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VOLUME VI CHERAW. SOUTH-CAROLINA, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 4, 1841. NUMJBER 38.
| | | | | _ I m I I II iBWiniB ! II I nil
By M. MAC LE1\.
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From the Farmers' Register.
: ttuu KAUl.tU(
It is a maxim in law, that " when the
reason of the law ceases, the law itself
ceases but not so with custom. An
old national habit is unmeaningly persevered
in, when the reason of its origin has
long ceased to exist. This remark can
find no better practical illustration than in
the common mode of raising hogs in VirVginia.
In the early settlement of Virginia,
when most of the forest was standing,
the cheapest possible method of raising
Niiogs, was to permit them to ruu at large.
Yho acorns afforded by extensive tracts
ofs woodland, unenclosed, would keep
hoos in good condition without grain, or
with a very small allowance of it. But
since, at least tu o thirds of the virgin for- '
est of Virginia has been cut down, and
the best acorn bearing trees pillaged from ,
the remaining third, hog raising in wood
commons has become entirely unprofitable.
There is noopiuion more common j
among farmers, or more erroneous, than
"that a large wood range will keep hogs
ii good order, whether it happens to be a
good mast year or not." Except the acorn,
and woodland is the most inferior
ringe for hogs. Earth worms, green
vegetation, and aquaitic plants, the or- (
dinary food that the hog obtains when
running at large, are found in greater a- .
hnndance in cleared, than in woodland. A
large tract of woodland keep9 the hog unceasingly
running and rooting, j
without affording any compensation
^ for his labor?and this tantalizing j
*" * operation keeps him always poor.
With these few preliminary remarks, I j
will give youi readers, Mr. Editor, my
experience in raising hogs. I have been
engaged in the business for about five
years. The first year, I suffered rav hogs
to run at large,'-irke my neighbors, in a j
common, near my settlement, a part of
which was my own land. They were fed (
by\t slave every morning, (?uch was the
arection, however,) at a considerable distance
from the corn crib and dwelling ^
house. At a little upwards of a year old, |
they weighed about 75 lbs. average. My (
u mode of management the second year,
was but little variant from the first. The
overseer personally attended more to
A1 n * - -v., k tl*A Ks-trvo icnro
ineir iceaing IUI3 > UUl, UIIU IIIC UW^O nviv j ^
tatter, or rather not so poor, during the
whole year; and consequently, I lost
more bv theft the second, than the first
. 1
year. I do not recollect the precise num.
ber stolen, but distinctly recollect being
frequently informed, through the year by
i the feeder, that "that another of the fattest
hog$ was missing." At killing time, the j
hogs of this year averaged some 10 or 15 .
lbs. in weight more than those of the pse-1
vious year : they were, however, a little j
older. This circumstance is recollected
from the fact that they were bred by the
same sows?and these sows for several
vAnra nrnrbirpd two litters of DifiTS annual
V wv"*"" r* " "" 1 cr I
iy, and about a month earlier each year. ^
My third year's trial was pretty much a
repetition of the first. Tliev were lean
through the year until penned ; some were
stolen, and when killed, were entirely j
insufficient in quantity to supply the plantation.
Thus, for three years, we failed
to raise a sufficiency of meat for the use
of the plantation.
In the month of Feb., 1835, (as is
shown by an extract from a memorandum
book,) I shut up about a dozen shoats,
recently weaned, that were pigffed in the
1 December before. At the same, 1 kept
my stock hogs, and some others not of
the same age, with the penned shoats in
a standing pasture, or lot, of about twenty (
acres. I gave the penned shoats nearly
as much corn as they would eat three
tines a day. Why soon became very
fat, but vTe.'a iWen with a cough in April:
their tongue* became blark and swollen :
fhev were then turned in the pasture with
the stock hogs; their cough soon left
them, and they continued to fatten as
kindly as when confined in a close pen.
