fc>5
ppp???
SILK CULTURE,
Defects of the climate in the South of France
for the Silk Culture?Atmospheric condition
there called ^.toufFe?The destructive dis.
ease of jilk worm* called muso&rdine?Cost of'
labor in Franco?Estimate of profits to bede.
riled in our own country?The umlticaulie yf
Perottct probably unknown in Chin ? C'rrcamstaacee
upon which depend the superiori I
ty of t e climate of the United States for the
tlk culture?Limited extent of the principal
eilk districts in France?Differences observed
between the climates prevailing on the eastern
and weetern sides of tho Atlantic?Similarity
. of the climates of the United States and China
?The results of experience in Franee should
--* - * l? ?HfArh ^irtminte of
OCH ill Waja ug vui ^ ??v.v.? ...b?
tho imporunoo of agricultural pursuits in
-,r China?Great corwhony of the Baiperor hold,
ing the plougit-r-Aao\her groat ceremony
annuity porfonlfe<t, in which the Bmpress
- . fisede silk Worm*?Great internal resources of
that empire, and some reflectktea upotrthe elements
of our own grc?U>aso.
The climate bf the South 'of France,
thengh itf general so gonial" and delightful,
- is ?tHl not-*, without sqpie alloy. In ihe
spring and summer ihomhsj" spells of wenth
er occur which the inhabitants c:\Wtouffes.
Tlie a?r dating a touJTe is desciibecj by
Bourdon iss having iiigh temperature,
being at the saiwrtiinosta'gtmut, and aimost
s^urated with watery vaper. The winds
preceding and- produHng those spels, blow
from the south, and are generally regarded
as a coalman; ion of the A'rican simoon,
modified somewhat by its passage over the
Mediteraoeun, but not deprived of all its
deleterious quatajes. Those lotilf s generally
ocour at the nr?o*l critical stage of rear,
tog. fcamely,"whf n the worms have attained
the fifih and last age; a period when a
prodigious quantity of leaves and litter are
spread through tho apartm^f; when the
bodies of the worms throw off enormous
quanth.es of solid, - liquid-, vaporeous and
ffaseotkT tn-iHers; when ihe' bus'tes and
other conveniences placed for the worms to
mbtmt upon and 'spin, almost'stop tip the
Spaces between thh' shelve, thus- seriously
^ inurfering with the means of ventil^ion, so
indispensable at tb?s moment. Dreadful
as are thu effects-pr? htctfd by
the touffe itself, they arojjreatly increased
by the diseases to which it predisposes the
worms, the most formidable'among which
is fliat Qatted miHcardine. 14 It is towards
the dose of iheso-atiflmg spells," sys Piu
vis* "that diseases show themselves among
the silk worms, and that the muscardtnc
s makes i:a appearance, (t is under their influence,
when they occur daring the las;
age of feeding, that the worm, not ha.ving
aUained to perfect maturity, moves to every
direction, and endeavors to mount before it
has assimilated a sufficient quantity of leaves
to admit of its making a srong cocoon.?
Driven by an instinct which prompts it to
avoid destruction, it hastens to mount and
form rapidly a feeble cocoon, which only
suffices to enable it to continue the course
"^pSEn^oTfte^St culiure ?n ^rome,
one of the greatest silk producing Depart,
ments in Francs, M. Bourdon says:
"The muscarine every year occasion!
ravMgrs which annihilate the cocooneries.
end whcle tillages are thus desoIat< d by
this terrible scourge. I hare seen one lo.
calhy where atumpts Jo raise worms, cont:nueJ
ihrough a period of fifteen years, liad
been unsuccessful.. The reason of this had
out yet been satisfactorily explained."
We do not tbmk it necessary to cite any
more evidences of the disadvantages experienced
in France by tliose who pursue tr>p
silk cohure, even in the most favored Departments.
