.;, X- Siehfcdtti*^ - * ,. . ^??? ???*??g?' A * ^ NUMBER 37 VOLUME VI CHER AW, SOUTH-CAROLINA, WEDNESDAY, JULY 28, 1841. By M. MAC LEA*. Temns:?Pub) is hod weekly at three dollar* year; with an addition, whan not paid within three months, of twenty per cent per aunuin. Two new aabecribera may take the paper at (re dollar* in ad ranee; and ten at twenty. Fear subscriber*, not receiving their papers in town, may pay a year's subscription with ton dollars, in advance. A year's subscription always due in advance. Papers not discontinued to eolvent subscribers in arrears. Adaertieemente not exceeding 16 lines inserted r one dollar the 6rst time, and fifty cents each ubsequent time. For insertions at intervals of two weeks 75 cents after the first, and a dollar if the intervals are longer. Payment due in advance for advertisements. When the number f insertions is not marked on the copy, the | ?'1' L? - ? .nil ?knr From the Kentucky Farmer. stiictukes on the animated creation. Man.?Of all animals, man is certainly the most prone to ferocity; it may be ac* counted for as being both carniverous and fragivorous, which puts all the other ani* malt of the creation, fit for food, under ^ hi# control, in order to satisfy his real wants or to gratify his more luxurious appetites. Unlike the other animals, man noon acquires the habit of destroying for the mere pleasure of doing it, with epicurean luxury in his own way. The wild hunter, after all his wants are supplied, will kill buffaloes merely for the tongues or to eat their marrow and haunch, and abandon the rest to the birds and wolves, who, if they reflect at all, learn to look upon man as a powerful auxiliary to their prowling warfare. Not content with their own resources, and conscious of his inferior powers, men has associated some of the animal creation to his destructive wants and pleasures, and made their natural cruelty, if they had any, subservient to his own will, or if they have none, they are taught to acquire it. The way in which their services are too often required, is too well known to be dwelt upon. We shall only observe that the eight beautiful old grey horses, who had so long dragged Queen Charlotte of England, were immediately after her death ! "shot for the hounds." Man, left to himself, can seldom improve his good propensities, and the absolute decree has said. 44 it it not good for man to be alone;" by this it is not understood that he shall confine himself to the society of men only, for nothing can be worse for men then their owo exclusive society. Civiliration haa wisely encouraged the social intercourse of both sexes to soften the asperitv of man's temper, and to bring out his better faculties. But even the excess of civilization is to be dreaded, inasmuch as it gives rise to new wants, and of course to an inordinate thirst for riches, the at. tainment of which can seldom be accom^ pliahed without crime, or at least without relinquishing the moral and virtuous principles so necessary for the duration of empires, or true domestic happiness.? Over.civilisation has a pernicious influence on the female sex. Women often speculate on matrimony with as much keenness as the male stock-jobber on pub. lie funds, with what auccess is best known to themselves; and it is truly for that class that marriage is become an awful lottery of many blanks to a prize. When the state of morality becomes so low, selfish- , nets increases ?n proportion and celibacy ; i? encouraged, at least in large towns; but | farmers and other useful men want wives ! to add to their comforts and share in their ; prosperity. In vain does a manoeuvring mother produce all her fashionable daughters to the markets of fashion: men do not want them; they are a dead stock, too often seen to be of any value. Domestic education alone can retard and counteract these ovils, and there it is ! that the influence of good mothers is and ought to be felt; in vain shall we pay for the best education abroad. We may acquire a complete knowledge of the classics, the modern languages, and all the dec's, of learning. If at home sons and daughters are neglected as to the fundamental principtes of honesty, self-denial, modesty and moderation, no professor can give them. There is no state so low in society that eannot afford that kind of domestie instruction to their children; and mothers are best to watch over and punish the bed dispositions of their children.? As to the mode of instruction for mothers even of the less informed class, those who speak in pub'ic might retrench some part of their sermons, exhortations, or polities, to expatiate upon the real duties of mankind, address themselves to the understanding of mothers, and explain their obligations towards their children, and the high importance of parental examples on the future welfare and re. pectabilitv of their offspring. A few welUplaced lectures from the teachers themselvs upon that which constitutes the social virtues of man, provided thev were short, and well adapted to the comprehension of their hearers, wouid certainly have a good effect, as many circumstances may prevent a man from being learned, but none will excuse him for being a rogue or a vicious being. It is thought, generally, that man being endowed with reason, is more easily improved than animals; a perfect study of both might iaJuce a philosopher to doubt this assertion. If reason does much for man, his passions but too often counteract that faculty of which we are so proud.