I attributed the change in their health to
the cooling effect of green food, and to
such other diet as the instinct of the anima!
suggests when ruuning at large.
~ ~ I tUSnlr
The objections 10 hive raising, * unun,
are, that it has a tendency to produce
vermin, which are as prejudicial to the
fattening of the hog as the most inveterate
disease. They are not apt to be supplied
with a plenty of fresh water, or with such
cooling diet as the hog obtains running at
large, to obviate a tendency to inflammatory
diseases. Close penning might be
perhaps, profitably resetted to, where the
greatest care is taken to supply a quantity
of fresh water, where their troughs arc
regularly well cleaned, and occasional doses
of powdered brimstone and salt are
given to cool the blood and prevent vermin.
I should suppose that it was essential
to have ashed to protect penned hogs
from the heat of a summer'sun.
Hut to return from this digression. The
twelve hogs above mentioned, were killed
in Dec., 1935 at a year old. and weighed
one hundred and seventy-five pounds a
head. 1 neglected to attend to the most,
important item in the above experiments:
that is, the quantity of corn the several
parcels of hogs consumed each year.
1 proceed, with more pleasure, to givo
in account of my experiment in the year
1836. (I should have mentioned that the
twelve bogs before alluded to wero not of
the same stock with mv killings of the
three previous years. Thcv were of the
scrub stock of the neighborhood, crossed
on the Kentucky hogs.) My stock of
killing hogs for this year, (1836,) were
littered late in December, 1835. They
were enclosed in a fifty acre field during
the year?were about twenty in number,
and were fed twice a day with a halfbushi
c .i x _ r...j T.?
ei or corn in ineearui a iccu. iu ????- j
early part of the year, when they were
pigs and small shoats, the half bushel was
not filled ; in the early part of the fall it
was rather more than filled ; and, during
the month of November, their allowance
was again increased. Nearly half of the
w ?
fifty acre field was in woods: a part of
the remainder was set in young clover
and herds grass. The hogs were killed in
November, at a few days less than eleven
months old, and averaged one hundred
and forty-one Ihs. a head. If
they had been highly fed through the
month of November and December, and
killed at a year old. 1 believe their weight
would have been increased nearly 30 lbsa
head.
The items of management variant from
the ordinary mode of raising hngs in this
vicinity, were keeping the sows fat from
the time they became pregnant until they
littered ; spaying and castrating at a very
early age ; keeping the killing hogs fat
the whole \ear, cutting off the rooter, or
cartilage of the nose ; and giving them,
frequently, salt and powdered brimstone.
[ have not lost a single hog from theft, or
Jisease, during the two last years, with
[he exception of one or two pigs that were
littered in severe cold weather. The land
grazed by the hogs was hut little rooted,
md was manifestly enriched by their
Iroppings. They were fed in a small pen
<ept well littered, and encouraged to sleep
nit at night. The manure raised from
them is considerable, and seems to be of a
superior quality.
I should have mentioned that the killing
bogs of the two last mentioned years,
were fed, in the summer, partly on vegetables
; and whenever they had an allowince
of corn was curtailed. Having railed
a very unusually large crop of toma[ocs;
they were fed in quantities of half a
>:ishcl at a time to the hogs; they ate
them very cautiously and sparingly at
first, but soon acquired great fondness for
them.
I have given you, Mr. Editor, my limi
* - - - i _ i
ton experience on nog raising, uuu candidly
believe that 1 have much more now
lo learn of the nature, habits, &c. of this
valuable animal, than when I first commenced
to attend to the subject. From
\n experiment accidently made. I enterlain
the opinion that the most profitable
mode of raising, is never to winter a hilling
hog; but so to regulate the breed,
ing of the sows, as to cause them to litter
about the first of March ; and then to feed
liighly the sows and pigs two or three times
i day on grain and vegetable diet, fruit,
kc. Hogs well fed, littered in March,
and killed in December, may be made to
weigh, ordinarily, from 150 to 400. 1
have four sows that will litter in a few
days, and expect to kill the pigs in December
next, when 1 promise myself the
pleasure of communicating for the Register
the result ofanother experiment. My
neighbors are introducing improved breeds
of hogs, (the Bedford and No-bone,] and
are very much pleased, particularly with
the former. The Bedford stock beep
on very little food, and make, 1 have been
f J ,
imonnca, excellent riKisiem.
w.