The obstacles thus encounter,
ed, although they must limit the production
do not, hntvevi r, prevent the culture of sflk
from being there the most profitable of nil
brtmohestff agricuhu/v. What, then, must
the sifk'culture.prove, at no distant day, tn
the United States, over a large portion* of
- which J be spring frosts do no material in.
jury to. the mulberry tree, and where thb
delelt rious toujft and pestilential' muscardine
i/fe unknown I
a f'?r" fKia Biaiomnnr n(" tho
operating in Frauc? to- lessen their crqpeof
-cocoons jo almQst a tliird of wh:i( espen*&Cb
-has shown tl?? ordinary product!*) our
imnctimule, 1 ue<--d scarcely add tint here
? t source, of gniu to us of nv ro than
enough to cover ihe increased c>cpenso of
labor in this country w?fe this even much
greater than U- is. - But what after nil, is the
additional cost of labor required to raise
silk in the United States ? To answer this
question, we must first ascertain tho price
of labor in France, and this we are fortunately
able to do, by reference to the best
authority.
In a statement, by Bourdon, of the expenses
incurred in feeding the product of
ten ounces of silk worm eggs, the wng<*s of
man are set down at 40 cents per day, women
at 25 cents per day, and chilJren at
20 cents per day. The services of men
were, however, ia very small proportion,
amounting to only 4 days* work in the 4th
oge, and 16 in tho 6th age of feeding;
all the rest of the labor is charged for the
services of women and children, chiefly the
former; the*w bole cost for feeding sod attearing
tho produce of ton ounces of eggs
being 265 francs (about $53) including
rrithfiMnM tt?A / Lul ni/v* limit* r?not \
luavr^i \ UUi U\Jy U*UI4 vwji,y
as, also, picking off the cocoons..
It may bo said the prices of labor just,
given are such as mnv be usual in the central
pai ls of France, whilst in the South the
rates are. lower. An extract from Bourdon
will afford the best answer to this suggestion.
*u - ' !
"When" (6ays he) "I compare the re- 1
suits of my calculations with tho statements
] have received from many feeders of the
Souih, and, among others, of one residing
near Toulon. I fear that I have estimated
the profits at too low a rate. The person to
whom I allude, w ho is bodi feeder and planter,
utformod me that the price of labor, as
well ns the price ofland, ire in his part of
thecguntry, very nearly the same qs in tl?e
environs of Paris."
In many portions of ot^r country, especially
in 'he more populous neighborhood*
th? same service! may be obtained at very |
little, if any, crcater prices than-those mentioned
by Bourdon, But, admitting the
expense to be increased.50 or even 100 p?r
cent, above the esdmute of Bourdon, the silk
cul.oro would still remain a source of very
great profit in this country, especially with
those who raise their own leaves. The
feeder of ten ounces of egg9, by bes'owing.
proper care, might expect to procure crops
: much greater tj>an those ordinarily obtain*
ed in the South of France, Bourdon, in.
the estimate referred to, takes ibis for grant,
ed, and therefore, instead of 25, sets down
50 kilogrammes as the produce per ounce,
at which modi rate rato the crop would
.amount to about 1200 lbs. of cocoons.?
I These, if sold at 35 cents per lb. would bring
$420 ; and if reeled into nice raw s Ik, and
sold at $5 per H># would bring $550. So
1 tbat a fitrmer, able to feed the produce often
; Purrees of silk worm egg*, might certainly
calculcatc upon.rcceiving from the produce
quite us'muqh, and perhaps more, than from
a handsome field of wheat or Indian corn,
upon which thh.cost of labor would be far
greater. The ordinary product of his land
might thus be doubled, ostheport'on required
for the mufbery trees would b? smill,
! probably not exceeding one, or ,at must,
; two acres.
1 Supposing that the silk worms were
reuied under the most favorable circumstances
to their health, growth, and development,
so that the produce equalled thar
obtained in Italy by Count Reioa, namely,
j 75 kilogrammes, or 165 lbs. of cocoons ta
i the ounce of eggs, then would the proceeds,
of the crop# at the prices mentioned, be
swelled to $377, supposing the cocoons
J sold, or $323, supposing them reeled in o.
j raw silt. We prefer citing the experience
1 of' Count Reiua, as it shows the annual
| average produce of the readings effected h)
t the various cocooneries upon bis estates,
j near Come, in Loin bar Jy, xoithoul the aid,
I of the forced system pursued in France by
| Beauvais and others in obtaining tboir large
J crops. v
i A certain amount of labor may always
boderrvcd from persons on t]-e premses,
especially as lire principal feeding time oc.
