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rFo' ifumof Crops.?I see there is a pre'uium offered for the best rotation of crops ; therefore 1 shall make but a few remarks on this subject. In no case should a farmer take more than two crops < ff grain off thin land before it putting ir down to grass, and whatever the rotalion may be plough in a green crop where practicable, instead of an open fallow. 'Hiis will make the soil mellow and loose, and add considerably to its strength. ' P In-conclusion, I beg leave to remark, that there are many ways in which land could be sooner improved than by" the j plans I have just mentioned ; but I have given the cheapest and easiest plan for j those who are deficient in means. Being more accustomed to handle the plough j and hoe than the pen, I am aware that the directions I have given, might be put in better form, to appear to advantage ; but I , I' ave it to the committee to make such disposal of it as to tnem may seem u: si. Very respectfully, Columbus MuLeod. b ! Tub Sugar Bret. Messrs Gay lord ane Tucker?I have noticed in the late numbers of the Cultivator, Dr. Guthreie's and IVIr. Bement's attacks on the sugar beet, insinuating that it is almostaworthless rootfor the feeding of stock; and as the opinions of these gentlemen, with partial experiments, are directlv at varience to those of the most eminent agriculturists of France and Germany, after an experience of more than thirty years, and to those of many of our countrymen, after trying it with satisfactory effect aboutfive years; and as I hadthe honor ofappearing in the last May number of the Cultivator, strongly recommending its production ar d feeding, I fetl bound to make some comments on the commucacions, and reiterate my own experience in ' the feeding qualities, of what I consider 1 one of the most valuable roots. I am perfectly satisfied by Dr. G's statement of the analysis that he made of the beet. vol. viii. page 40, that he was either grossly imposed upon in the purchase of seedand had grown themangel wratzel instead of the white Silesian, or that he had planted it in so rich a vegetable soil as to produces sorank a growth asto almost to. tally destrovthe saccarinc matterthat is usuallvj found in it, especially when he adds, ** the beetj brought upon our table are to- ! talJJy destitute of sweetness." Now I not only my own taste for three years in succession to prove that the sugar beets J raised in and about Buffalo, are exceed- ( inglysweet and nutricious, but can also bring a hundred witnesses any time to corroborate the assertion, from their own daily eating. The famous blood beet cannot compare with the sweet, tender ssifiutan. and as for mangel wurtzel and ' ? ? - - f other beets* they are almost tasteless after them: and they are nevor boiled in a pot by themselves, that there is not a ; sweet syrup lei* at the botorn, almost of fhot hickness and agreeable taste of sugar- j molasses,' which, in my opinion, only wants to be clarified and graduated, to i make good sugar. So much for personal rate of experience; now foe that ot stock. ^ know that fed raw to cows, they cgnsid- j erably added to the quantity and espuci- ' ally the quality of the milk, making 1ho butter as sweet, and almost of yellow as is produced on fresh summer's grass: they also kept them,' with the addition of hay alone, in the best possible order; and the yong stock fed on them, togetcr with hay, were as fit and almost as tine and slossy in their coats, 8* when on the best of sumjner pasture. I never tried them w tli horses, hut should hfrdlv think them hearty food enough f?r those at work. Not keeping sheep, of course I could not experimentwitu them : but others speak verv flattering on this point, as. ? ?? * g wart* I may fiave^oeen seen irmu ?oui' | umu.u.. v? ? ? thai went ihe round til ' year past in most of the agricultural papers copied, I think, from the Phi adelphia Cabinet. Beets there were said to produce the best of roatton and the finest of wool. ' * The most important use, howev> r, that I have made of them, is with hocrg. But as my breeds embrace only the China and Bei k Inre, it is i I reference to these superior ani. mats alone that 1 can speak ; and here it seems that Dr GufhriesS Berkshires did tolerably well, while his others almost starved. The first winter my i rown swine partly on potatoes. raw . the second winter almost ex- ; clusively on raw beets, thrown to them on the j ground. I did not notice any difference j whatever in their appearance during these j two seasons, but each time they were kept jn as good flesh as 1 ever wish to have breeders, and they were by no means allowed to cat their fill of them either. The third w inter, (the last) have erected a steaming appar atus, with a new ptggory, 1 commenced cooking the fi?od for rny hogs, and have frequently steamed beets alone and fen them to all ages, frcin the pig two months old, lip to the grown animal of four years. To the last, I had to st nt them to a common water pail, half full , twice a day, or say from eight to ten quarts, I <>r they would get too fat for breeding ; and as ; to the former, with the addition of a trifling