-? As to what we call instinct of animals, it seems to be but another sort of reason, adapted to the wants of beasts, and even so far susceptible of improvement as to be no longer the blind impulses of nature, but in some degree joined to the faculty of memory and reflection; those powers increasing in proportion with the acquired wants of the animal. The Horse. ?If I chose him as best calculated to support my assertions, it is not without reasons, having had more opportunities than most men to observe him. A horse, six years old, had been purchased in this town by a French circus rider, who spoke no Eoglish in teaching his horses; the animal had beon used all his life to the English sounds; he must therefore have learned to receive the impression of the French sounds, and not only of the sounds, but of their meaning, so different from the English. In one month the horse obeyed all his master's ! commands in that language so new to him; even if we suppose that the lash helped this quickness in learning, where is the child, of the best abilities, that j could be taught in so short a time, taking even the relative proportion between the comparative age of man and horse. I do not wish to lower man's reason ?i t ?:-u * ukll.k below tne oruie; an i wish iu ciiauinu lay that it was possible for the Supreme Being to endow many animals with more understanding than we generally suppose. That a colt should follow his mother in the woods is the impulse of nature, but has she taught him to find his way home through the wilderness, when later, his rider himself is bewildered? Leaving the beaten track, he swims rivers, climbs mountains, and reaches his home by the straightest and shortest way, which he never travelled before. The learned man takes out his compass, the Indian looks at the bark of trees ; what had the horse to direct him? If "instinct" alone can do this, how far inferior is it to the reason of man ? A horse of mine ran of! in the night from a place whore he had never been before, 20 miles from home, which he reached the next day at 12 o'clock, having gone over steep hills in the most direct and shortest way, where hi* tracks were seen. I owned another horse later, who staid in a yard, the bars bf which were near his stable; when he wanted to go out, he would take down two or three bars with his teeth, and jump over the rest, most often go to the well, where two buckets go alternately up and down. When there was no water in the trough, he would seize the rope with his teeth, and endeavor to draw the bucket, or at least to make enough noise to bring somebody to get water for him, then he would let go the rope and neigh on seeing the person. In order to secure the bars, I put a strong peg and a twine on the upper one, but he soon fonnd that by pulling the twine he could take out the peg, and went over as before. I then put a gate with a falling latch, hut he ovcrcume that new difficulty, and ojiening with his head the gate for histuo companions, who seemed to watch his operations, he let them out, - - t A and went last, the gate shutting almost upon his hind legs. He was an excellent and safe gig horse; when harnessed, he would invariably turn his head, and look attentively who was going lo ride; his look said as plainly as looks could do, I must go according to your temper; ii it was myself he went fast, if it was any other member of the family he would consult his own leisure ; if any part of his harness was loose or broke, he would stop short, and if urged to go on, after going a few steps, he would stop again, which after having observed the horse's intentions, some of us would alight, and find either a buckle, or some other part of the harness amiss, that might have become dangerous if it had been left unmended. All mv remarks, however imperfect, on the animal part of the creation, proves to me that we ought to treat them differently if we wish to profit more effectually by their services. How many horses are lost by the brutality of their masters, or their keepers ? Men and horses brought up gently, are certainly easier to lead and drive when grown up. The Arab keeps his horse in the same tent with his children, who sleep even in his legs. Let a horse run even in the field, & man or bov wants to catch him, he runs, because threats and blows awa?t him when caught, but a woman by going more gently, i? apt to catch him, by inspiring him with more confidence. Jlfarshalc Sax urging his horse to leap a ravine, was surprised to see him back, a cannon ball crossed the ravine, aftei which fhe horse