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J? ; fV < VOLUME VI By IB. 31AC I.E l>. Tu?:?Published weekly at three dollars, a year; with an addition, when not paid within three months, of twenty per cent per annum. Two new subscribers may take the paper at fire dollars in advance; and ten at twenty. Four subscribers, not receiving their papers in town, may pay a year's subscription with ten dollars, in advance. A year's subscription always due in advance. Papers not discontinued to solvent subscribers M arrears. Advertisements not exceeding 16 lines inserted for one dollar the first time, and fifty cents each subsequent time. For insertions at iulorvaU of two weeks 75 cents after the first, and a dollar, if the intervals are longor. raymeiu nuo jn advance for advertisement*. When the number of insertions is not marked on the copy, the adrertieeinent will be insorted, and charged till ordered out. O" The postage must be paid on letters to the editor on the business of the office. s.Qmxew&zwm&.&T' European Cattle. The Lower Canada Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, some time since, addressed several queries to the Hon. Sir John Sinclair, Bart, and other distinguished Agriculturists of Great Britain, the answers to which have been published in the Quebec Mercury. We copy those by Sir John Sinclair, as follows. Query 1.?What in your opinion is the most celebrated breed of milch cows, in Great Britain? Answer.?The improved dairy cows in the western counties of Scotland are certainly, now, the most celebrated and valuable breed of milch cows in Great Britain, or any other part of Europe. Such is the opinion of one who has carefully inspected all the different breeds of cattle in Scotland, in many of the counties of England, as well as on the continent, from Paris to the Tex el. The cows in Chesshire are not of a uniform breed, but a mixture of those in the neighboring counties, and of Scotch and Irish breeds, all crossed and blended together. And as they are not so well fed and treated as the dairy stock in Scotland, they are inferior , to them in general character, and in milking. The Durham or Teeswater breed are superior, as dairy cows, to any other breed in England; and if they were as well fed and treated as the Scots dairy stock, tuey would equal them in beauty and good qualities. The cattle in Holland have often been mentioned as excellent dairy cows, but from the quality of their pasture, and the way they are fed in win ter, the Dutch cows have strong bones, coarse shapes, and do not yield so much milk in proportion to their size, as the dairy cows in the western counties of Scotland. For the history, shapes and qualities of that breed, the Society arc humbly referred to the account of the Dutch Dairy Cattle and Husbandry, in the tour through that country, sent with these answers. 9 Query 2.?What quantity of milk would a cow of such a breed give per day? Answer.?There is such diversity in the quantity of milk, that some cows yield more than others of the same breed, and still more in what every cow will give under various changes of circumstances, that it is not easy to fix the proper average of the returns of any breeds. Cows sprung from the same parents, and reared and fed together, will often vary considerably in the quantity of milk they yield. Cows give less milk when young, or when they are too old, than they do from four to eight years of their age. Cows that are Sean give less milk, and that of an iofcrior quality, than the same cows will give when they are in a good habit of body.? Cows generally give more milk for two or three months after calving than they do afterwards. And the manner in which they are fed and treated has a powerful effect on the milking of cows. But without going into particulars, or mentioning extraordinary returns that some cows have made, it may be stated, with entire confidence, that the fair aver age of the annual returns of milk, given by thousands of the best of the Ayrshire dairy cows, when they are in good condition and well fed, and when they drop their calves about the end of the month of April, will be nearly as under. First 50 days, 12 Scots pts. pr^day 600 Second 50 days, 10 pints or 20 quarts 500 Third do 7 pints per day 350 Fourth do 4 do do 200 Fifth do 4 do do 200 Sixth do 4 do do 150 2000 Some of these cows give still greater returns, and very many that are of inferior sizes, or worse fed, do not give near so much milk as stated above. But the society may depend upon the fact, that all the proper dairy cows, when in good plight, and well supplied with proper food, * *11 AAAA ixintc /-\V will, in general, yieia xuuu ot'uu piuio, v/? 4000 quarts of milk every year. And it is equally certain, that 14 or 15 quarts of that milk will generally yield 22 or 23 ounces of butter; and that from 55 to 60 pints (110 or 122 quarts ) of that niilk,with its cream, will yield twenty-four pounds avoirdupois of full milk cheese. Query 3.?What would be the price of : a cow of such a breed from two to three years old, and in calf? Answer.?