quanti'y of corn, I never s?w animals thrive 1 bettor, of more contented in my life. They | would till th? ir bellies and lie down in theii straw, and dose away for hours together, as j contented as puppies and as whist as mice; and this stock thus treated, lam not afraid to show, either for general size or fineness of point, against any liung in the United States, saving my late importation, and that only for great weight these last being somewhat of a f..?. .,1,011 ta 110110! amnnrr Rprkshifci. J11 I VII*? ! ir? uouai mii"n^ ??v? .? During this same winter I steamed a mixture of carrots and potatoes with the beets occasionally, but in feeding I found that as a genoral rule, the pigs would pick out the beets first, the potatoes second, and only eat the carrots when hungry at last ;*but if any one were to ask which I thought the most nutritious, I should say the potato without doubt. My accommodations are too limited, however, to make hhe careful experiment as to the relative value of roots, bushel for bushel, and again in comparison with grain, as requested by Ml-. Caton, of Illinois but f trust that the afeove will be satisfactory to him and to others so far as it goes, for it is experience and n >t theory. I must say that I do not like this jumping at conclusions from partial experi#jH?Mrts.. I recollect reading an address, some two years ago, by some one in Pennsylvania, fcvfocq-an agricultural society, in which the ttrfof maintained?and he seemed to be an imqfligvnt, acie/ittfic man?that rata baga, by 5IIH55HBHHH5SSHHSH** analysis, was but little e'sn than wood, and therefore, as a food for* man and beast, it was almost totally worthies* I ideed I And yet this sant^ despised root, together witn S little straw, makes most of the English beef and million, and in Rom instances at times onefourth supports its laboring population. Appr<>pns to th-s, I recollect once tellwg an intelligent neighbor that I cultivated pumpkins a good deal, and iiked them much as food for swine. 44 Well," he replied, "tlicy never did anything for my hogs but scour them.'* The fact was he had an inferior breed of animals. Again, [ shut up some Berkshire sows thai were quire poor, about three weeks, to put them in condition ; they were allowed nothing but pumpkins during this time, and were then turned out, having got real'v, in that 6hort, time, almost too fat for good breeding. An intelligent gentleman who had seen -hem previous to thefr being shut up, and then'- again when they were let out, acknowledged that nothu g but seeing the thing with his own eyes woukl have convinced him >>f the truth of it. and wound ur> by adding, (I do not give the words exactly, but the ideas,) "why instead of fatting them, iheti ine thuhave made th -in skele.on poor by this."?I am no chemist, and therefore humbly ask, what would be the ana Ivsis of clover ? N?' much, I fancy, but water. And vet Berkshires, and in fact, all good crosses of.the Cum* hog, wi.'l k* ep fat upon it in Buuinier and grow well; and I witConclude this long letter on stig ir beets bv saying, that if their stock does not thrive upon them, why then gentlemen have been deceived in their seed, or they have not got the right, sort of animals to consume the loots. Like Judge Garueit, ot Virginia, I have oc. castonally eat Rohan potatoes ; whether I was in my 44 right senses" or not, at the time, I can't say, but this is the conclusion that I came to at the different times 1 partook o; thpm. that thev weieonly about a third-rate *"'7 V m t&ble quality. . Yours, A. 3. Alle!T. PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE. On Tuesday June 1. the President of the United States bansmitted to both Houses of Congress the following Message: To the Senate and House o f Reprcsentativcs of the Unife-l Stages: Fellow-Citizkns : You have been assembled in your respective halls of legislation under a proclamation bearing the signature of the illustrious citizen who was so lately called by the direct suffrages of the People to the discharge of the important functions of their chief executive office. Upon the expiration of a single month from the day of his installation, he has paid the -great debt of Nature, leaving behind him a name associated with the 1 recollection of numerous benefits confer- 1 red upon the country duringa long life of patriotic devotion. With this public bereavement are connected other considerations which will not escape the attention 1 of Congress. The preparations necessa- J ry for his removal to the scat of Govern, ment in view of a residence of four years J must have devolved upon the late President heavy expenditures, which, if permit, ted to burden the limited resources of his 1 private fortune, may tend seriously to the 1 embarrassment of h a surviving family; ' and it is therefore respectfully submitted 1 to Congress whether the ordinary princi- I pies of justice would not dictate the pro- ' prietv of its legislative interposition. By | _ the provisions of the fundamental law, the powers and duties of the high station 1 to which he was elected have devolved ( upon tne, and in the dispositions of the ' representatives of the States and of the People