leaped over without any more urging. It was ascertained that the marshale would have been killed had his horse obeyed the spur. His mastei rewarded shat sesvice by assigning him a pension during his life. Who can explain those assemblies ofcrowsand black birds that come to a particular spot to | consult on what they had best do to find ' their food ! Who is Dot forced to ad mire the different propensities of Ike dog, his fidelity, his almost human intelligence, his devoted love to his master whom he saves from drowning or being killed, at the risk of his own life, and for what re. ward/ Not ei en the hope of any ! One of my dogs that had been taught nothing of the kind, had laid down several hours at some distance from the house, he would not come when called ; at last, on going to him, I saw him lying upon a leather throat.latch, left there by the black boy; when I took it up the dog came home joyfully. An elephant had been deceived by a painter who wanted to draw his portrait with the mouth open; the painter, after having thrown apples in his mouth several times, at last made only the gesture, which the elephant resented by filling his trunk with dirty water, he blew it in a torrent upon the painter's paper, and spoilt his drawing; this we may call "in. stinct but it is certainly of a very superior kind. A very large volume might be filled with proofs that what we call the instinct of animals is not as blind a faculty as we are pleased to believe; and the author of the creation has extended its limits and capabilities of improvement in proportion to their wants either in relation to their j utility to themselves or to man. Let us treat them with kindness which will give full scope to their natural abilities. W. MENTELLE. thk usb of limb. Messrs. Editors?Although the agriculturists of the other great divisions of the earth, have availed themselves for centuries, (Pliny informs us that lime was used as a manure by the Romans, the Gauls and the Britons in his time,) of the extraordinary virtues of this mineral, to improve the soil or prevent exhaustion, and it is now being applied lavishly by the very best farmers of our country, with , incalculable advantage on every variety of soils, yet the mass of the people of the United States, are obstinate skeptics with regard to its fertilizing properties. We admit some8gricultural districts continue I very productive without any application ' of lime; but these soils all, either are found to contain a due proportion of carbonate of lime, or they are plentifully supplied by their owners with animal manures, which contain the necessary alkaline substances for vegetation ; however, the, addition of lime, still would produce wonderful efifects eventually. Lime being an essential constituent of the pabulbum of plants, noneperhap9 requiring in their organization a larger proportion of lime thr.n wheat; without lime being - '1 I ..~t.fr. nt contained in the son, giiuen, an iiupui >a..> component property in the grain of wheat, cannot be formed ; hence the necessity of supplying soils which have been exhausted, or have been in their natural formation destitute of carbonate of lime, It is just as necessary as to furnish fowls with lime and silex, in the absence of which their eggs would be laid without shells. Why then, is it, that the fanners of New England, and indeed many in this and other States, cannot grow wheat on soils now, which yielded golden harvests to their original pioneers ? The reason is plain and incontrovertible; the farmers have exhausted their soils of the necessary constituents of wheat, and especially lime? So let thern supply the defective material at any reasonable expense, and their lands will produce as formerly. Eventually the farmes's success and prosperity will almost hinge on the regnlar and judicious application of lime, or other alkalies, in its absence.?Cultivator, making pork. Messrs. Editors?I am favored occasionally with an opportunity of looking over different agricultural journals, and in a late number of the Boston Cultivator, " " i_ I noticed abatement oa lauemng nogs, part of which I copy for your paper, ad[ ding some remarks, and a little of my experience in the same business. The statement is by Mr. Smith, of Duxbury, Mass. 44 I killed two hogs, one sow, and six pigs which the sow raised; their weights were, the two hogs 631, and 566 lbs., the sow 509, the six pigs 1,200 lbs. Total 1 2,906 pounds. " They have eat 250 bushels of corn a 60 cts. $150 ; and 200 bushels of vegeta' bles at 30 cents, making in the whole I i $210. 