-The prices of milch cows vary so much from diversity of circum dQJ cher! stances that it is not easy to fix the pric for any length of time. The scarcity c fodder from a very dry summer?the fai ure of pasture herbage from the sam cause, from the weather being cold an stormy in the months of May and June which frequently happens in the change able climate of Scotland, will sometime i<wor fhpnrir.fi of milch cows, ten, twenty V" v. | or thirty per cent, while a more favorabl season will raise prices considerably.? These cattle are twenty or thirty per cent cheaper in harvest than they are in Ma; or June. The crops having been abund ant, and the summers fine for three year past, the prices of milch cows are consider ably higher than they have been for sev eral years before. Some milch cows o the best sort, and in good condition, hav been sold as high as ?25; but young cows from two to three years old, and in call may be procured of the best sort, at fror ?10 to ?12 each, or still cheaper. Query 4.?What would be the price o a bull of the same breed, from eighteei months to two years old ? Answer.?Bulls also vary much i: price. Some of the best ..dairy bulls hav been sold a#t from ?150 to ?200: whil one of an ordinary description may fre quently be procured for ?9 or ?12. 1 would be proper to select a bull for Cana da about two years old, as the best lookinj calves frequently alter so tuuch in thei shapes and character before they come t maturity, as to render it unsafe to trust t what they may turn out, until they ar two years old. The dairy bulls, that havi mast of a feminine aspect, are preferre* to those that are most masculine. A dair bull of good shape and qualities may b< procured for about ?14 or ?15. Query 5.?What is the most celebratei breed of cows in Great Britain, or else ! where, for the production of butter? Answer.?The quantity of butte yielded by cows, depends more on tin food given them, than on any peculiarity of the breed of cattle; and the quality o the butter is greatly influenced bv th< mode of feeding, and still more by the man f ner in which the butter is manufactured ; Cows that hrowze on natural pasture, 01 what is called old turf, do not yield s< much milk as the same cows would giv< when fed on clover, turnips, ctibbagoa, am new herbage, but the milk of the forme! is of better quality, and yields more anc richer butter, from any given quantity ol milk, than that of cow s fed on clover, die. Some individual cows of every breed give richer milk, and of course more butter ir proportion to their milk, than other cows of the same breed, and when reared anc fed in the same manner. Milk, as it comei from the cows, consits of oily matter of which butter is made, lactic matter which forms cheese and serium, or whey and the milk of particular cows of even breed differs considerably in the propor tions it contains of these respective sub stances. But it is doubtful if any particula h*> nnintod nut. Unifnrmh UI LtU lilU li VU<? V?..J yields more better than any of the othe breeds, except in so far as they yield mon milk, or are influenced by climate, tin mode of feeding, &c. Much butter, an< that of a superior quality, is made in llol land, and particularly in the Province o Freiscland. This seems to proceed frou the cattle being fed on meadows wher the herbage is of natural growth, and ver; rich.?The Cows in Holland give les milk in proportion to their size, than th generality of the Scots dairy cows; bu the milk of Dutch cows is richer than th other. In Holland the milk is not allowed to stand more than 18 or 24 hours, tpcas up cream, while in Scotland, the inferic cream, which makes inferior butter, is col lected and churned with the other- Am above all things, the grea attention paid t cleanliness in Holland has a powerfu effect on the quality of their butter. Query 6.?What quantity of butte would a cow of such breed produce pc week? Answer.?From what has beenalreadi stated as to the diversity of the quality an quantity of milk, the society will readil perceive that it is not easy to answer thi query on general principles: A cow, kep by William Cramp, of Lewis, in the coui ty of Sussex, is mentioned in the fifth an sixth volumes of the communications t *'? n 1 4 ? "-? oa Kovinrr virUf me X)U!iru 01 Agricuiniic, im uu> >ug j >w ed, in the year 1805,540 pounds avoirdi pois of butter, in 1807, she gave 67 pounds, and in 1808, the same cow gav 466 pounds, avoirdupois, of butter. Th Secretary to the Board of Agricultun mentioned a cow kept by the Rcveren Mr. Heckett, of Bcckingham, near Ne\i ark, that yielded nineteen pounds, avoi( rupois, of butter in one week.?But h I added, that six, seven, or eight pounds pe I week were the common returns of com in that part of England. Mr. Vancouvr states, in his report of Hampshire, that cow of inferior size, kept by Anthon Grave, Symington, yielded from fifteen I | sixteen pounds, avoirdupois, of butter p( week, for some part of the season. A co of the Ayrshire dairy breed, kept by M White, on land in Lanarkshire, situated i 800 feet of altitude above the level of tli sea, yielded, for several weeks in summe 1833, sixteen pounds, avoidrupois, of bu ter per week. And the Rev. Mr. Alpii j ofSkariing, obtained at the rate of thirtee i pounds of butter frouj one of his cows tui j year per week. But although many such instances < produce coijld be pointed out, they ai m LW, SOU 1H-CAUOLINA, e far above the ordinary or medium returi >f of dairy cows. It is certain, howeve 