will be found, to a great extent, 1 a solution of the problem to which our in- i ' stitutions are for the first time subjected. ' In entering upon the duties of this of. < fice, I did not feel that it would be bo- ' coining in me to disturb what had been 1 ordered by my lamented predecessor.? < Whatever therefore may have been my 1 opinion, originally, as to the propriety of- ' ^ -- -- ?i.. _ \i~.. ! convening Lonjjress hi h? ?r<iuy ? u?y from that of its late adjournment, I found 1 a new and a controlling inducement not : to interfere with the patriotic desires of the late President, in the -novelty of the < situation in which I was so unexpectedly 5 placed. My first wish under such circumstances would necessarily have been to < hhve called to my aid in the administra- < tion of public affairs the combined wisdom < of the two Houses of Congress, in order to < take their counsel and advice as to the i best mode of extricating the Government i and the country from the embarrassments i weighing heavily on botrt. I am then < most happy in finding myself so soon after ' my accession to the Presidency surround- i ed by the immediate Representatives of < .L j. ,.1 , me oimew u?u j wpic. No imporrant changes having taken j place in our foreign relations since the i last Session of Congress, it is not deemed , ( necessary on this occasion to go into a J < detailed statement in regard to them. I ? am happy to say that I see nothing to de- ' stroy the hope of being able to preserve ! i peace. < The ratification of the treaty with Por- I < tugal has been duly exchanged between i; the two Governments. Tjiis Government has not been inattentive to the interests of those of our citizens who have i claims on the Government of Spain found- ' ed on express treaty stipulations, and a i hope is indulged that the representations j which have been made to that Govern-1 ' - * i ? j ment on this subject may lean ere long io beneficial results. i A correspondence has taken place be. j tween the Secretary of State and the Win* ' ister of Her Britannic Majesty accredit- < ted to this Government on the subject of i Alexander McLeod's indictment and im- i prisonment, copies of which are herewith i communicated to Congress i In addition to what appears from these | papers, it may be proper to state that Al- I exander McLeod has been heard by the i Supreme Court of the State of New York j on his motion to be discharged from im- ! prisonment, and that the decision of that ( Court has not as yet been pronounced. i The Secretary of State has addressed i to me a paper upon two subjects, interest- < ing to the commerce <\f the country, I which will receive my consideration, and vfmarxmmm&mmmmasszammaMummmammmmmmmm > r > which I have the honor to communicate to Congress. ? y: So far as it depends on the course of this Government, our relations of goodwill and friendship will be sedulously cultivated with all nations. The true American policy w II be found to consist in the exercise of a spirit of justice to be j manifested in the discharge of all our j international obligations, to the weakest ! of the family of nations as well as to the most powerful. Occasional conflicts of opinion may arise, but when the discus, sjona incident to them are conducted in the language of truth and with a strict regard to justice, the scourge of war will for the most part be avoided. The time ought to be regarded as having gone by when a resort to arms is to be esteemed as the only proper arbiter of national differences. The census reccnllv taken shows a regularly pr >gr> g ive (creases in our pop ulation. Upon the breaking out of the war of the Revolution, our numbers scarcely equaled three millions of souls; they already exceed seventeen millions, and will continue to progress in a ratio which duplicate in a period of about twenty three-years. The old Slates contain J, a territory sufficient in itself to maintain ! a population of additional millions, and the most popuiouse of the new States may c even vet bo regarded as but partially set- , n tied, while of - the new lands on this v side of the.Rocky Mountain tosavnoth- ^ ing of the immense,region which stretch. ( es from the base of the Mountain to the v Columbia river, about 770.000:000 acres, ' ceded and unceded Still remain to be t brought into market. . We hold out to the e people of other countries an invitation to t come and settle among us as members of j s our rapidly growing family; and, for the i f blessings which we offer them, we require t of them to look upon our country as their ^ country, and to unite with us in the great i ^ lask of preserving our institutions, and t hereby perpetuating our liberties. No motive exist for foreign conquest. We ^ desire hut to reclaim our almost' illimitable wilderness and to introduce into their v depth the light of civilization. While we * shall at all times be prepared to vindicate c the national honor, our most earnest de- n sire will be to maintained an unbroken 0 peace. . M In presenting the foregoing views, I cannot withhold the expression of the t opinion that there exists nothing in the y extension of our empire over our acknow- q ledged