Farmers' gazette, and Cheraw advertiser. (Cheraw, S.C.) 1839-1843, April 28, 1841, Image 1
m
VOLUME VI
By M. MAC LEA*.
Tbums:?Published weekly at three dollars a
year; with au addition, when not paid w.thin
three months, of twenty per cent per annum.
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r one dollar the first time, and fifty cents each
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advertisement will be insorted, and charged till
i rdered out.
IIT The postage must be paid on letters to the
editor on the business of the office.
[From an English-Work by A. Walker.
CATTLE. "
The best cattle have the face short;
the muzzle small; the horns fine; the
neck light, particularly where it joins the
head ; the chest wide, deepand capacious;
the tail broad and flat towards the top,
0, but thin towards the lower part, which it
will always be, when the animal is small
boned the lower part of the thigh small;
the legs, short, straight, clean, and fine
boned, though not so fine as to indicate
delicacy of constitution ; the flesh rich
and mellow to the feel; the skin of a
rich and silkv appearance ; the countcnaicecalm
and placid, denoting the evenness
of temper, essential to quick feeding
and a disposition to get fat.
Every breed of animals which has,
thro* a few generations (two or three is
sufficient) been overfed, requires similar
feeding ; and the offspring of such animals
require and can digest more food than
others, who have lived upon little.
All growing animals, including mankind,
ought to be well fed to preserve
health and strength, but never to be stimulated
by excess of food. The children
of parents, however who have, through
many generations, been well fed, would
perish if given no more food than would
be sufficient for on Irish or Highland
Scot's peasant child.
The chief qualities sought for in cattle,
are the tendency to fatten on little food,
and that to yield abundance of rich milk.
The tendency to fatten is indicated chiefly
by the capacity of the chest. Animals
of all species, says Mr. Knight, all other
qualities being equal, are, I think capable
of labor and privation, and capable of fat.
tening, nearly in proportion as their chests
are capacious; but the habits of ancestors
will operate very powerfully.
It is the width and- depth of frame,
aays Mr. Berry which confers weight, and
Dot the mere circumstanceofgreat height.
?While equally great, if not greater
weights, can be obtained with shorter legged
animals, they are, independently of
^ other recommendations, generally found
to pososs better constitutions and greater
propensity to fatten.
Mr. Knight says, the constitutional
disposition to form fat, is certainly hostile
to the disposition to give milk. Cows
which give little milk often present large
udders which contain much solid matter;
and to inexperienced eyes, a two year old
Hereford cow would give a promise of
much milk, where very lit tie would be
given.?A narrow forehead and a long
face, nearly of the same width from end
to end. as in the Aldcrncv cow, certainly
indicates much more disposition to give
milk than the contrary form, which I
have pointed out as indicative of a disposi
tion to fatten.
Fat animals are more generally those
of the north, where the cold diminishes
sensibility. Fat indeed, appears to be
the means which nature very extensively
employs to lower sensibility by interposi.
tion between the skin and the central
parts of the nervous system. Fat animals
accordingly, have less sensibility and irri
ability of the ski n, and of the orga ns of sense
generally. Thinner animals, on the contrary,
are more generally those of the
south and have more acute sensibility and
exquisite sensation.
In reply to this observation, Mr. Knight
saya, I do not doubt but you are right respecting
the use of fat in cold climates ;
all sleeping animals, through winter, go
to sleep in a fatted state. 1 do not think
i i_ li. l l
mai oreeus 01 cows, wnicn give rnucn
rich milk, are very hardy. The Alderney
cows are what the Herefordshire farmer
calls very nesh, that is, very incapable
of bearing hardship of any kind, and
particularly cold, consequently of greater
feasibility.
Cows which give much milk have the
jf power of eating and digesting much food,
and they require, whilst they give much
milk a very abuudant and good pasture.