xurs ju>t before wheat harvest. . But f-w
attendants necessary dTiring tho first
ag'% and it is only during the last week tha'
services required are pressing,
j With regard ;o the expense of gathering
| leaves, ih?s will, no doub\ bo greater with
i those unaccustomed to the business lh in
\ with such as have followed it year after
; }'ear as a regular occupation. From low
trees, ami especially from the multicaulis
au 1 its varieties; leaves can bo gathered
with far greater facility than from high
irws, and yet it is surprising how many
- -flay bo obtained in a day Torn high trees
by a person accustomed to gather leaves
provide I with the convenient means. - We
! fin I a passage in Bourdon's notes which
makes us incidentally acquainted with jh<>
""{BropV In describing the varieties o^' ths
, Italian mulberry tree cultivated in the
Southern D^parments of France, he men.
; ions one called Oreille <U Chevre, or goat's
, ear, characlerte-'d as ''producing but lktl?
fol ate, and that of a very delicate kind.
j suitable for the first ages of rearing, easily
I discolored or stained by foirs; very sensi*
| ttve to white frosts; to difly*ul: ro galfu-r
j .roirt, that in a day a hand cannot g^t more
I thun three quintal oI loaves, (396 lbs.) in.
j stead, of six orseocn quintals. (672 or 784
; lbs.) the or Unary quantity gathered from
[oUiep.varieties* The incoavcniencies present
.'d by his tree cause it to be bttlo eulti
vated, notw thstunding the excellent qualities
of its foliage." ;
Having just rofcrrc 1 to the mu'ticaulis
and its varieties, we take tho ociasion to
/protest against the n:nra*s Chinese and
Cn/ttoa-muhierry, frequently applied to tt e
j genuine multicauK of rerrotet. This French
j botanist found the parent of what ho called
: the niul.icauiia tree?the same now so vx*
( tensivcly cultivated among us?not in China,
| but in the Philippine Islands, Ii is distin.
.] guished for pr.-ducing the largest leaves of
j any mulberry known, these having a pocu
liar bowl shape* So far as we have any ev.
dencc, this treo is not found in Cnina.?
j But they have in that country varieties of
j the mulberry which very much resemble
lire multicaulis. Many of these are now
! growing in tSiia country from seed brought
| from Canton. We have seen them at;
tain in one season six and seven feot in
j height, from seed plunted.in the spring.?
I The leaves are large, but kss than those
| of tho genuine Perrottnt multicaulis- They
j are not puckered and bowl-shaped, but per.
i fectly flat. Tho tree is beautiful and proj
ductive in foliage, and is doubtless what the
Chinese mainlev depend upon-in the culture
of silk. To Call the genuine multij
cuulis of Perrottet tho C.hinese or Canton
I mulberry is obviously very improper, as
those names are only applicable to the proj
ducts of seed imported from the Celestial
i Empire*
We will now proceed !o notice some of
the circumstances to which ihe climate of
the United Slates owes its great superiority
for the silk cuhurfe. It appears, from actual
observat on, that places much exposed
to the atmosphere of the ocean are ur.favor.
able to tins branch of industry, probably
from tho ill effects of much dampness
upon the worms, as well as upon
the mulberry tree, but chiefly he form;
er. Great efforts have been made
! to introduce the silk culture into Ir< land,
| and even in'o England, but always without
1 success. Nor dot hey even succeed well
i in France, until they gel a considerable disI
mnce from the. Atlan ie, principal silk dis.
| tricts being nearly all situated on the east
i of the Cevennes mountains, whic h running
| up from the Pyrenees to the Swiss Alps,
1 form the western side of the basin of the
i Rhone a comparatively small r?g on. ' In
tho United Srates,however, thecase isdifferent,
the climate being favorable to the
health of the silkworm nnd to tho growth of
the mulberry tree, down to the very edge of
the ocean.
Tiio reason of all this can "be readily ex.
plained, as it mainly depends upon the
iiiii II
well known predom nance of westerly winds.