1- that thousauds of the Scots dairy cov e yield 4,000 quarts of milk in the course c d one year, as has been mentioned; and j, is equally certain that sixteen quarts c s. that milk uniformly yield, on an average 13 24 ounces of butter, so that the averag r, return of these cows, when of good quail e ty, in right condition, and properly fee - is 375 pounds, avoirdupois, of butter, pc j Ul IUC IVI mu v? 4 p and by which it can alone be preserved. A series of questions of long standing difficult in their adjustment, and import ' ant in their consequences, in which th< i rights of our citizens and the honor ofth< I country were deeply involved, have, ii the course of a few ?ears, (the most o them during the successful administratioi ' of my immediate predecessor,) beei ] brought to a satisfactory conclusion ; ant ' the most important of those remaining are, 1 am happy to believe, in a fair way o being spccdiiy and satisfactorily adjusted With ail the Towers of the world ou relations are those of honorable peace ' Since your adjournment, nothing scriou has occured to interrupt or threaten thi a desirable harmony. If clouds' have lower j ed above the other hemisphere, they hav< not cast their portentous shadows upoi p our happy shores. Bound bv no entan gling alliances,yet linked by a common na tare and interest with the other nations o mankind, our aspirations are for the pre servation of peace, in whose solid and ci ? vilizing triumps all may participate witl 1 a generous emulation. Yet it behoove ?fnr anv PVfint. and t< p j U5 iu ur; jui.|Hii v\i ??. ?y - , tj be always ready to maintain those jus t and enlightened principles of national in tercourse for which this Government ha I ever contended. In the shock ofconten ding empires, it is only by assuming a re solute bearing, and clothing themselve I with defensive armor, that neutral nation can maintain their independent right. The excitement which grew out ofth r territorial controversy between the Unite r States and Great Britain having in a grca measure subsided, it is hoped that a favor y able period is approaching for its final sel d tlement. Both Governments must noi Y be convinced of the dangers with whic 13 the question is fraught; and it must b >t their desire, as it is their interest, that thi l* perpetual cause of irritation should be rc d moved as speedily as practicable. In m 0 last Annual Message, you were informe I- that the proposition for a commission c ' exploration and survey, promised by Grcn 5 Britain, had been received, and that e counter-project, including, also, a provis e ion for the certain and final adjustment c b the limits in dispute, was then before th d British Government for its consideratior u The answer of that Government, accorr h panied by additional propositions of it e nwn. was received, through the Ministe w"" " ' o -r here since your separation. These wer 's promptly considered; such as were deerr t correct in principle, and consistent with a due regard to the just rights of the Unite y States, and of the State of Maine, concu: o red in ; and the reasons for dissentin from the residue, with an additional sug w gestion on our part, communicated by th r. Secretary of State to Mr. Fox.n That Minister, not feeling himself3uffic ently instructed upon some of the poini r, raised in the discussion, felt it to be h t- duty to refer the matter to his own U01 ernment for its further decision. Havin n now been for seme time under its advisi it merit, a speedy answer may be coufiden ly expected. From the character of th >f points still in difference, and the undoub e cd disposition of both parties to bring th cow, per annum. y PRESIDENTS MESSAGE. s Fellow-citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives : f Out devout gratitude is due to theSu e preme Being for having graciously contir U ued to our beloved country, through th viscissitudes of another year, the invalua i ble blessings of health plontv, and peace Seldom has this favored land been so gen >f I erallv exemnted from the ravages of dis n ease, or the labor of the husbandman mor amply rewarded ; and never before havi n our relations with other countries bcei e placed on a more favorable basis thai e that which they so happily occupy at thi ! critical conjuncture in the affairs of th< t world. A rigid and persevering abstin ence from all interference with the domas g tic and political relations of other States r alike due to the genius and distinctiv o character of our Government and to thi o principles by which it is directed ; a faith e ful observance, in the management ofou e foreign relations, of the practice of speak J ing plainly, dealing justly, and requiring f truth and justice in return, as the bes 2 conservatives of the peace of nations;; a strict impartiality in our manifestation "1 of friendship in the commercial privilege - we concede and those we require fron others : these accompanied by a dispositioi as prompt to maintain, in every emergen cv, our own rights, as we arc from princi ^ pie averse to the invasion of those of others have given to our country and Govern ment a standing in the great family o nations of which we have just cause to b< proud, and the advantages of which ar< ' experienced by our citizens throughout eve ' ry portion of the