possession to excite the alarm of | the patriot for the safety of our institutions The Federalist system, leaving to each n State the care of its domestic concern, c and devolving on the Federal Govern- 0 ment those of general import, ndmit9 the 0 greatest expansion, but, at the same time, I I deem it proper to add that there will bs n found to exist at all times an imperious c necessity for restraining all the function- u aries of this Government within the range jf their respective powers, thereby preser- n vingajust balance between the powers g granted to this Government and those re- t served to the S a eor the people. ^ From the report of the Secretary of the , Treasury, you will perceive that the fiscal means present and accruing areiusuflrcient 8 to supply tho wants of the Government u for the current year. The balance in the a Treasury on the fourth day of March last " not covered bv outstanding drafts, and t! exclusive of trust funds, is estimated at o $H60.000. This includes the sum of il $215,000 deposited in the Mint and its p branches to procure metal for coining t, ind in process of coinage, and which j sould not be withdrawn without incon I _..u:? r* 1 reili^nve; itaiviug oiii>ji;^i iu man in uig ^ various depositories the sum of 8645,000. By virtue of two several acts of congress ^ the Secretary of theTr'easury wasauthori- j ^ eedto issue, on andafier the fourth dav of ? _ March last. Treasury notes to the amount af$5,413,000 making an aggregate avail- n able fund of 80,058,000 on hand. , * But this fund was chargeable without- * standing Treasury notes redeemed in the c current year and interest thereon to the 0 jstimated amount of five million two hun- 1 p ired and eighty thousand dollars. There ! o s also thrown upon the Treasury the pay- j d nentofa large amount ofdemands accrued g n whole or in part in former years which ti will exhaust the available meant of the tl ITraasurv, and leave the accruing'revenues s reduced as it is in amount, burdened with debt and charged with the current expen- . ses of the Government. The aggregate ^ imount of outstanding appropriations on !he fourth day of March last was $>33,429,- 1 316 50 of which $-4,210,009 will be rc- u quired during the current year; and there P will also be required for the use of the War n Department additional appropriations to 8 amount of two million five hundred tl ind thirty.two dollars and ninety-eight t< cents, the special object of which will be c seen by reference to the report of the Sec- b rctary of War. vs The anticipated means of the Treasury p are greatly inadequate to this deinend.? n The receipts from customs for the last tj three quarters of the last year, and the ^ first quarter of the present year, amounted to $'2,742,450; showing an average reveO O tf nue from both sources of $1236,870 per ? month. A gradual expension of trade growing out of a restoration of confidence, R together with a reduction in the expenses j d r>f collecting officers, may cause an addi- tl tion to the montnly recepts from the w customs- They are estimated for the res- w idue of the year from the fourth of March j p at $12,000,000; the receipts from the p public lands for the same time are estima- $ led at $2,500,000; and from miscellane- a neous sources at $170,001); making an ag- | jregateof available fund within the year of $15,670,000; which will leave a Iprobable ? deficit of $11,406,132 9S. To meet this n some temporary provision is necessary, e until the amount can be absorbed by the C1 jxccss of revenues which are anticipated Y' to accure at no distant day. P1 There will fall due within the next|r< hree months Treasury notes of the islue of 1840, including interest, -about 112,850,000. There is chargeable in the tame period for arrearages for taking the lixth census, 8294,000; and the estimated expenditures for the current service are ibout 88,100,000, making the aggregate lemands upon the Treasury, prior to the irst of September next, about 11,340,000 Dolls. ' ( The ways and means in the Treasury ind estimated to accrue within the above lamed period, consists of about 6 94,000 Dolls of funds available on the 29th ulti? ne; an unissued Balance of Treasury lotes authorized by the act of 1841. imounting to 1.955.000, Dolls and estimated receipts from all sources of 3, 800,300 ; Dolls making an aggregate of about $6,450 000, and leaving a probable deficit ?n the 1st of September next of 84,835,300. In order to supply the wants of the Gruvernment, an intelligent constituency n view of their best interests, will, without hesitation, submit to all necessary jurdens. But it is nevertheless imporant so to impose them as to avoid deeating the just expectations of the conn, ry, growing out of pre-existing Iaw9.? Hie act of 24th March, 1833, commonly jailed the compromise act, should not be iltered except uc.der urgent necessities, vhich are not belinved at this time to exist )ue year only remawns to complete the series >f reductions provided for by that law, at vhich time provisions made by the same aw, and which then will be brought acively in aid of the manufacturing inter:sts of the Union, will not fail to produce he most