From the London Farmers' Register.
ON DESTROYING BATS.
Sir,?The following is a reply to your
correspondent's inquiry, as to the best
mode of destroying rats. Should he find
either of these methods succeed, he will
oblige by a reply through your paper.
1st?Corks, cut as thin as sixpences,
. roasted or stewed in grease, and
placed in their tracks,
or?Dried sponge, in small pieces, fried
or dipped in honey, with a little oil
of rhodium,
or?Bird-lime, laid in their haunts, will
stick to their fur, and cause their departure.
If a live rat be caught, and well rubbed
or brushed ove . with tar and trainoil,
and afterwards put to escape in
the holes of others, they will disappear.
Poisoning is a very dangerous and objectionable
mode. If any of your chemical
readers could suggest any very pungent
smell, procurable from suostances resembling
garlic or asafortida, this might
be of great use. as this animal has an
extraordinary fineness or susceptibility of
scent; witness its extreme predilection
for oil of rhodium, &c. I consider your
correspondent's query a very important
one, and it is surprising that the attention
of farmers, and others com crned in the |
removal of thesa vermin, lias, in this age
of discovery, been so little drawn to the'
subject; more particularly so, as the newspapers
present so many recent instances
of attacks, made bv these creatures on
' # / ,
infants, &c.
I really think the matter moredeserv-'
ing of notice, than has hitherto been giv.
en to it; and, apologizing for the present
intrusion, I remain yours, very truly.
A Constant Subscriber.
Bristol, March 10.
on drenching cattle.
March 1st, 1841,
To Wm. Dick,?Sir,?1 trust your
position at the head of the veterinary
profession in Scotland, and your well,
known desire to improve it, will-induce
you to pardon me, a perfect stranger, in
thus addressing you, and requesting your
attention to the following facts :?
k i ? A ? mm/v t ha/1 a (i no miAtt I
iiUUUl <L II1UJHII ligu JL liuu (4 mav \juv^
calf, nearly five months old* that the servant
told me in the evening she had observed
passing water of the color of sherry
wine. I ordered halfa pound of Epsom
salts to be dissolved in a bottle of lukewarm
water, and given to it, with two or
three bottles of water-gruel immediately
afterwards. The calf was eating hay
when the servants went to the byre; they
had not well left it ere I heard it roar;
and on sending them back it was dying,
and died in less than five minutes, without
a struggle.
I caused it to be opened. We could l
discover nothing wrong with the kidneys,1
Jivcr, gall-bladder, or any where, until, on
opening the lungs, 1 found the tubes filled I
with frothy liquid, some of which 1 had j
also seen about the nostrils. I have no j
doubt that it was killed by part of the salts
or gruel goingdown the windpipe. The
servant man, in holding it, stated that he ,
had pressed his finger or thumb on the
point of its tongue within the mouth
while the liquid was being put into it.
As I supposed the holding or interfering 1
with the tongue to be the cause of its
death, I desired the servants never to do
so again.
Two days ago I had an Ayreshire cow.
ten or eleven years old, that had been at
pasture throughout the day.
After being brought home she refused
her turnips in the evening, but ate some
hay. She also ate a little more hay after
being triiikcd.
At supper time, 8 p. m., she was lying,
but rose like the rest,yet did not begin to
eat any of the straw that was then put
before her.
% !
At 9 p. m., she was still standing, but
had not eaten any of the straw; nor is
it probable that she ate any of it afterwards.
