would keep hos*j in good condition without grain, or w ith a very small allowance of it. But since, at least two thirds of the virgin forest of Virginia has been cut down, and thebest acorn bearing trees pillaged from the remaining third, hog raising in wood ornmons has become entirely unprofitabe. There is noopiuion more common roong farmers, or more erroneous, than that a large wood range will keep hogs i good order, whether it happens to be a jod mast year or not." Except the ayrn, and woodland is the most inferior hge for hogs. Earth worms, green getation, and aquaitic plants, the ornary food that the hog obtains when nning at large, are found in greater a. tndance in cleared, than in woodland. A rge tract of woodland keep9 the hog unasingly running and rooting, j ithout affording any compensation r hit labor?and this tantalizing 1 ^""L?. u: 1 ? 5 dHilUIl KCCjO IIiin mnu\n puwi, j With these few preliminary remarks, I j ill give youi readers, Mr. Editor, my tpcrience in raising hogs. I have been igaged in the business for about five ears. The first year, I suffered mv hogs ? run at large, like my neighbors, in a ommon, near my settlement, a part of hich was my own land. They were fed k\a slave every morning, (such was the erection, however.) at a considerable di?. Itoce from the corn crib and dwelling hojse. At a little upwards of a year old, they weighed about 75 lbs. average. Mv ^ inole of management the second voar, was but little variant from the first. The overseer personally attended more to their feeding this year, and the hogs were tatter, or rather not so poor, during the whole year; and consequently, 1 lost more by theft the second, than the first year. I do not recollect the precise num. ber stolen, but distinctly recollect being frequently informed, through the year by the feeder, that "that another of the fattest j Jugs was missing." At killing time, the j hogs of this year averaged some 10 or 15 . lbs. in weight more than those of the pse-1 vious year : they were, however, a little j j older. This circumstance is recollected i from the fact that they were bred by the same sows?and these sows for several years produced two litters of pigs annual- ' ly, and about a month earlier each year. ^ My third year's trial was pretty much a repetition of the first. They were lean through the year until penned ; some were stolen, and when killed, were entirely j insufficient in quantity to supply the plantation. Thus, for three years, we failed to raise a sufficiency of meat for the use of the plantation. In the month of Feb., 1S35, (as is shown by an extract from a memorandum book.) I shut up about n dozen shoats, recently weaned, that were pigged in the December hefore. At the same, 1 kept my stock hogs, and some others not of the same age, with the penned shoats in a standing pasture, or lot, of about twenty ( acres. I gave the penned shoats nearly as much corn as they would oat three tiroes a day. Wey soon became very fat, but v.e.'i .Wen with a cough in Aprii: their tongues became black and swollen : Cbev were then turned in tin; pasture with the stock hogs; their cough soon left them, and they continued to fatten as kindly as when confined in ariose pen. I attributed the change in their health to the cooling effect of green food, and to such other diet as the instinct of the animal suggests when running at large. The objections to stye raising, I think, are, that it has a tendency to produce vermin, which are as prejudicial to the fattening of the hog as the most inveterate disease. They are not apt to be supplied with a plenty of fresh water, or with such cooling diet as the hog obtains running at large, to obviate a tendency to inflammatory diseases. Close penning might be perhaps, profitablv resorted to, where the greatest care is taken to supply a quantity of fresh water, where their troughs arc regularly well cleaned, and occasional closes of powdered brimstone and salt are given to cool the blood and prevent vermin. I should suppose that it was essential to have ashed to protect penned hogs from the heat of a summer'sun. Hut to return from this digression. The twelve hogs above mentioned, were killed in Dec., 1835 at a year old. and weighed one hundred and seventy-five pounds a head. 1 neglected to attend to the most important item in the above experiments: that is, the quantity of corn the several parcels of hogs consumed each year. I proceed, with more pleasure, to give an account of my experiment in the year 1830. (I should have mentioned thai: the twelve hogs before alluded to wero not of the same stock with mv killings of the three previous years. They were of the scrub stock of the neighborhood, crossed on the Kentucky hogs.) My stock of killing hogs for this year, (1836,) were littered late in December, 1835. They were enclosed in a fifty acre field during the year?were about twenty in number, and