beneficial results. Under a vstem of discriminating duties imposed or purposes of revenue, in union with he provisions of existing laws, it is to he loped that our policy will, in the future, e fixed and permanent, so as to avoid hose constant .fluctuations which defeat he very objects which they have in view. We shall best maintain a position which, i hile it will enable us the more rendsly o meet the advances of other countries alculated to promote our trade and com. tierce, will at the same1 time leave in our wn hands the means of retaliating fith greater effect unjust regulations.In intimate connexion with the ques. ion of revenue is that which makes proision for a suitable fiscal agent capable f adding increased facilities in the colaction and disbursement of the public svenues, rendering more secure their ustody, and consulting: a true econmy in the great multiplied and delicate perationsof the Treasury Department. Jpon such an agent depends in an einient degree the establishment of a curreny of uniform value, whicliu9 of so great uportance to all the essential interests f society ; and on the wisdom to be lanifested in its creation much depends, j >o intimately interwoven are its operaions, not only with the interests of in. ividuals, but with those of the States, fiat it may be regarded in a great dcree as'controlling both. If poper be sed as the chief medium of circulation nd the power be vested in the Govern- ^ lent of issuing it at pleasure, either in he form of Treasury drafts or any other, J r if banks be used as the public deposlories, with liberty to regard all surlusses from day to day as so much added o their active capital, prices are exposed ( o constapt fluctuations, and industry to \ evere suffering. In the one case, politi- ' nl rrmsirlpmtions. directed to DartV Dlir * w"" """ ? - I * I oses, may control, while excessive upidity may prevail in the other The 'ublic is thus constantly liable to impoition. Expansions and contractions iay follow each other in rapid succession he one engendering a reckless spirit of dventurc and speculation, which em braes States as well as individuals; the ther causing a fall in prices, and accomlishing an entire change in the aspect f affairs. Stocks of all kinds rapidly ccline?individuals are ruined, and itates embarrassed even in their efforts I o meet with punctuality the interest on | heir debts. Such, unhappily, is the tate of things now existing in the Uni2d States. These effects may readily e'traced to the causes above referred to. ^he public revenues, on being removed rom the then Bank of the United States rider an order of a late President, were laced in selected State hanks, which, j ' ctuated by the double motive of concilitinglhe Government and augmenting I { rieir profits to the greatest possible ex- j ?nt, enlarged extravagantly the?r dis- t ounts, thus enabling all other existing i anks to do the same. Large dividends i 'ere declared, which stimulating the cu- fl ieity of capitalists, caused a rush to be f lade to the Legislatures of the respec- r !ve Slates for similar acts^ of incorpora- c on, which, by many of the States under r temporary infatuation, were readily 8 ranted, and thus the augmentation of s ie circulating medium, consisting almost t xclusively of paper produced a most fatal elusion. An illustration, derived from a ie land sales of the period alluded to, t ill serve best to show the effect of the y hole system. The averagtf sales of the h uhlic lands for a period of ten years v rior to 1834, had not much exceeded b *2,000,000 per annum. In 1834 they n I tained, in round numbers, to the amount f $6,000,000. In the succeeding year, a - - - - . VI f 1835, they reached $16,000. And the r ext year, of 1836, they amounted to the a normous sum of 825,000,000. Thus 1 SI rowding into the short space of three ^ ears upwards of twenty-three years' urchase of the public dom>iin. So appa;nt had become the necessity of arresting j I * 1 th.s course of things, that the Executive Department assumed the highly question* able power of discriminating in the funds to be used in payment by different classes of public debtors?a discrimination which was doubtless designed to correct this most ruinous stale of things by the exaction of specie in all payments for the public.lands, but which could not at once arrest the tide which had so strongly set in. Hence the demands, for specie became unceasing, and corresponding prostration rapidly ensued under the necessities created with the banks to curtail their discounts, and thereby to reduce their circulation. I recur to these things with no disposition to censure pre-existing administrations of the Government, but simply in exemplification of the truth of the position which I have a&surped. If, then, any fiscal agent which may be created shall be placed, without due restrictions, either in hands of the administrators of the Government or those of private individuals, the temptation to abuse will prove to be resistless. Objects of political aggrandizement may seduce the first, and the promptings of a boundless cupidity will assail the last. Aided by * ha f urlil kn IKa UIC C.\pt;i ?