The breeds of cows which give less milk,
and present greater disposition to become
fat, are generally less nesh, and will fatten
upon food. The influence of the feelings
is very considerable. I have observ.
ed 4that whenever a young Hereford
cow disliked being milked by the dairymaid,
she soon ceased to give milk : and
I do not doubt that, in all cases, if the
calves were twice every day permitted
to suck after the dairymaid had finished
her labor, the cojvs would longer continue
to give milk, and in larger quantity.
Thia tends to corroborate what has
CH
been said as to greater sensibility bein;
favorable to milking.
If this led only to distinotion*of thes
no .nillrlnn m mnl V f fl fl f (1
i*n? iviuufl aa iw iiKiniiigi uuu.?.^ fatness
and thinness, and that of smalle
and larger organs of sense, and greater o
i less sensibility, it would be still valuable
1 as showing either at a later or an earlie
~
period, what we may expect in this im
| portant particular. But perhaps its utili
ty may extend still further, and enable u
I to improve the race.
It may form a basis for our determin
ing whether in endeavoring to improve i
breed fatteners may most easily also be
come milkers, to some extent; or milker
may, to a similar extent, become fatten
ers; and what are the circumstance
, which would most favor such partial in
terchange, if not absolute improvement
?Indeed, from these principles I woul
conclude, that an animal fattening in th
north, where a more general temperature
would render fat far less necessary,?
would increase sensibility and would cher
ish the secretion of milk, so intimatel
connected with that excitemement of th
re-productive ; functions which warine
climates produce.
As these two desirable qualities ar
both dependent upon one system, and a
| they are opposed to each other, (for exces
of one secretion is always more or less a
the cost of the other.) they will be mos
easily obtained by being distinctly sough
for, and the animal of diminished sensi
bility will most easily fatten, while th<
animal of increased sensibility will mos
readily yield milk.
These views are confirmed by the con
duct of the London dairy-men. Whit
they acknowledge that the Alderney
yield the best milk, they keep none o
them, whatever they may pretend, be
cause these animals are peculiarly deli
cate, and more especially, because the]
cannot after being used as milkers, be fat
toned for the butchers. The York am
Durham cows suit them best.
In*certain constitutions, however, am
to a certain extent, there is a compatibili
ty between fatteningand milking.
Mr. Knight says, the disposition ti
give much and rich milk, and to fattei
rapidly, are to some extent at varianc<
-i I i T I
witn cacti orner ; uui 1 nave seen eases n
which cows which have given a grea
deal of rich milk, have given hirth to mos
excellent oxen, the cows themselves
however, always continuing small am
thin whilst giving milk.
I very confidently believe in the possi
bility of obtaining a breed of cows whicl
would afford fine oxen, and would them
selves fatten well ; but as great milker;
require much more food than others, th<
farmer who rears oxen, does not thin!
much, perhaps not enough, about milk
and is in the habit, (which is certain!)
(wrong of breeding his hulls from cow:
which have become his best owing only t<
their having been bad milkers.
In the selection of bulls, b?sides attcn
j ding to those properties which belong t<
| the male, we aught to be careful, also, tha
they are descended from a breed of gooi
j milkers, at least if we wish the futuri
; stock to possess this property.
Ladies who cultivate flowers will grate
fully receive the following recipe for de
stroying a very troublesome reptile. I
is taken from llovey's Magazine of Hor!
ticulture:
Worms in pots may he easily, destroy
cd, simply by watering the soil with lime
| water, which may be made by putting r
piece of lime, weighing about two pounds
i into a pail of water; when the whole u
j slacked and well stirred up, it should b<
allowed to settle. The clear water ma)
then be turned off, and the soil in the pot:
should be liberally watered with it. The
worms will soon leave the premises, by
i crawling out upon the surface, wher
they may be taken out and destroyed.?
If any remain, another watering can b<
applied. We have never found any difficulty
in destroying them by this meth
od.
WHIT If GAKKOTS.
We beg to draw the particular atten
tion of our readers to an excellent lette
from Sir C. M. Burncll. Bart., on the sub
ject of growing White Carrot, the value
of which we can fully confirm, having thi;
year (although the season has been very
unfavorable) obtained highly satisfactory
results lespecting it. We were induce<
to experimentalize on this root at the re
commendation of the Hon. baronet, givei
last year.?Ed. Yankee Farmer.