earth to which their en terprising and adventurous spirit may car J ry them. Few, if any, rernaiu insensibh to the value of ?ur friendship, or lguuiau r?n which it can be acQuircd ???ma WEDNESDAY, DfcCEMI is the matter to an early conclusion, I loc r, | with entire confidence to a prompt an re 1 satisfactory termination of the negoth >f tion. Three commissioners were appoii it ted shortly after the adjournment of Cot >f gross, under the act of the last session pr< 3, viding for the exploration and survey < e the line which separates the States < i- Maine and New Hampshire from the Br 1, tish Provinces; they have been activel ir employed until their progress was intei rupted by the inclemency of the seasoi and will resume their labors as soon a practicable in the ensuing year. It is understood that their respectiv examinations will throw new light upo the subject in controversy, and serve t i. remove any erroneous impressions whic may have been made elsewhere prejudicit e to the rights of the United States. It wai . among other reasons, with a view of pre , venting the embarrassments which, in ou i. peculiai system of government, imped i. complicate ncgctiations involving the tei e ritorial rights of a State, that I thought i e my duty, as you have been informed on n previous occasion, to propose to the Britis a Government, through its minister a s Washington, that early steps should b e taken :o adjust the points of difference o . the lire of boundary from the entrance c i. Lake Superior to the most northwester i, point of the Lake cf the Woods, by th e arbitration of a friendly Power, in confoi e mity with the seventh article of the treat . of Ghent. No answer has yet been rt r turned by the British Government to thi 1 proposition. t With Austria, France, Prussia, Russi t and the remaining Powers of Europe, I ar i happy to inform you our relationscontinu s to be of the most friendly character. Wit 9 Belgium, a treaty of commerce and navi i gation, based upon liberal principles of rc 1 ciprocity and equality, was concluded i . March last, and, having been ratified b . the Belgian Government, will be duly lai i, before the Senate. It is a subject of cor . gratulation that it provides for the satis f factory adjustment of a long-standin j question of controversy; thus removin ? the only obstacle which could obstruct th . friendly and mutually advantageous intei . course between the two nations. A mes . senger has been despatched with the Har 3 overian treaty to Berlin, where, accordin C to stipulation, tho rotifioationo oro to b , exchanged. I am happy to announce t to you that, after many delays and diff , culties, a treaty of commerce and navigi tion, between the United States and Poi 3 tugal, was concluded and signed at Lisboi 2 on the 26th of August last, by the Pleni 1 ipotentiaries of the two Governments. Il ^ stipulations are founded upon those prir 1 ciples of mutual liberality and advantag ? which the United States have alway r sought to make the basis of their intei 1 course with foreign Powers, and it is hope they will tend to foster and strengthei r the commercial intercourse of the tw . countries. s Under the appropriation of the la* s session of Congress, an agent has bee * sent to Germany for the purpose of prom e oting the interests of our tobacco-trade. 3 Tne commissioners appointed unde * the convention for the adjustment c * claims of citizens of the United State ^ upon Mexico having met and organize at Washington in August last, the paper ^ in the possesion of the Government, relai ing to those claims, were communicate j to the board. The claims not embrace by that convention arc now the subject c . negotiation between the two Govern 8 ments, through the medium of our Mini* [. ister at iMexico. Nothing has occured to disturb th s harmony of our relations with the ditfei a i ent Governments of South America. regret, however, to be obliged to mtori e you that the claims of our citizens upo ^ the late Republic of Columbia have nc yet been satisfied by the separate Goveri ments into which it has been resolved. 'v j The Charge d'affairsof Brazil havin } expressed the intention of his Governmer e not to prolong the treaty of 1828, it wi g cease to be obligatory upon either part >. on the 12th day of December, 1841, whe y the extensive commercial intercourse b< d tweenthe United States and that va,' >f empire will no longer be regulated by e: Lt | press stipulations. a | It affords me pleasure to communical !* to you that the Government of Chili ht ^ entered into an agreementto indemnif e the claimants in the case of the Mecedoi '* ian, for American property seized in 181! and to add, that information has also bee s ... ' received which justifies the hope of a e early adjustment of the remaining clain i. j upon that Government. * i-3 a The commissioners appoiniea in pu d snance of the convention between tl r- United States and Texas, for maikir g the boundary between them, have acco (* ding to the last report received from o' e commissioner, surveyed and establish! 