/i kio puaif 11 tt hi ut uiv pleasure of Congress so to guard and fortifv the public interests, in the creation of any new agent, as to place them, so far, as human wisdom can accomplish it, on a footing of perfect security. Within a few years past three different schemes have been before the country. The charter of the Bank of the United States expired by its own limitations in 1836. An effort was made to renew it, which received the sanction of the two Houses of Congress, but the then President of the United States exercised his veto power, and the measure was defeated. A regard to truth requires me to' say that the President was fully sustained in the course he had taken by. the popular voice. His successor in the Chair of State unqualifiedly pronounced his opposition to any new charter ofa similar institution; and not only the popular election-which j brought him into power, but the elections through much of his term, seemed clear, ly to indicate a concurrence with him in sentiment on the part of the People. After the public moneys were withdrawn from the United States Bank, tRcy were pla. cod in deposite with Slate banks, and the result of that policy has been before the country. To say nothing as to the question whether lhat experiment was made under propitious or adverse circumstances it may safely be asserted that it did receive the unqualified condemnation of most of its early advocates, and it is believed was also condemned by the popular sentiment. The existing sub-Treasury system does not seem to stand in higher favor with the People, but has recently been condemned in a manner too plainly indicated to admit of a doubt. Thas, in the short period eight years, the popular j voice may be regarded as having succes-1 lively condemned each of the three. ?? . t * i if jchemesot nnance to wnicn i nave aaverted. As to the first; it was introduced it a time (1816) when the State banks;; then comparatively few in number, had 3een forced to suspend specie payments ly reason of the war which prevailed with Great Britain. Whether if the United States Bank charter which expired in 1811, had been renewed in due season, it ivould have been enabled to continue * jpecie payments during the war and the ! lisastrous period to the commerce of the ' ;cuntry which immediately succeeded, is 1 :o say the least, problematical; and J whether the United States Bank of 1816 j jroduced a restoration of specie payments j ir the same was accomplished through j the instrumentality of other means, was i matter of some difficulty at that time to Ictennine. Certain it is that, for the irst years of the operation of that Bank, ts course was as disastrous as for the jreater part of its subsequent career it! >ecame eminently successful. As to j he second, the experiment was tried ; vith a redundant Treasury, which coninued to increase until it seemed to be he part of wisdom to distribute the Sur)lus tevenue'among the States; which >perating at the same time with the spe:ie circular, and the causes before advered to, caused them to suspend specie p?1ynents, and involve the country in the rreatest embarrassment. And, as to the hird, if carried through all the stages of he transmutation, from paper and specie o nothing but the precious metals, to say lothing of the insecurity of the public uoneys, its injurious effects have been mticipated by the country in its unqualiied condemnation. What is now to be egarded as the judgment of the Ameri:an People on this whole subject, I have io accurate means of determining but by ippealing to their more immediate repreentatives. The late contest, which ter ninated in the election of Gen. Harrison o the Presidency, was decided on princiiles well known and openly declared} nd, while the sub-Treasury received, in he result, the most decided condemnation, et no other scheme of finance seemed to ave been concured in. To you, then ^ho have come more, directly from the ody of our common constituents, I sublit the entire question, as best qualified ogive a full exposition of their wishes nd opinions. I shall be ready to concur nth you in the adoption of such a system s you may propose, reserving to myself he ultimate power of rejecting any mea re which may, in mv view of it. conict with the Constitution or otherwise ropard the prosperity of the country ; a ower which I could not part with even if would, but which I will not believe any act of yours will call into requisition# I cannot avoid recurring, in connexion with this subject, to the necessity winch 'M exists for adopting some suitable measure whereby the unlimited creation of baoka by the States may be corrected in future. Such arejsult can be moat readily'achier* 4 by the consent of the States, to be ex; pressed in the form of a compact among' themselves, which they can onjy enter into with the ccnsent and approbation of this Government; a consent which might* in the present emergency of the public demands, justifiably be given in adWtoce of any action by the States as an induce* ment to such action terms well defined by the act of tender. Such a measure* addressing itself to the calm reflection of the States, would find in the experience of the past