Knepp Castle, Nov. 3.
Sir?1'crceiving, on perusal of you
last Express, your notice respecting thi
premiums oriereu ior specimens 01 luuup
and mangel wurlzel, with accompanyin<
statements of their culture, I trouble yoi
with the following practical statement ii
support of my last years published opinioi
on the preference of the culture of th<
white cattle carrot over that of the parsni|
for agricultural purposes, and which wa
made in consequence of a letter fr.vm i
correspondent in the Lewes Advertiser
advocating the growth of the parsnip
in which 500 bushels per acre was statei
as the produce. Conceiving that fron
my then crop of white carrots, grown 01
a very different field, the yield of w'nicl
was 1000 bushels per acre' without th<
green tops that their culture would hi
more advantageous on stiff soils than tha
ER AW. SOU'l'H-CAKOUNJ
g of the parsnip, with a return of about a
moiety of the produce only, I laid a com- j t
e putative statement of my crop before the j i
if public, that agriculturists of intelligence j I
r and spirit might try the results by sowing c
r both sorts on similar quality of land. But s
>, saiisfied as I am myself of the preference
r of the white cattle carrot on my farm i
. over all roots fit for cattle, I again sowed i
. four acres broadcast on land of better t
s quality this year and so far as experience t
shows, in the raising and housing of about I
. half my crop, there will be, as near as we 1
a can determine, 1300 bushels per acre, <
!. after separation from the green tops; and j J
s considering the depth whence their nour- j 1
i i .Li.: j 1
. isnmeiu is ooiameu, uiic lusiau^c uu . ?
s less than 3 feet 5 l-2inches, and in sev- (
i. eral others nearly as olfcapj) I do not view
? it as a very scourging crop, especially ]
d considering the vast increase of nutritious f
e winter fodder, with consequent economy j
i, of hay, for both fattening and lean stock, (
- and especially milch cows, their cream ,
- and butter being as good and free from ,
y any ill flavour as when feeding on the
e pastures; and likewise looking to the j ,
r great increase of farm-yard manure re-1 .
suiting from its consumption, to which j
e may be justly added the clean, friable, j1
s and finely pulverized state in which the j 1
s ground is left after the removal of the crop {
t particularly well adapted for ridging up '
t during winter and sowing with barley and '
t SDeds in the ensuing spring, I do not hesi- I
. fate to bring the results of my experience i
e to your attention and consideration. ]
t My first inducement to try the white <
carrot was the representation of Mr. Ea- ,
. ton, M. P., whose father, I understood ob- j
e tained the seed from Holland; with a res
suit on sowing it on indifferent land in
f Cambridgeshire, of 1000 bushels per acre,
. with which iny crop in 1S39 tallied very
- accurately, I led myself to believe (but 1
y from the dryness which prevailed after
. sowing my seed last spring, and the con- 1
i sequence of a fresh growth on rain falling '
after hoeing in the summer,) that the I 1
i carrots would have been of more equal '
. size, and the amount of the produce possibly
greater in weight and value. For 1
a the cultivation of the white carrot, free- '
i working, deep soils well and deeply drain- ^
3 ed and sub-soiled are to be preferred; and {
i the better heart the ground is in, and the '
t cleaner the tilth, the greater will of course '
t be the chance of a renumerative and ben- *
, eficial crop. Mine were sown broadcast, (
1 6 pounds to the acre, and cost, last spring, 1
Is, per lb.; but whether being sown in '
. drills at proper distances, and ridged up, J
i would improve the crop, I leave to the '
. discriminate judgment of practical and 1
i more scientific farmers. I shall only add *
3 that those who at my recommendation *
i have sown the white cattle carrot, ex- *
, press their satisfaction at their adoption,
j and my neighbor, the Rev. William 1
s Wuodward, of West Grinstead, having
> sown them on a small breadth of land,
has had cause to be satisfied with the re.
suit equally with myself. You are wel- !