7" the whole extent of the boundary north l" long the western bank of the Sabine rivt !s from its entrance into the Gulf of Mexi< Is to the thirty-second degree of north lai * tude. The commission adjourned on tl 16th of June last, to reassemble on the 1 ^ ! of November, for the purpose of establis ie ing accurately the intersection of tl t. thirty-second degree of latitude with tl ie western bank of the Sabino, and the mc nWir> JER 23. k idian line thence to Red river. It is preid sumed that the work will be concluded in the present season. i lm The present sound condition of their lm finances, and the success with which em- i 5* barrassments in regard to them, at times I *j. apparently insurmountable, have been ov- 1 j ercome, arc matters upon which the Peo. ' pie and Government of the United States i may well congratulate themselves. Au i overflowing Treasury, however it may be < 13 regarded as an evidence of public prosperi- ' ty, is seldom conducive to the permanent e welfare of any people; and experience has i n donronstrated its incompatibility with the J o salutary action of political institutions < h like those of the United States. Our sa- < fest reliance for financial efficiency and I independence has, on the contrary been 1 '* found to consist in ample resources unenir cumbered with debt; and, in this respect, the Federal Government occupies a sin. gularly fortunate and truly enviable posia tionh When I entered upon the discharge of Lt my official duties in March, 1837, the act e for the distribution of the surplus revenue n was in a course of rapid execution. Near>f ly twenty.eight millions of dollars of the n public moneys, were, in pursuance of its e provisions, deposited with the States in ' the months of January, April, and Jul}', y of that year. In May there occured a 5" general suspension ofspecie payments by 1S the banks, including, with very few exceptions, those in which the public moneys were deposited, and upon whose fidelity e the Government had unfortunately made h itself dependent for the revenues which j. had been collected from the People, and >. were indispensable to the public service. I u This suspension, and the excesses in s y banking and commerce out of which it a. I d rose, and which were greatly aggravated i- bv its occurence, made ton great extent, unavailable the principal part of the public g money then on hand ; suspended the col- 1 g lection of many millions accruing on our e merchants' bonds ; and greatly reduced the revenue arising from customs and the j public lands. These effects have continued to operate, in various degrees, to the ^ prouonl porioU j and, in addition to the G decrease in the revenue thus produced, two and a half millions of duties have been l. relinquishud by two biennal reductions r. under the act of 1833, and probably as i, much more upon the importation of iron [. for railroads, by special legislation. Is Whilst such has been our condition for i. the last four years in relation to revenue, e we have, during the same period, been < a subjected to an unavoidable continuance . of large extraordinary expenses necessan. d Iy growing out of past transaction?, and n which could not be immediately arrested 0 without great prejudice to the public inter- i est. Of these, the charge upon the Treajt sury, in consequence of the Cherokee n treaty alone, without adverting to others i. arising out of Indian treaties, has already exceeded five millions of dollars ; that for ?r the prosucution of measures for ihe remov>f al of the Sominole Indians which were ;8 found in progress, has been nearly fourd teen millions; and the public buildings s have required the unusual sum of nearly t. three millious. d It affords, me, however, great pleasure j d to be able to say, that, from the com. >f menncement of this period to the present i. day, every demand upon the Government, 3. at home or abroad, has been promptly met. This has been done, not only with-1 e out creating a permanent debt, or a resort j r. to additional taxation in any form, but in j 1 in the midst of a steadily progressive re. n duction of existing burdens upon the Peon pie, leaving still a considerable balance >t of available funds which will remain in j. the Treasury at the end of the year. The small amount of Treasury notes, not ex- j g ceeding four and a half millions of dollars, 1 >t still outstanding, and less by twenty-three 11 millions than the United States have in 1 !l- ? tl- *^~ C5(<1 fno ia or>mnr?<r>rl nf I y I aeposue wiui mo u>aw) ?o ? n such only as are not yet due, or have not j. been presented for payment. They may st be redeemed out of the accruing revenue, if the expenditures do not exceed the amount within which they may, it is te thought, be kept without prejudice to the is public interest, and the revenue shall y, prove to be as large as may justly be ann. ticipatcd. E); Among the reflections arising from :n the contemplation of these circumstances, tn one, not the most gratifying, is the conis sciou3ness that the Government had the resolution and the ability to adhere, in r. every emergency, to the obligations of ie law; to execute all its contracts according jrr to the requirements of the Constitution ; ir. and thus to present, when most needed, a ur rallying point by which the business of the whole country might be brought back a. to a safe and unvarying standard?a reJf) suit vitally important as well to the inter20 ests as to the morals of the People.? ti. There can surely now be no difference ie of opinion