and the condition of the present much to sustain it. And it is greatly to be doubted whether any scheme of finance can prove for any length of time successful while the States shall continue in the unrestrained exercise of the power of creating banking corporations. Tbia power can only be limited by their Con . ? V T sent. . " I With the adaption of a financial agen. cy of a satisfactory cHhracter, thb bopa may be indulged that the country may once more return to a state of prosperity. Measures auxiliary thereto, and, in some \ * measures, inseparabl)\con nested with its success, will doubtless claim the attention * of Congress. Among such, a distribu. tion of the proceeds of the- sales of the public lands, provided 'such distribution does, not force upon Congress the necessity of imposing upon commerce heavier burdens than those contemplated by the act of 1833, would act as an efficient re* medial measures bv being brought directly in aid of the States, As one sincerely devoted to the task of preserving a just balance in our system of government, by j the maintenance of the States in a con. dition the most free and respectable, and in the full possession of all their power, 'lean nootherwise than feel desirous for their emancipation from the situation to which the pressure on tbeir finances now subjects them. And, while I must repu. diate as a measure founded in error, and wanting constitutional sanction, thesligh* test approach to an assumption by this Government of the debts of the States, yet I can see, in the distribution adverted, to, much to recommend it. The com. pacts between the proprietor States and this Government expressly guarantee to the States all the benefits which may a. rise from the sales. The mode by which this is to be effected addresses itself to the discretion of Congress as the trustee for the Slates; and, its exercise, after the most beneficial manner, is restrained by nothing in thegrants or in the Constita. tion so long as Congress shall commit that equality in the distribution which the compacts requite. In the present con* dition of some of the States,' the question of distribution may be regardeif as sub. stantially a question betweert dirfect OHd ^ indirect taxation. If the distribution be not, made in soine form or other, the necessity ^wiW* daily become more urgent 'with the debtor States for a resort to an oppressive system of .direct taxatiob, or their credit, and necessarily their power elnd influence, will be greatly diminished. The payment of taxes after the most in convenient anu oppressive uioue win uv exacted in place of contributions for the most part voluntarily made, and therefore comparatively unoppressive. The States are emphatically the constituents of this Government, a id we should be entirely re* sf gardless of the objects held in view by them in the creation of this Government ' if we could be indifferent to their good. The happy effects of such a measure upon * all the States would immediately be manifested. With the debtor States it would effect the relief, to a great extent, of the citizens from a heavy burden of direct taxation which presses with severity on the laboring classes, and eminently assist in restoring the general prosperity. An immediate advance would take place in the price of the. States securities, and the altitude of the States would become once more, as it should ever be, lofty and erect. With States laboring under na extreme pressure from debt, the fund which they would derive from this source would enable them to improve their con* dition in an eminent degree. So far as this Government is concerned, appropriations to domestic objects, approaching in amount the revenue derived from the land ooloe mirrkf hn nhnnHnnAfL and tfinc a system of unequal and' therefore unjust legislation would bo substituted by one dispensing equality to all the member* " of this .Confederacy. Whether such dis- I tribution should be made directly to the States in the proceeds of the sales, or in the form of profits by virtue of the openfr - " tion of any fiscal agency having, those proceeds as its basis, should such measures be contemplated by Congress, would well deservd its consideration. Nor would such disposition of the proceeds of the sales in any manner prevent Congress from time to time from passing all necessary pre-emption laws for the benefit of actual settlers, or from making *ny new arrangement as to the price of tbe public lands which might in future be es? teemed d sirable. < ' I beg leave particularly to call your it. tention to the accompanying report from r the Secretary of War. Besides the pre. sent state of the war which has so long afflicted the Territory of Florida, and the various other matters of interest therein referred to, you will learn from it that the Secretary has instituted an inquiry into abuses, which promises to develop gross * enormities in connexion with Indian treaties which have been negotiated, as" well <v as in the expenditures for the removal * and subsistence of the Indians. He rep- *' resents, also, other irregularities of a serious nature that have grown up in thw" " practice of thelodian Department, which"