were fed twice a day with a half bushel of corn in the ear at a feed. In the early part of the year, when they were pigs and small shoats, the half bushel was not filled ; in the early part of the fall it was rather more than filled ; and, during the month of November, their allowance was again increased. Nearlv half of the n ? fifty acre field was in woods: a part of the remainder was set in young clover and herds grass. The hogs were killed in November, at a few days less than eleven months old, and averaged one hundred and forty-one lbs. a head. If they had been highly fed through the month of November and December, and killed at a year old. 1 believe their weight would have been increased nearly 30 lbsa head. The items of management variant from the ordinary mode of raising hogs in this vicinity, were keeping the sows fat from the time they became pregnant until they littered ; spaying and castrating at a very early age ; keeping the killing hogs fat the whole \ear, cutting off the rooter, or cartilage of the nose ; and giving them, frequently, salt and powdered brimstone. I have not lost a single hog from theft, or disease, during the two last years, with the exception of one or two pigs that were littered in severe cold weather. The land grazed by the hogs was but little rooted, ind was manifestly enriched by their iroppings. They were fed in a small pen kept w ell littered, and encouraged to sleep in it at night. The manure raised from them is considerable, and seems to be of a superior quality. I should have mentioned that the killing hogs of the two last mentioned years, r 1 * I 4? " were ihci, in me summer, purity on vegetables ; and whenever they had an allowance of corn was curtailed. Having raised a very unusually large crop of tomatoes; they were fed in quantities of half a bushel at a time to the hogs; they ate them very cautiously and sparingly at first, but soon acquired great fondness for thetn. I have given you, Mr. Editor, my limited experience on hog raising, and candidly believe that I have much more now to learn of the nature, habits, dec. of this valuable animal, than when I first commenced to attend to the subject. From m experiment accidently made. I enterlain the opinion that the most profitable mode of raising, is never to winter a filing hog; but so to regulate the breed, ing of the sows, as to cause them to litter about the first of March ; and then to feed highly the sows and pigs two or three times i day on grain and vegetable diet, fruit, kc. Hogs well fed, littered in March, md killed in December, may be made to weigh, ordinarily, from 150 to 400. 1 iiave four sows that will litter in a few lavs, and expect to kill the pigs in December next, when 1 promise myself the pleasure of communicating for the Register the result of another experiment. My neighbors are introducing improved breeds of hogs, (the Redford and No-bone,] and urc very much pleased, particularly with the former. The Bedford stock beep on very little food, and make, 1 have been informed, excellent roasters. W. From tbo London Farmers' Register. ON DESTROYING RATS. Sir,?The following is a reply to your correspondent's inquiry, as to the best mode of destroying rats. Should he find either of these methods succeed, he will oblige by a reply through your paper. 1st?Corks, cut as thin as sixpences, roasted or stewed in grease, and placed in tiicir tracks, or?Dried sponge, in small pieces, tried or dipped in honey, with a little oil of rhodium, or?Bird-lime, laid in their haunts, will stick to their fur, and cause their departure. If a live rat be caught, and well rubbed or brushed ove , with tar and train oil, and afterwards put to escape in the holes of others, they will disappear. Poisoning is a very dangerous and objectionable mode. If any of your chemical readers could suggest any very pungent smell, procurable from suostances resembling garlic or asafortida, this might i he of great use. as this animal has an | extraordinary fineness or susceptibility of i ^cent; witness its extreme predilection for oil of rhodium, &c. I consider your correspondent's query a very important one, and it is surprising that the attention of farmers, and others concerned in the removal of thesa vermin, has, in this age of discovery, been so little drawn to the subject; more particularly so, as the newspapers present so many recent instances of attacks, made bv these creatures on ' 0 / infants, die. I really think the matter moredeserv. ing of notice, than has hitherto been giv. en to it; and, apologizing for the present intrusion, I remain yours, very truly. A Constant Subscriber. Bristol, March 10. on drenching cattle. March 1st, 1841, To AVm. Dick,?Sir,?1 trust your position at the head of the veterinary profession in Scotland, and yoilr well- ( known desire to improve it, will-induce you to pardon me, a perfect stranger, in ( - ? ? J a: misaddressing you, anu requesting > uui , attention to the following facts :? About a month ago I had a fine quey calf, nearly five months old* that the servant told me in the evening she had observed passing water of the color of sherry wine. I ordered halfa pound of Epsom salts to be dissolved in a bottle of lukewarm water, and given to it, with two or three bottles of water-gruel immediately afterwards. The calf was eating hay when the servants went to the byre; they had not well left it ere 1 heard it roar; and on sending them back it was dying, and died in less than five minutes, without a struggle. I caused it to be opened. We could discover nothing wrong with the kidneys, Jiver, gall-bladder, or any where, until, on opening the lungs, I found the tubes filled with frothy liquid, some of which I had also seen about the nostrils. I have no doubt that it was killed by part of the salts or gruel going down the windpipe. The servant man, in holding it, stated that he had pressed his finger or thumb on the point of its tongue within the mouth while the liquid was being p it into it. As I supposed the holding c r interfering with the tongue to be the cause of its death, I desired the servants never to do so again. Two days ago I had an Ayreshire cow. ten or eleven years old, that had been at pasture throughout the day. After being brought home she refused her turnips in the evening, hut ate some hay. She also ate a little more hay after being milked. At supper time, 8 p. m., she was lying, hut rose like the rest, yet did not begin to eat any of the straw that was then put before her. At 9 p. m., she was still standing, buf had not eaten any of the straw; nor is it probable that she ate any of it afterwards. At 7 on the following morning she was lying more on her belly than her side, with her feet and legs under her. The servants endeavored to get her up to milk her, but she seemed unable to rise. Tliev then tried to get her to drink, but she would not; so they drenched her with five or six bottles of warm water-gruel as . carefully as they could, and without touching the tongue. i It was near 9 a. m., when I saw her, 1 still lying as described. No pulse was > to be felt; she was breathing rather qu ck- 5 !y, and looked very languid. I sent for ' the cow doctor, but before he had time to J give her any thing, she was dead. She died very quietly, and without a struggle or groan, about 11a. m. j On being opened and very carefully j examined, nothing wrong could be ?ecn ( with the heart, liver, kidneys, stomachs, | or bowels; but on opening tho lungs, I * found in the tubes branching off from the i windpipe above twenty small pieces of i hay and stra w, about half an inch in I length, the hull or husk of some oats, and f small piece o a turnip, about the size of I a flattened pea, with a little white matter 5 which, on washing and drying, I think (. has every appearance of oatmeal, or the -J sediment of meal and water. I now had no doubt that the substances found in the lungs were the cause of t death ; but how did they get there ?? a that is the difficulty. Could the bits of r hay, straw, &c. have been lying in the 1 mouth and carried down the windpipe by s a small quantity of the gruel, although c given with care, alwavs from a bottle and t the tongue not touched 7 or could s they get (there by any other means? * I could send you the bits of straw, &c. 8 taken from the lungs, in a letter, if you J wished lo see them. The mealy matter, might, perhaps, proceed from a drink or food which the cow got the day before she j died?if you think it po:>sible for such ' things to get to the lungs of a living cow t without human interference. Hac. the t cow been quite well until she got the p gruel in the morning, I should, of course, s suppose that there could be no doubt J about it; but'when you think on the fact sii that she refused her fadder at supper-time, wi was lying on her belly in the morning ,n and either could or would not rise to be H milked, at drink?ali of which took place before any gruel was put into her, and that arl she allowed it to fa; given while lying and without offering anv resistance?it is _ - * t 1111 difficult to account for? neither does it j seem very likely that many bits of hay jn' or struw should be Ivi.ig in the mouth so m as fo be carried down the windpipe hy any Wi of the gruel. of Would you have uhe kindness to favor sic me with your candid opinion of th* case, ah and atso'to inform me what you consider an thp sftutxt method of TJUtJina Vwuid into \ Tl cattle? * ' rii I am, Sir, &c. aP REPLY. ?P Edenburgh, 5th March 1841. dC Sir,?I have been prevented until now by an extreme pressure of business from answering your letter on the cause of the on death of your cow and quey calf. I have j no doubt that the pre:uure on the tongue jjn of the calf, by interfering with its action and also preventing the action of