44 My manner of feeding them was as t follows: From the first day of September r to the first day of March, their > breakfast was raw potatoes; their dinner raw -turneps, beets or | carrots; their supper one quart of corn j each. The first day of March I tilted 1 their trough with corn and water, and kept it so until the day I killed them. I ) had a warm place for them to sleep in ; 1 and a yard where 1 make my manure 86 by 20 feet, with a.stone bottom, and have ! now in it, which I have made this summer, ' 125 horse loads. I care not what the I breed of a hog is, if they will eat well, and we do our part, and give them plenty i of corn." Now for my evperience. Last year I j , fe 1 six :hogs, about 18 months old. They i had the run of pasture, and the slops of{ I the kitchen in the summer, and were part up for feeding the middle of September.' V ? ' To feed them, I put io my hog house 160 bushels of potatoes, and 250 bushels of apples. These were cooked io a steamer containing about 15 bushels, and the proportions used were about equal. AH the grain I fed them was not equal in value to five bushel, of corn. They were killed the first of December : Lightest 345, hea, viest 430, average 375, total weight 2,250 lbs. Mr. Smith does not say what his pork was worth, perhaps $4, perbas $ 8 percwt. If the first, it was worth $116,.! 24 if the last, $232,48. At the same rates mine would have been worth $90 or $180. Now for the expense of feeding. My potatoes were worth eighteen cents per bushel, my apples perhaps 10 cts., certainly not more ; making for both potatoes and apples, a value of Dol. 42; call the grain Do). 3, and the value of the whole food is Dol. 45. Forty-five from two hundred and ten, would leave one hundred and sixty.five as the differences in the cost of feeding the two lots ; comparatively the operation would stand as follows: No. Tola! Cost of Valno ofpigt. weight, feeding. at $4 or $8 Mr. Smith'*, 9 29 6 $210 $116 24 233.48 M me, 6 2256 45 90 180 Difference. 3 656 $161 $26.24 52.48 Thus it appears that at the least price Afr. Smith lost in feeding Dol. 82,78 and nt the highest gained only Dol. 22, 48; while at the lowest rate mine exceeded the cost of feeding Do). 45, and at the highbst Dol. 135. It must be remembered, however, that the value of tho hogs, and the labor of feeding is omitted in all ... * i these estimates, and should oe aeaucicu to ascertain the true profit or loss of the feeding. I cannot agree with Mr. Smith that the breed of hogs is of no consequence so long as thero is corn enough. I am satisfied by experience that there is a difference among our swine (excluding the pet breeds of Berkshire and China,) so great, that at the same age, the same quantity of food will make 50 per cent more pork in one breed than in another. I have been led to believe that the criterion of value in a hog, was, not in the quantity of food he could eat, but in the flesh the food would make. I am sure my brother farmers must love raising corn better than I do valuable as the crop is, if they prefer feeding pigs a year on the grain unbroken, and the roots raw, to using one-half the quantity of corn so required, when ground and mixed with the same roots, or a larger quantity steamed. In my opinion cooking food for animals is one of the greatest improvements in modern husbandry, and feeding grain as was done by Mr. S. a downright waste; and I am glad to perceive, by his comments on 3/r. Smith's letter, that Mr. Buckminister is of the same opinion. In one thing the statement of Mr. S. has my most cordial assent; and that is in the value of hog manure, and the propriety of increasing it as much as possible. Pigs are excellent workers at that business, if the proper materials are provided. I have a yard like Mr. S., but without his stone bottom. Into this, straw, weeds, and muck, are put as wanted, or as moat convenient, and are thoroughly incorporated with the manure and urine by treading and rooting. These materials absorb and retain the parts that would be most likely to escape and the whole mass applied to a corn or root crop in the spring, will give an increased crop in many cases equivalent to half the ordinary product, >~ ivi>un uig ||UI9| icinuii. to a species of wheat grown by them, which they dfcem worthy the attention of agriculturists i "We noticed in the American* of25th J'.Ine, some remarks on several specimen* , of white wheat cut from the fields of Mr, Joseph Pearson, near Baltimore. We presume they are the produce of the see feet above the top of the trougn or tub.i The joints will thus in a short time b > immersed in brine. Measure into your salting tray, fou i measures of salt, (a peck measure I liav 1 found most convenient,) and one measur ? of clean dry sifted ashes; mix and in ' corporate thorn well. The salter takes - j_ ?:.i ' ham into the tray, rubs tnesKin sioe ww > this composition and tho raw hock endi F turns it over and packs the composition o ' salt and ashes on the fleshy side till it is a ' least three quarters of an inch deep a' i over it, and as much on the interior lowe : part of the ham, which is covered wit I the skin, as will lay on it. The man wh ; stands ready to transfer the pieces a I they t^ltedj ta|fps up the piece an \ deport js it qapfully lyitqput di$pfocin > ihi composition, with tfye skip side dowi ; the ^ottom pf the trough. Each W( ceeding bam is thas deposited side by side, so as to leave the least possible space unoccupied. When the bottom is all