> come to make what use of my obsorva- 1
t tionsyou think proper, accepting my ex- *
\ euse for sending them hastily, and I fear {
A 0 ^ V '
5 rather incoherently written, my time be- 1
ing too much occupied to make a fair I
copy. I am, sir, your humble servant,? '
Yankee Farmer.
C'harlds Merrick Blrxkll. 1
1 1
. marks of good working oxen feed
ing?management, &c. <
The writer of the following has a great '
. deal of practical knowledge, and is distin- 1
t guished for his sound reasoning, and in- '
, telligence on various subjects?on the *
i following, he is probably excelled by no 1
i man in the country : 1
r Mr. Editor: Sir: The following I give
i as my opinion, concerning the marks of a
; good working ox, &c. 'J
r 1. Long head, broad oval between
i the eyes, the eye keen, full and pleasant,
- such aie marks denoting ability to receive
? instruction, and a readiness to obey.
2. Forward legs should be straight, toes
- straight forward, hoof broad, not peaked, <
distance short between ancle and knee. j
These properties enable the ox to travel {
on paves and hard ground.
3. Full breast, straight on the back, j
r round rib, projecting out as wide as the
. ui ? .i J: u
illp uuiics, muse uic iiuiiuaiiuii ui siicu^iii {
' arid good constitution. (
3 In opposition to the above, we find
>' the short faced ox, starts, quick at the
i whip, but soon forgets it.
J If the ox toes out, the strain comes on 1
the inside claw, and when travelling on
i hard road, he will be lame at the joint be- (
tween the hoof and the hair. When the *
toes turn out, the knees always bend in. i
r The crooked kneed ox, is apt to become t
b lame by holding heavy loads down hill. I
g Comparison, a straight stick, when set ,
t on one end, will bear up more weight than j
j a crooked one. j
i The ox with very large horns, is apt
i to be lazy and will not stand the heat of |
3 the day. The black eyed ox, is apt to
p run away, oxen working in the same yoke .
s should carry their heads on a level with 1
i each other. 1
, Oxen working on a stone-drag, and 5
,, on the foot of a plough, on the sled spire, *
| or cart spire, twitching stones or timber, |
i should carry their heads well up, as it will j1
enable them to do this kind of work much J I
r\ easier. Oxen that work as leaders for- \ <
e ward of other oxen, should carry their ,
e heads low. I
t Oxen should be shod with a broad shoe. ,
dlfi
w nmwmihWM
V, WEDNESDAY, APRII
ro travel on hard road, the shoe on the
'orward foot should be set back at the heel
jearly half an inch further than the hoof
jears upon it. I have frequently known >
i - c .1
jxeu iu wo lume in consequence 01 uic ,
ihoe being too short at the heel.
The best way of feeding oxen for hard
work, is to give each ox two quarts of
neal, wet, and mixed with chopped hay
iiree times a day, and what hay his appeite
naturally craves besides. This is the 1
lighest feed the working ox ought to
lave, and will enable the good ox to work
;en or twelve hours every day. I think
-ye and Indian meal mixed together is
letter than clear Indian. Farmers who '
jo not work their oxen hard, have no need ;
if giving them so much meal.
Steers should be broke quite
Boy3 should never yoke the 1
?ake of a frolic. I think it a good plan
for farmers, when they are going a short
jistance after a load, to take their steers
with them, and let the steers lead the
learn towards home. They will learn to
iraw towards the barn much better than
from it. I hove found it much easier to
learn steers or oxen, to back by giving
them a gentle slap on the nose with the
bare hand, than by striking with the butt
3nd of the whip stick, which is too often
done.
When steers are first yoked, they may
be allowed to walk about the pen yard,
until they are satisfied the yoke will not
burt them. Working the young steer
carefully causes his strength to gain
with his growth without injuring the latter.
The best pair of working oxen, I have
jver known, were handy before six
months old, and are now owned at the
State Prison, in Charlcstown, Mass.
From experience, I do say, in my opin.
ion, steers broke quite young, are worth,
for hard labor, twenty five per cent more
than oxen that have come to their growth
. ii
ietoro they are yoKea.