the sh lower jaw, was the cause of the salts get. tli ting into the windpipe and producing T t death by suffocation. And although it 11: is not so easy to explain the manner in er which the straw., &c. got into the cow's an windwipc. I think,, if the whole history c0 of the case could be got at, we should m( be able to trace the cause to some acci- ^ dent. It is possible she might have al- .1 lowed these matters to have passed into ill the windpipe accidentally, especially if t she was attacked by any cough ; but it seems to me more ikely that t ere had ot] boen some other affection which gave to pC the symptoms that existed prior to the w, gruel being administered; and that from nc rumination being suspended, she had had su some portions of straw, &c., in her mouth gr at the time the gruel was given, and this lai if she chanced to struggle or cough, would an pass into the windpipe and altimately de- mi stroy life. .w' The simplest and best way to give li- J"1 nm'rtj tn ? nnw. whpn shp i<? tipd to the LjUtU? ?V .. | ? j ^take, is for the operator to pass his left on qnder the cow's jaw, and to take hold of ^ her left cheek with two of his fingers, and with a horn or a bottle to pour the liquid ^ into the right side of the mouth with his |(r right hand, giving both the tongue and jaws as much liberty as possible. An co issistant should steady the head, aud th issist in keeping it moderately high by th< aking hold of the horns. lei When cattle are held by the nostrils it mi frequently produces coughing or sneezing, dis ind substances are opt to get into the windpipe. It is a bad practice to press or nc *ripe the windpipe or gullet in order to ?9. make them swallow, or to take hold of the -I01 tongue, as is frequently done; and when they cough the head should be let down ^ once, so that, if any thing has got into on the windpipe, it may be driven out. Ac. cidents, such as you have described, are sy, frequent, and 1 think, commonly, arise c.i| from the causes which I have alluded to, eni ar the rough manner in which cattle are pei too commonly treated. aid I am, Sir, your most obedient servant. ch< William Dick. ta' me Rheumatism in the Horse. lur Mr. XV. C. Spooner, V. S. Southampton, aid It cannot.bedoubted thatrheumatism both exl i i: n its acute and chronic form, is met with, nn >om time to lime,in the horse, though by nei io means so frequently as in the human its mbject. I am, however, inclined to think i ari hat it exists oftener thanjis generally sup- to ' losed, and many of those flying obscure tor amenesses are doubtless of this character, tha ind account for the anomalous fact now do< ind then to be found, of a lame horse tror- ] Vine sound. I have in mv eve several he nstances of this o?curing. The diseases use if joints in colts, lite noticed in The Ve- in l ;erinarian both by foreign and domestic thi: luthorities, are doubtless or a rheumatis- ed rial character; a few cases that I have did net with in the colts appeared of this na- sar :ure, the disease flying from one joint to set mother, and attended with large and gei lainful swelling. Cattle, perhaps, are tly itill more subject to this disease, and un- fro ler the obscure names of joint felon and red oint murrain we have an inflamatory dis- tho ;ase of the joints and sinews of a rheu- his natic type.?A short time since I was re- ate juested to dxamine a cow that had calved full wo months previously in a cold and wet the * ' ' - * I _ ii.. situation, which, according to my mior- i am nant, had given her a chill across the | wh oins ; for she had been unable to walk or Th itand ;since. She had been under the j sw( :are of a farrier, who finding at length the hat the joints were much swollen, said off ;he had the joint murrain, and therefore the le cou'id do nothing for her. I found con- ten liderable swelling in front of each knee, boi vhich, though solt, did not appear to con- thr< ain pus. The off hind hock and leg was ?a ilso much swollen, and very painful, in des everal places the skin was worn through o the bone from constantly lying down. The pulse was very quick, and although he animal would still feed, the constitu- ^ ion was eveidently wearing away from . iain and fever. Being convinced that in * ad alteration cf structure had taken eml dace, both externally and internally, I de- Pr0 'i _ ed that the animal should be destroyed | hich was accordingly done; and I exam?! ed the body. The swelling of the knee J < round consisted of a serous and bloody < lid, in which floated .shreds of tendons j id ligaments, nnd, in one knee, the i psular ligament had given way. In l e hock a complete abscess had formed a. | ong the sinews at the back, nnd was eat. < g into their verv substance and extend. I gsomejdistance below: the thigh was also i uch diseased. In the abdomen there < is a quantity of serum, in which flakes lymph appeared floating about. Con. lerable adhesion of the viscera to the < domon had also taken place, and appearce of inflamation about the loins.? 