At 7 on the following morning she was
lying more on her belly than her side,
with her feet and legs under her. The
servants endeavored to get her up to milk
her, but she seemed unable to rise. They
then tried to get her to drink, but she
would not; so they drenched her with
five or six bottles of warm water-gruel as
carefully as they could, and without
touching the tongue.
It was near 9 a. m., when I saw her,
still lying as described. No pulse was
to be felt; she was breathing rather quick,
ly, and looked very languid. I sent for
the cow doctor, but before he had time to
frii'n Iipp nnv tMncr. she was dead. She
rj"v ?J p' _
died yery quietly, and without a struggle
or groan, al>out 11a. m.
On being opened and very carefully
examined, nothing wrong could be seen
with the heart, liver, kidneys, stomachs,
or bowels; but on opening tho lungs, I
found in the tubes branching off from the
windpipe above twenty small pieces of
! hay and straw, about half an inch in
, length, the hull or husk of some oats, and
> small piece o a turnip, about the size of
[ a flattened pea, with a little white matter
which, on washing and drying, I think
| has every appearance of oatmeal, or the
j sediment of meal and water.
I now had no doubt that the substances
lound in the lungs were the cause 01
death ; but how did they get there ??
that is the difficulty. Could the bits of
hay, straw, &c. have been lying in the
mouth and carried down the windpipe by
a small (juantity of the gruel, although
given with care, alwavs from a bottle and
the tongue not touched 1 or could
they get [there by any other means?
I could send you the bits of straw, &c.
taken from the lungs, in a letter, if you
wished to see them. The mealy matter,
might, perhaps, proceed from a drink or
food which the cow got the day before she
died?if you think it possible for such
things to get to the lungs of a living cow
without human interference. Had the
cow been quite well until she got the
gruel in the morning, I should, of course,
suppose that there could be no doubt
I about it; but when you think on the fact
that she refused her fodder at supper-time,
was lying on her bell v in the morning
and either could or would not rise to be
milked, at drink?all of which took place
before any gruel was put into her, and that
she allowed ?t to be given while lying
and without offering anv resistance?it is
difficult to account for? neither does it
seem very likely that many hits of hay
or straw should he Iving in the mouth so
as to he carried down the windpipe by any
of the gruel.
Would you have the kindness to favor
me with your candid opinion of th i case,
and aTsq to inform ine what you consider
the safest method of putting liquid into
cattle?
I am, Sir, (fee.
REPLY.
Edinburgh, 5th March 1841.
Sir,?I have been prevented until now
by an extreme pressure of business from
answering your letter on the cause of the
death of your cow and quey calf. I have
no doubt that the pressure on the tongue
of the calf, bv interfering with its action
o
and also nreventinr? the action of the
, c
I lower jaw, was the cause of the salts get.
j ting into the windpipe nnd producing
death by suffocation. And although it
is not so easy to explain the manner in .
which the straw, &c. got into the cow's j
windwipc. I think, if the whole history
of the case could be got at, we should
be able to trace the cause to some accident.
It is possible she might have allowed
these matters to have passed into
the windpipe accidentally, especially if
she was attacked by any cough ; but it
seems to me more likely that t ere had
boen some other affection which gave to
the symptoms that existed prior to the
gruel being administered ; and that from
rumination being suspended, she had had
some portions of straw, &c., in her mouth
at the time the gruel was given, and this
if she chanced to struggle or cough, would
pass into the windpipe and altimately destroy
life.
The simplest and test way to give liquids
to a cow, when she is tied to the
stake, is for the operator to pass his left
qnder the cow'sjaw, and to take hold of
her left cheek with two of his fingers, and
with a horn or n bottle to pour the liquid
into the right side of the mouth with his
right hand, giving both the tongue and
jaws as much liberty as possible. An
assistant should steady the head, aud
assist in keeping it moderately high by
taking hold of the horns.