One word to the drivers of o.xen: Feed
regular, and do not forget the card, especially
when they are shedding their coat.
Have the yoke the right length, that your
x\en may walk up straight. Let the
jows suit their necks, the yoke and bows
to the leaders should set a little snugger
than to the other, never use the whip
>nly out of necessity?when you are
ibout to strike the young steer, ask yourself,
will he know what 1 strike him for?
Let each ox have a name ; and be sure
that every ox in your team knows his
lame; never spepk a word to an ox with
cut a meaning. Have a particular word
to start your team by, that all may haul
together, never hurry your oxen, when
your riding behind them, lest you learn
them to haul apart.? Yankee Farmer.
New Plough.
It is stated in the Carlisle (English)
Journals that Joseph Herbert, an ingenous
mechanic, at Csosscanohy, in this
country, has lately constructed a plough
cn a new and improved principle, performing
double the work of a common
dough, by turning up two furrows at once.
\n experimental trial was made on the
arm of Mrs. Hodgeson, Allerby Hall, and
he success of the new plough surpassed
}if? <<Yn*rt;itinriM of the most sanguine. It
~--f- o
s a light and easy draught for three horsjs;
and the builder is now confident that
>y some trifling alteration in the machinery,
hfe can render it equally easy for two
wrses on most lands, which will he a considerable
saving to the farmer, and worthy
he attention of the promoters of agriculural
improvements.
From the Farmers' Register.
0. new and successful mode of guarding
peach trees against the
worm.
To the Edifor of the Farmers' Register.
Fincastlc, Va. Feb. 27, 1841.
Although my name is not on the list
jf your subscribers, I have had the satsfaction
of reading some of the valuable
irticles which appear in your journal.?
Fhough unacquainted with you personaly,
as I feel some interest in your period,cul,
I will take the liberty of introducing
nyself, by giving a brief sketch of an
jxperimcni 1 have made, with success, on
;he peach tree ; and if you deem it of any
mportance, or worthy the notice of your
eaders, you can give publicity to it.
As 1 consider the peach the most delinous
fruit of our latitude, I have long
since thought it a desideratum that it
should be made independent of the destructive
worm which kills the tree. I
ihought it practicable ; and it occurred to
ne that there was in reach an antidote
for the enemy to luxurious growth. Hav
ing observed, in the practice ot medicine,
that the cedar berry was a powerful
vermifuge, I transplanted cedar scions
ind peach scions together six years since,
in the following manner: I set one of
each in a hole, with the roots entangled
md set close together, believing that the
strong odor peculiar to the cedar would
prove offensive and sickening to the
worm, and thereby prevent its approach
to the peach tree. Every circumstance
seemed to conspire in favor of the experiment
; there was no danger of the peach
tree being choked by the cedar, because
the former is a rapid, whilst the latter is
i
ritr,
m
j as. >84i.
of very slow growth. The peach scions
bore the second year, and have put forth
their leaves as black as cloud every season,
and bore most luxuriantly every season,
until the last, which was the sixth
year. I have set out a number since, in
the same way, which are all flourishing.
I think a soil should be selected much
mixed with sand, in or ler to prove successful.
w? M A VTABUQAV
f i Ji? 11# i^ii u&n'jvii
On Corns in Horses' Feet.
Sir,?In a late publication of yours, the
question is asked, "is there any cure for
corns in horses' feet, and what is it?" I
beg leave to offer the following remarks:
?This disease is produced always by
some hard substance pressing on the sole
at the quarters, chiefly shoes left too long
on, till the heels become buried in the
hoof, the fibrous substance which lies between
the sensible foot and the absolute
horny hoof becomes inflamed by the pressure,
and the inflammation produces a
hardness of the spot, similar, if I may so
express it, to a knot in a piece of soft timber.