in regard to the incalculable st eviLs that would have arisen if the Govh. crnment, at the critical moment, had he suffered itself to be deterred from upholdhe ing the only true standard of value, cither -r. by the pressure of adverse circumstances * . # ? J NUMBhK 6. or the violence of unmerited denunciation. The manner in which the People sustained the performance of tbkduty was highly honorable to their fortitude and patriotism. It cannot fail to stirau. late their agents to adhere, under ail circumstances, to the line of duty; and to satisfy them of the safety with which a course really right, and demanded by * financial crisis, may, in a community like ours, he pursued, however apparently severe its immediate operation. The policy of the Federal Government, in extinguishing as rapidly as possible the national debt, and subsequently in resisting every temptation to create a new one, deserves to be regarded in the same favorable light. Among the many objec;ions to a national debt, the certain tendency of public securities to concentrate lltiraately in the coffers of foreign jtockholders is one which is in every day gathering strength. Already have the resources of many of the States and the future industry of their citizens been in. definitely mortgaged to the subjects of European Governments to the amount of twelve millions annually to pay the con. stantly accruing interest on borrowed money?a sum exceeding half the ordina. ry revenues of the whole United States. The pretext which this relation afftrds to foreigners to scrutinize the manage, ment of our domestic affairs, if not actu. illy to intermeddle with them, presents a subject for earnest attention, not to say of serious alarm. Fortunately the Fede. ral Government, with the exception of an obligation entered into in behalf of the District of Columbia, which must soob be discharged, is wholly exempt from any such embarrassment. It is also, as is believed, the only Government which, having fully and faithfully paid all its creditors, ha9 also relieved itself entirely from debt. To maintain a distinction so desirable, and so honorable to our national character, should be an object of earnest solicitude. Never should a free people, if it be possible to avoid it, expose themselves ta the necessity of having to treat of the peacp, the honor, or the safety of the Republic, with the Governments of foreign creditors, who, however well disposed they may be to cultivate with us, in general, friendly relations, are nevertheless, by the law of their own condition, made hostile to the success and permanency of political institutions like ours. Most humiliating may be the embarrassments consequent upon such a condition.? Another objection, scarcely less formidable, to the commencement of a new debt, is its inevitable tendency to increase in magnitude, and to foster national ex ravagance. He has been an unprofitable observer of events who needs at this day to be admonished of the difficulties which a Government, habitually dependent on loans to sustain its ordinary expenditures, has to encounter in resisting the influences constantly exerted in favor of additional loans, by capitalists, who enrich themselves by Government securities for amounts much exceeding the money they actually advance?a prolific source of individual aggrandizement in all borrow, ing countries; by stockholders, who seek their gains in the rise and fall of Public stocks; and by the selfish importunities of applicants tor appropriations for works avowedly for the accommodation of the Public, but the real objects of which are too frequently, tlfe advancement of private interests. The known necessity which so many of the States will be under to impose taxes for the payment of the interest on their debts, furnishes an ad?? ditional and very cogent reason why the Federal Government should refrain from creating a national debt, by which the People would be exposed to double taxation for a similar object. We possess within ourselves ample resources for every emergency ; and we may be quite sure that our citizens, in no future exigency, ..,:n unwillinrv tr\ onnnlv fhn txnvftrn. VY Hi L/C U1ITT iiniig iv j suv ment with all the means asked for the defence of the country. In time of peace there can at all events, be no justification for the creation of a permanent debt by the Federal Government, its limited range of constitutional duties may certainly, under such circumstances, be performed without such a resort, ft has, it is seen, been avoided during four years of greater fiscal difficulties than have existed in a sim lar period since the adoption of the Constitution, and one also remarkable for the occurrence of extraordinary causes of expenditures. But, to accomplish so desirable an object, two things are indispensable; first, that the action of the Federal Govern ment, be kept within the boundaries prescribed by its founders ; and, secondly, that all appropriations for objects admitted to be constitutional, and the expend:* tare of them also, be subjected to a standard of rigid but wcii-considered and. practical economy. The first depends chiefly pa the people themsehres, the opinions they form of tho true construe, tion of the constitution, and the confidence they repose in the political senti