When cattle are held bv the nostrils it
frequently produces coughing or sneezing,
and substances are apt to get into the
windpipe. It is a bad practice to press or
gripe the windpipe or gullet in order to
make them swallow, or to take hold of the
tongue, as is frequently done; and when
they cough the head should he let down
at once, so that, if any thing has got into
the windpipe, it may be driven out. Accidents,
such as you have described, are
frequent, and I think, commonly, arise
from the causes which I have alluded to,
or the rough manner in which cattle are
too commonly treated.
I am, Sir, your most obedient servant.
William Dick.
Rheumatism in the Horse.
Mr. W. C. Spooner, V. S. Southampton.
It cannnt.be doubted thatrhcumatism both
in its acute and chronic form, is met with,
from time to time,in the horse, though by
no means so frequently as in the human
subject. I am, however, inclined to think
that it exists oftener thanjis generally supposed,
and many of those flying obscure
lamenesses are doubtless of this character,
and account for the anomalous fact now
and then to be found, of a lame horse uvrking
sound. I have in my eye several
instances of this oocuring. The diseases
of joints in colts, late noticed in The Veterinarian
both by foreign and domestic
authorities, are doubtless or a rheumatismai
/ Knmrtnr: a few cases that I have
1 met with in the colts appeared of this nature,
the disease flying from one joint to
another, and attended with large and
painful swelling. Cattle, perhaps, are
still more subject to this disease, and under
the obscure names of joint felon and
joint murrain we have an inflamatory disease
of the joints and sinews of a rheumatic
type.?A short time since I was requested
to diamine a cow that had calved
two months previously in a cold and wet
situation, which, according to my informant,
had given her a chill across the
loins ; for she had been unable to walk or
stand since. She had been under the
care of a farrier, who finding at length
that the joints were much swollen, said
she had the joint murrain, and therefore
1 .L;__ f?. tin. T fmtnrl pnn.
ne couiu uu iniiiiiug iui ugi< *
siderable swelling in front of each knee,
which, though soft, did not appear to contain
pus. The off hind hock and leg was
also much swollen, and very painful, in
several places the skin was worn through
to the bone from constantly lying down.
The pulse was very quick, and although
the animal would still feed, the constitution
was eveidently wearing away from
pain and fever. Being convinced that
sad alteration of structure had taken
place, both externally and internally, I de"i
sired that the animal should be destroyed |
which was accordingly done; and I exam*!
ined the body. The swelling of the knee j
I found consisted of a serous and bloody
fluid, in which floated shreds of tendons
and ligaments, nnd, in one knee, the
capsular ligament had given way. In
the hock a complete abscess had formed among
the sinews at the back, and was eat.
inginto their very substance and extend,
ingsorne^distance below: the thigh was also
much diseased. In the abdomen there
was a quantity of serum, in which flakes
oflymph appeared floating about. Con.
sidcrable adhesion of the viscera to the
abdomen had also taken place, and appear*
a nee of inflamation about the loins.?
The pericardium likewise contained se.
rium Here the same class of membranes
appeared diseased throughout, and in my
opinion, the case was of a rheumatic char,
acter.
A case of very decided rheumatism in a
pony lately lately came under my atten. j
tion. I was first requested to look at him
on account of his lameness of the off fore
leg. He evinced considerblepain when the
limb was raised, the seat of which was very
disticntly pointed out asjthe muscles of the
shoulder. The animal tiad been driven rather
a longjourneyon thepreviousjday,and
T considered had been thereby strained, i
I hied ftom the arm, and ordered the shouler
to be fomented, <fec., after which an
ambrocalion was rubbed in. In the
course of a week or two the lameness almost
suddenly left him; but in a few days
afterwards he was lame in the off hind
leg. I now pronounced it to be rheuma.
tism. After awhile the lameness left
him; but shortly afterwards he was brought
to me very ill with, as I considered, the
symptoms of pleurisy. He was bled and
otherwise treated, and the next day appcared
much better. Soon afterwards he
was lame in the near fore-leg, then the
near bine leg: and the pony appeared to
suffer much pain; this went on getting
gradually worse, and the urgency of the
lameness appeared to fly from one joint
and limb to another. Very little treatment
wus employed, as the owner did not
wish to incur much expense, and the animal,
though useful wa* not veryjvaluable.