When this is pressed on, it has all
the effect of a bit of gravel or some for.
eign substance lodged in the part, and
the action of the pressure causes it to irritate
the surrounding parts, which are
very sensible, and the horse cannot bear
firmly on the foot. When this lump or
hardness is wholly or partially cut away
by the draw-knife, some relief is obtained;
but the knife, in removing the corn,
wounds, in some degree, the surrounding
soft parts, and the disease is reproduced
?for after a while it is found to be as
bad as ever; and this is sure to be the case
when any cautery, cither the hot iron
or burning stimulants, are applied, as one
or the other always are, or perhaps both.
These shrivel up and convolute the fibrous
texture, and quickly form a new
corn, for they actually produce an artificial
one, but the removal of so much
horn as has necessarily been affected by
the operation, in order to get at the scat
of disease, prevents any immediate pressure
on it; because, so large an excava-1
tion having been made, the part is left
hollow, the cavity bv ing generally filled
up with some substance, either soft, or
"intended to be so"?tow, smeared with
various quack preparations mixed in
grease, or, in place of tow, wool, which is
better, or spunge. The heel of the shoe
is thinned opposite the place, or the shoe
is cut short so as not to cover it at all,
or a bar shoe is applied. The latter is in
itself a source of lameness; the thin shoe
bends, and so makes the matter worse;
and the short shoe affords no protection?
the stuffing, be it made of what it may,
gets beaten into a hard mass, and becomes
itself an injurious lump, and the
disease is constantly reproduced. The
most judicious remedies are therefore only
palliative while the horse is employed at
his ordinary duties, or kept in a stable
where his feet are dry and the hoof hard;
no?the hoof must be dilated and softened
by constant moisture, all irritating
pressure must be avoided; and under
these circumstances, nature will work
the cure, by letting the injured part grow
out of the foot; and let no injury or pressure
come at it till the then existing hoof
is quite grown away and a new one formed.
Therefore mv answer to the ques
*
tion is?palliate the evil as well a9 you
can, by keeping the hoof constantly pared
away between the corn and the ground,
but do not wound, in your vain endeavors
to cut it out; avoid the hot iron9, &c.
above mentioned; keep a bit of spunge
s ftly put in. merely to keep out the gravel
and keep the spot moist; and when the
season arrives, turn him out without any
shoes, into a soft marshy place, where his
feet must be in a constant moist stale for
three months at least: by that time the
hoof will be altogether renewed?the disease
will have grown out?and if there
is no new injury, there will be no new
corn; in short, the cure will be perfect.
I would not presume to put forward this
if it was a mere theory?a habit but too
common amongagriculturnl writers, which
only have the effect of amusing and lead,
ing their readers astray. The above suggestions
are, I assure you, the result of
practical experience.
While on this subject, I beg to offer a
word on the subject of the feet of horses
and cattle in general- Dry standing is
the prolific source of many of their diseases;
long continued drought, is to contract
hoof of every kind. The foot of a
hoofed beast is an extremely tender and
sensible member, inclosed in a hard insensible
box. If this box is large enough,
the foot is at ease; but if it is contracted
in its dimensions and shrunk up by
drought, it becomes a shoe that pinches;
the sensible foot gets inflamed and uneasy;
preternatural activity in the secret,
ing vessels (always the consequence of
inflammation) takes place; unusual secretions
are produced, which cannot be
evacuated through the shrunken pores of
the hardened hoof; these secretions become
morbid, and must force their way
out somehow?thus thrushes, contracted
feet, decayed frog, &c. Grease is often
applied by way of softening the hoof-?
this has quite the contrary effect; it fills
up aod obstructs the pores that yet remain
unclosed, effectually preventing exudation
from within, and the absorption of
moisture from without. It is a remark
often made with regard to stall-feeding
NUMBER 24cattle,
"that beast won't stand the a'all,
he gets tender on the feet." This is
from the dryness of the standing, the
hoofs get contracted, the beast stands in
pain and cannot thrive, and the time and
feeding are thrown away. I lately saw
two very tine bullocks, in the county of
Galway, which could not fatten to near
the weight they otherwise might, from
this cause; under a mistaken idea, their
feet were well greased; but if they had
the advantage of a soft poultice, sufficiently
often allowed them, the object would
have been much better attained. Moisture,
I repeat, is the thing for diseased
hoof, if the disease, as in nine cases out
of ten, originates in dryness.