1 ie pericardium likewise contained se. ; II?.. ilia oarriD xlaoo aT mom Km nou Illl tuw ouinu vi ?.ww peared diseased throughout, and in my inion, the case was of a rheumatic char, ter. A rase of very decided rheumatism in n | ny lately lately came under my atten. >n. I was first requested to look at him i i account of his lameness of the off fore i j. He evinced considerblepain when the ab was raised, the seat of which was very Jticntly pointed out asjthe muscles of the oulder. The animal had been driven raer a longjourneyon the previousjday, and i considered had been thereby strained, led ftom the arm, and ordered the shoulto be fomented, <fcc., after which an fibrocalion was rubbed in. In the 1 urse of a week or two the lameness alnst suddenly Jeft him; but in a few days terwards he was lame in the off hind I now pronounced it to be rheuma. 1 m. After awhile the lameness left 1 m; but shortly afterwards he was brought me very ill with, as I considered, the mpi...ns of pleurisy. He was bled and I herwise treated, and the next day ap- ' ared much better. Soon afterwards he is lame in the near fore-leg, then the 1 ar bine leg: and the pony appeared to 1 ffer much pain; this went on getting ndually worse, and the urgency of the meness appeared to fly from one joint 1 id limb to another. Very little treatent was employed, as the owner did not sh to incur much expense, and the anial, though useful wa* not vcryj valua- i 5. Opium, however, appeared to give ly temporary relief. And poultices and ternal stimulants afforded no benefit ? fie upper joints of the hock became early distended with synovia, producing th thorough-pins and bog-spavins; the lees too, were much swollen, but the .A1I.MM - - L? J # r\ l\A cuing was nniu, nuu pivimscu i? uc* me bony. The pain was so great that e animal would scarcely stand up, and en would stand with difficulty- At lgth, to cut the matter short, about two inths from the commencement of the : .ease the animal died. Scctio cadaveris?The muscles con- 1 cting the humerus to the chest as well those in the neighborhood of the hip 1 nt, were, in places, in a state approach- ' y to mortification. The hock joints ! ntained in a large quantity of synovial 1 id, thick, and nearly opaque; and in e back, at the upper and back part of ^ ; joint?the seat of thorough-pin?the I novia was in a coagulated state. The 1 psular ligament was considerably thick- * ed at the seat of bog spavin, and ap- 1 tired red and injected. There was con- * erable adhesion of the viscera of the est, and inflammation of the pleura cosIs ; water in the pericardium, enlarge;nt of the heart, and vomicae in one s ) g. The liver was found con- \ erablv thickened, and on being cut into, tiibited a curious appearance ; white cs,'about an eighth of an inch in thick- y ss, appeared running irregularly among K substance, giving it quite a marbled a pearance. These white lines appeared * be of a scirrhous nature ; but the grea- 1 portion of the liver was rather darker a in common, though readily broken ! J ivn. [ had known the pony nearly two years; ! was about ten or twelve years old and id to carry a great deal of flesh. Withthe last six months he had fallen off in ? s respect, though he by no means lookpoor;but the owner finding that he -J not perform his journeys with the ne vigor, as before, though he usually ^ out with much spirit, sold him to a a itlemea, who not approving of him shorafterwards re-sold him to another, F m whom he passed into the hands, at a 11 uced price, of a respectable dealer, who I r ught he had a bargain, but found to . cost that it was by no means a fortun- 1 9 fl one. The post-mortem appearances ly explained the history of the case? loss of condition was, no doubt, to be J! ributed to the diseased state of the liver, ich was probably the prior disease. e flying lameness, muscular pains, * jlling9 of the joints, inflammation ot sheath of the tendons and symptoms n ileuriay, all appeared to be owing to . rheumatic affection which, though at. ipting different cavities and flying ait from part to part, yet exhibited 81 oughout thesame distinctive character P ittacking at the same time the same n cription of membranes. a The Veterinarian for May 1841. ^ From the Farmers' Cabinet. a ETIFICIAL DIVISIONS OF THE FAUX. ^ences in rural economy comprehend reneral, every sort of enclosure that is \ a ployed for shelter?or designed for the j c tection of the lands thus enclosed, from j * 4 the intrusion of cattle* They are of different kinds, depending on the Tar onf circumstances of soil, situation, lbs kinds of materials at jiand most suitable for tbe purpose, and the convenience with which they may be obtained. Where a coun. Iry is entirely in tillage, it is of less importance that farms be divided by artifi-* cia! barriers; but wherever live stock if kept, this is essential to the proper keeping of the animals, and to the profitable occupation of the grounds; nod besides the purpose of retaining and separating animals of different kinds from one to* other.