covered, see that every visible pdrt of this layer of meat is covered with the composition of salt and ashes* Then be* gin another layer, every piece being coved on the upper or fleshy side three qmr* ters of an inch thick with the composi* tion. When your trough is filled ef?B full in this way with the joints, salt the middlings with salt only without the ashes, and pile them upon the joints ee that the liquified salt may pass from them into the trough. Heads, jowls, back* bones, dec., receive salt only, and should * not be put in the trough with the large pieces. Much slighter salting will pre* * serve them if they are salted upon loose boards, so that the bloody brine from them can pass off. The joints and middlings are to remain in and above the trough without being rehandled, resulted or disturbed in any way till they are hang up to be smoked. If the hogs weighed not more than 150 pounds, the joints need not remain longer than five weeks in the ? i -f .1 Olin Amnwr it?. piCKie ; ii utc) ?wi v. ? ?r six or seven weeks is not too long. It is better that they should stay in too long rather than too short a time. In tbrea weeks, jowls, &c. may be hung up.*? Taking out of pickle and preparation for hanging up to smoke is thus performed: Scrape off the undissolved salt, aod if i you had put on as much as directed, there will be a considable quantity on all the pieces not immersed in the brine. This salt and she brine is all saved; the brunt i boiled down and the composition given to stock, especially to hogs. Wash every i piece in lukewarm water, and with a > rough towel clean off salt and ashes. * I Put the strings in to hang up. In Vir. t ginia I used for strings white oak splits, in Kentucky hempen strings. Set the pieces up edgewise that they may drain f and dry. Every piece is then to be dip* i ped into the mrat paint, and hung op b? ) smoke. The meat paint is made of f warm, not hot, water and very fine ash* . es, stirred together till they are of the i consistence of thick paint. When tha t pieces are dipped in this, they receive a s coating which protects them from tha fly, e prevents dripping, and tends to lessen all s external injurious .nfluences. Hang op. while the pieces are yet moist with the i paint, and smoke them well. Tn this way I have cured from six to eight thousand 1 pounds of bacon every ysar, for twentyi s :ven years in Virginia, and eight in i Kentucky. , I use at least three bushels of salt'to 1 1,200 pounds of meat. This may be f thought extravagant but it insures socj cess, and none of it lost. For what is left r is all fed to the stock, and being mixed 1 with ashes, I believe has a tendency to i promote their health more than salt 9 alone. i Should you desire it, I wilt, at some f future time, give you our mode of drying i up lard, which is not exactly that in' common use. - I. i Vorv truly, your oDcaienr serv i, r JOHN LEWIS. 5 Llangollen, Ky.. March, 15 1641. 5 Cultivator. t ? :> Curr of Lock.Jaw ix a Mark.?0#. ? ing to the adoption of a remedy suggested I in the Hereford Journal, a valuable mare, t the properly ot Mr. S.anbury, of L dow, 7 was recently effectually saved from death j by lock jaw, produced by mal treatment 1 for sand.crack. We give the de'ad of 3 the circumstance in the words of the own* er of the animal:-?w In consequence of one of the tendons being injured by a smith, lock-ja w was cau seS: the beet advice was procured, but it proved of no avail, 3 the mare gradually suox day by day for up* I wards of a fortnight, and ray distreae at * seeing, a creature, which bad been my 1, companion for years, suffer so much, hi* ft duced me at last to give directions that e sho should be shot. I left home ui the n morning, and mentioned the circurastan* e ces to a friend wno is a subscriber to the K Hereford Jouri.a , and. to my surprise, x he pointeJ out a case of a cure of lock* jaw, mentioned in an old number of tho " ? ?? Monu minnrr>s did not elapse be* * 1^1^ i 1'4 u ta j e fore I was on my road home to countere r&and the order for the destruction of the 0 animal, and the proposed remedy was ~ immediately put in of>cration. Between e two and three hogsheads of water was thrown upon her spine and repeatedly* I ir thonght she must sink under it, but pare severing, I at last perceived her akin as it e were to creep uport her; this over, she was well wrapped up in blankets, and, a by kind treatment and diligent attention h to her, with nourishing diet , and gruel, ^ she recovered, and has since been as well r asevjrshe was. * The owner of the animal ii? tk*r (Ha cilsk should j is naurauv huaiuuo ? |. be made known for the benefit of the public, and because be thinks this is a 'r striking proof of the utility of the hints ? frequently given in newspapers. 0 Horses.?To form a proper idea of this * noble and generous creature we ought to d see him in his nativewilde, untamed and g undisciplined by man. Wild horses am i, found i n several pert? of the old continent >. gad in (the warm climates of h&im. 7 J J . 1. M