Opium, however, appeared to give
only temporary relief. And poultices and
external stimulants afforded no benefit ?
The upper joints of the hock became
greatly distended with synovia, producing
both thorough-pins and bog-spavins; the
knees too, were much swollen, but the
swelling was hard, and promised to become
bony. The pain was so great that
the animal would scarcely stand up, and
then would stand with difficulty- At
length* to cut the matter short, about two
months from the commencement of the
disease the animal died.
Sectio cadaveris?The muscle* connecting
the humerus to the chest as well
as those in the neighborhood of the hip
joint, were, in places, in a state approaching
to mortification. The hock joints
contained in a large quantity of synovial
fluid, thick, and nearly opaque; and in
one back, at the upper and back part of
the joint?-the seat of thorough-pin?the
synovia was in a coagulated state. The
capsular ligament was considerably thickened
at the seat of l>og spavin, and appeared
red and injected. There was considerable
adhesion of the viscera of the
chest, and inflammation of the pleura costails
; water in the pericardium, enlargement
of the heart, and vomicae in one
lung. The liver was found considerably
thickened, and on being cut into,
exhibited a curious appearance ; white
lines,'about an eighth of an inch in thickness,
appeared running irregularly among
its substance, giving it quite a marbled
appearance. These white lines appeared
to be of a scirrhous nature ; but the greator
portion of the liver was rather darker
than common, though readily broken
down.
I had known the pony nearly two years;
he was about ten or twelve years old and
used to carry a great deal of flesh. Within
the last six months he had fallen ofl* in
this respect, though he bv no means looked
poor; but the owner finding that he
did not perform his journeys with the
same vigor, as before, though he usually
set out with much spirit, sold him to a
gentlemea, who not approving of him shortly
afterwards re-sold him to another.
frnm whom he nassed into the hands, at a
reduced price, of a respectable dealer, who
thought he had a bargain, but found to
his cost that it was by no means a fortunate
one. The post-mortem appearances
fully explained the history of the case?
the loss of condition was, no doubt, to be
attributed to the diseased state of the liver,
which was probably the prior disease.
The flying lameness, muscular pains,
swellings of the joints, inflammation of
the sheath of the tendons and symptoms
of pleurisy, all appeared to be owing to
the rheumatic affection which, though at-!
tempting different cavities and nying about
from part to part, yet exhibited
throughout thesame distinctive character
?attacking at the same time the same
description of membranes.
The Veterinarian for iMTay 1841.
From the Farmers' Cabinet.
ARTIFICIAL DIVISIONS OF THK FARM. '
Fences in rural economy comprehend
in general, every sort of enclosure that is
employed for shelter?or designed for the J
protection of the lands thus enclosed, from j
(he intrusion of cattle* They are of dlf.
ferent kinds, depending on the various
| circumstances of soil, situation, the kinds
of materials at Jiand mast suitable for the
purpose, and the convenienco with which
they may be obtained. Where a country
is entirely in tillage, it is of less importance
that farms be divided by artifi-*
cial barriers; but wherever live stock is
kept, this is essential to the proper keepi
ing of the animals, and to the profitable
I occupation of the grounds; and besides
the purpose of retaining and separating
animals of different kinds from one another.*
Every person about to erect ft
fence should have special regard tj three
essential points?durability, eco4$fny,
ana r.e.iuiess ui opfitaiauvc.
4 Poor fences are of incalculable mischief
to the farmer." They are ferquently
the means of disturbing that good
neighborhood, which would, in many
places, otherwise exist without interruption,
if each farmer would attend to having
his fences well and substantially made
and kept constantly in good order and repair.