* Every person about to erect a fence should have special regard tj three essential points?durability, economy, and r.e itnesa of appearance. * Poor fences are of incalculable mischief to the farmer." They are ferquentIv the means of disturbing that good neighborhood, which would, in many places, otherwise exist without interruption, if each farmer would attend to having his fences well and substantially made and kept constantly in good order and repair. Unless fences are made sufficiently high and strong, there can be no safety to the crops?the cattle, selecting the weakest points are apt to break over them, and thereby imbibe vicious habits. The descriptions of fences and the method of their construction, depend wholly upon the soil, the various kinds of materials at hand or most readily obtained. There are a variety of kinds of fences or enclosures used; the log fence, the post and rail, the worm or zig-zag, and the stone?which, when the materials are on the ground, and the fence is property built, is by all means the most durable, economical, and secure?the ditch, the paling, and the live hedge. But in whatever manner, and of whatever materials they m?y be constructed, they should be frequently surveyed with a critical eye, and all defects rectified without the least delay. The growing and alarming scarcity of timber in the United States, renders the enclosure of farms a very expensive item. It therefore is the interest of the farmer to preserve his fences, now in good condition, as long.as possible in that state? ind, in the construction of new ones to exercise economy, by having them erected, of whatever materials, in a most substantial and durable manner. The saving of a few dollars in the outlay, it only apparent, not real. ' We must not bo understood as advocating extravagance in this or any other department of rural affairs?hut we do maintain that! what is worth doing at all, is worth doing well, and that, therefore, in the erection of fences, the best and most durable materia Is should be selected : and the whole put together in a solid substantial, and workmanlii. manner. Almost every individual has an idea that he fully understands the process of making rail-fence, which is a simple pro:ess, and yet, perhaps, not more than one n twenty has any established system or ixed rules, by which their operations are \o be controlled in this essential and irajortant department of farm-labor. A wrier in the Genesee Farmer, says that no light is to him more pleasing, than a well nade rail-fence. His system of constnicion is briefly as follows : MTo ascertain when a sufficient Dumjer of rails have been drawn for a given listance of fence.?If the fence is to be leven rails high, and twelve feet long, >lace them in piles of ten each, in a coninuous line touching each other. 2.? ^ace, in range, 9takes or pole9 at interals to designate the line?prepare a pole even or eight feet long, well sharpened it one end ; [the end ought by all means o be pointed with iron.) At about eigbeen inches from the pointed end, fasten - ..... i j i rod at right angles with the poie, ana ixtending thence from three feet, two, our, or six inches, according as the fence s exposed to winds. Put down this polo n a range with the poles designating the ine, and the end of the rod w ill show the dace for the corner.?Place then, for a oundation, a good sized flat atone, and ou are ready to commence operations. I.?The bottom rail should be straight? ilace the largest end forward on the atone, nd the other end crossing the preceding ail at the end of the rod of the ranging ole, so that the corners on* each side be n exact line. 4.?Let the Ave following ails be placed the smallest end forward, nd notched, if neces*iry to make them e steadily. 5.?Let the top rail be heavy nd well notched, the largest end placed orward, which completes the work, leav. ig you. fence level, and of equal height (iroughout." Vnrious substitutes have been proposed >r the common post and rail fence, the lost prominent of which will be hereafter oticad. Notwithstanding the great scarity of timber in the Atlantic states, which i a matter of great solicitude, in view of btaining in future a supply of timber nitable foi fencing alone?the system of ost and rail fences, with proper managelent on'the part of farmers may be easily, nd advantageously perpetuated. Jame9 Worth Esq., of Sharon, ^ear lewton, Bucks county, jPennsylv/mia? gentleman who has devoted much of hieme, talents, and fortune, in promoting le general interests of agricu]ture?Hrfter minute and careful examination of tW laims of all the varieties of fymm us*4 ?L..: ^ m i? .. ?*? - %Z*