Iam, Sir, yours, E. Mauxskll.
P. S. Let it not be inferred from anything
herein, that I would have cattle kept
standing in dirt.?Farmer's Magazine.
On a Frincipal of Fencing,
formed according to the laws of vegetable
physiology.
At a recent meeting of the Botanical
Society of London, the following account
was given by Mr. Daniel Cooper, the curator,
of the mode of forming a fencework
to plantations, &c.,of a veryecono.
I mica! and rustic kind, and which may. be
termed with all propriety a " Natural living
Fence" We are induced to give a
full abstract of the communication, (from
the first part of the Society's Proceedings).
as we think the suggestion might
offer some points of interest to our country
readers.
The natural living fence consists simply
ofplanting for the purpose trees or
shoots of the same species, or species of
the same genus, or genera of the same
natural family, and causing them to unite
by means of the process of "grafting
by approach or inarchinga process well
understood by gardeners and horticulturists.
, The fact having been briefly stated,
it is necessary, in the next place to
enter more fully into explanation of the
plan to be adopted. ' In the first instance
it is requisite to cul ivate a portion of land,
for the purpose of rearing the shoots intended
for forming the fence. Those
which 1 had an opportunity of observing
(on the estate ot'SirTnomos Neaves, Dagnam
Park. Ess^x, c< ndructed by his
gardenes ani planter Mr. Breese), were
f rmed of ash, but of course any other
tree would similarly unite and answer the
end required. The faster the tree grows,
and produces new wood, the stronger and
better the fence necessarily becomes.
The shoots or small trees are run up (as
termed by gardeners), and kept trimmed
so as to produce stems as straight as
possible. These are trained to the heights
required, depending upon the intended
height of the fence. As soon as they
have acquired sufficient age they are
carefully trar splanted, a trench of two
feet in width being previously made in
the line of the intended fence, it being
found necessary to surround the roota
with earth of a richer nature than that
usuallv met with, where fences are to be
? ' ... i.
I placed, sum as me ouisturis ?n wwun,
plantations, parks, &c. The trench hav.
ing been made and prepared, the stems
arc then carefully removed ; one set being
planted at the required distance, a
foot for instance from each other, those
we may suppose to slope to the north; the
other set, for example, are planted sloping
towards the south, at the same di?tance
from each other, so that when the
shoots proceed from the ground, they are
in contact by their internal part.
The several stems having been thus
arranged, the next and most important
step is that of causing them to unite; this
of course is requisite in order to produce
strength, and is accomplished by the pro.
cess of grafting by approach, or, what is
the same thing, that of inarching. For
this purpose it is necessary to remove a
small plate of bark at the proper season,
on each stem where their inner, portions
are in contact; this having been carefully
* 1 4- *L _ <,UMa
performed, approximate me iwu oioiuo,
so that the denuded portions of each
j?hall exactly meet; tie the stems togetb-^$
er at these places, and keep them for ft
short time from the action of the atmosphere
by means of a piece of clay. In
the course of a few weeks, if these precautions
have been attended to, adhesion
takes place, and the result is, that a natural
living fence has been formed, having
openings of a diamond shape, which
may be made of course of any size that
may be required ; it being only requisite
to place the stems in the earth at a great
ter or less distance from each other.
The adhesion takes place in the following
manner according to the laws of
vegetable physiology. The plates of
bark being removed on each stem, and
the stems approximated to each other at
that part, it follows that as the fluids rise
in the stems of exogenous (out-growing)
within u'imvIv Dortion of the
llVVOf TT IVIIIU ?*?W t. WW? f J
trunk and descend within the bark,?that
the stems being closely tied to each other,
and hept at their point of union from the
action of the air, the cambium (proper of
elaborate juice) exudes, form new wood,
and the stems anite by the natural process.
The advantages which Mr. Cooper
considers this Hind of fencing to petmm