Unless fences are made sufficiently
high and strong, there can be no safety
to the crops?the cattle, selecting the
weakest points are apt to break over them,
and thereby imbibe vicious habits.
The descriptions of fences and the
method of their construction, depend
wholly upon the soil, the various kinds
of materials at hand or most readily obtained.
There are a variety of kinds of
fences or enclosures used; the log fence,
the post and rail, the worm or zig-zag, and
thestooe?which, when the materials are
on the ground, and the fence is properly
built, is by all means the most durable,
economical, and secure?the ditch, the
paling, and the live hedge. But in whatever
manner, and of whatever materials
they m?y be constructed, they should be
frequently surveyed with a critical eye,
and all defects rectified without the least
delay.
and alartninrr TC it V
1 HO {(ivi'illg auu aiBMiinig J
of timber in the United States, render*
the enclosure of farms a very expensive
item. It therefore is the interest of the
former to preserve his fences, now in
good condition, as long.as possible in that
state? md, in the construction of new
ones to exercise economy, by tiaving them
erected, of whatever materials, in a most
substantial and durable manner. 71m
saving of a few dollars in the outlay, b
only apparent, not real. ' We must not be
understood as advocating extravagance in
this or any other departnent of rural affairs?but
we do maintain thatl what is
worth doing at all, is worth doing well,
and that, therefore, in the erection of
fences, the best and most durable materials
should be selected : and the whole put
together in a solid substantial, and workmanlike
manner.
Almost every individual has an idea
that he fully understands the processor
making rail-fence, which is a simple process,
and yet, perhaps, not more than one
in twenty has any established system or
fixed rules, by which their operations are
to be controlled in this essential and important
department of farm-labor. A writer
in the Genesee Farmer, says that no
sight ia to him more pleasing, than a well
made rail-fence. His system of construction
i9 briefly as follows:
"To ascertain when a sufficient num.
ber of rails have been drawn for a given
distance of fence.?If the fence is to be
seven rails high, and twelve feet long,
place them in piles of ten each, in a con*
tinuous line touching each other. 2.?
Place, in range, stakes or poles at intervals
to designate the line?prepare a pole
j seven or eight feet long, well sharpened
' at one end ; [the end ought by all means
to be pointed with iron.) At about eighteen
inches from the pointed end, fasten
a rod at right angles with the pole, and
extending thence from three feet, two,
i four, or six inches, according as the fence
id exposed to winds. Put down this polo
in a range with the poles designating the
line, and the end of the rod w ill show the
place for the corner.?Place then, for a
foundation, a good sized flat stone, and
you are ready to commence operations.
3.?The bottom rail should be straight?
I place the largest end forward on the stone,
| and the other end crossing the preceding
rail at the end of the rod of the ranging
pole, so that the corners on* each aide be
in exact line. 4.?Let the Ave following
rails be placed the smallest end forward, and
notched, if nece**iiry to make them
lie steadily. 5.?Let the top rail he heavy
and well notched, the largest end placed
whi*>h rnmnUfM the work. leav
IVI "OI U| .
ing you;* fence level, and of equal height
throughout."
Various substitutes have been proposed
for the common post and rail fence, the
most prominent of which will be hereafter
noticed. Notwithstanding the great scarcity
of timber in the Atlantic states, which
is a matter of great solicitude, in view of
obtaining in future a supply of timber
uiiftnklA fm fpn/>in<r nlnn?_.thft SVfttein of
post and rail fences, with proper mauagement
on'the part of farmers may be easily,
and advantageously perpetuated.
James Worth Esq., of Sharon,
Newton, Bucks county, [Pennsylvania?
a gentleman who has devoted much of lug.
time, talents, and fortune, in promoting
the general interests of agriculture?after
a minute and careful examination of th&
claims of all the varieties of famt 00*4
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Lw'eEismMt*.
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