Tliese sweep the moisture of?lie sea upon
tlio shares of Europe to a great distance interior,
until, in soma instances, its further
progress is stopped bv mountain ridges.?
j Hut, in the Uint'-d States, the weserly
wiudg h.t-ve the ff ci ol keeping olF the
moist atmosphere of the sen, and thus eg.
tablish for us a cotnpar >liv? ly dry climait
down to the vcrv border of?li*-? sea. China
being situate I on ibe eastern portion of ill*
continent of Asi.% wnh the sea to the E ist
I as, ("r<?rn similar causes, a climate bearing
he clos s resemblance to that of the United
Spues, bcrng distinguished for its dryness
and very great vicissitudes of heat an'
eol-J. Every one knows that China is thi
most furious silk country in jhe world, botl
tor tne quantity and quality of the produce
The great diflferenevs observed b* tweet
the climates oft the Atlantic 'portions o
North America and VV?'<}iern Europe arc u
general so well known hat we n<-c I cite bu
very few proofs in illustration. In ilie lat
titudes of W -stern Europe, correspondmj
with ihos'e of Baltimore, Philadelphia, N^v
York, and even Boston, ic? and snow an
rarely, if ever seen at the level of the ocean
Tlicjpneao temperature of Birde.iux, la'i
'-"t" a 4 ?vn Mnr h- nnk 4'2 Pshrenhei
IUUU is uv 4. ??* < ? v.. . .
during the three winter mouths, whilst it
Philadelphia, latitude 89 5d, tnfe tetnp?*ni
tflre of same period is 32,
As proofs of tfw similar ly sulnt'sting be
ween ihe climate* of China and i^i* Unite
States* we will observe thav in the former
the cultivation of the orttngo ceases afabou
1 the lat'irode^>t 30..just as wo observe in fh<
southern portion of our own country. P?*
kin, in the same latitude as Phil?<Mphia
has a moan annual temperature of 55 Fab
n ohei,, agro-ing. uH neudy ns |>ossihd?'
wiih t)i ?( of P.ul.i ietphia j wh.lst tha "ex
trews of heat and cold are np less it. sum
iper and winter.
Under atm-spheric inilu-nces so widel<
d ffejs'nt as those existing on 'ho two sufof
the Atlantic, it must be evident that t ?
experience of France cannot afford us
corr ct criterion. In regard to the main
cuulis, we a re. convinced, Irrnn actual oh
serva iou, that it wills'aod our lurd winter
better .than it will the loss severe ones c
til a' country. A striking ins a nee of ilii
capaei v of planls to r sist VxiKMuife iQ t??
fr??>t of our wint'-rs tn tfte Middle* Staes i
* ?ff?rd *d by the purple magnolia, whirl
wh Isi it stands out with us unprotected, wi
not survive the open winters in Englaik
Th i: the multic iuits is no1 so much injure
by cold, as by mdd-weiillier favoring the en
culation of i s sap before the frosts imv
term natetlj.is co firmed by an observdjo
made bv Mr. C at nay ,o the Pans Silk S(
cio y. Speaking of the effects of frost upo
the muHicauIis. he observe?]; -If a sp- II <
very mill weaflicr shoald occur in ihemont
of Decembe r or January, and continue fi
severul days softs *o&)Uftc tho bu Is iQ 9we
r ^ 'iiywiy. t'Aii" Kfiffi to i m ft fr
In China, that wonderful empire, en
t. .. ~ ~ " ? <? C. rr? i l,r n ihirrl nt>hn*?i
!# lit U?? III VMIW Kill I 'llli,j >. I ? .... .
ti e 'ruinnO r ice, the vitiil im ortHnneofwj
neuhuro-is every where ucknawledg-d.highest
honors are p iid to those who hat
been distinguished hy success* in cullivatin
the warih, and books an* wnucn to comem<
rae th- ir exertions, and make known the
plans. As a just tribute of honor to h
br nchofusHul industry?ih'? b mis of a
o hern??nd at the same I'm*- as a mean* ?
stimulating to renewed exertious, an irnpoi
ng rite is annually performed, in w.uchili
Emperor himself takes a prominent purt1
his capital, thn Viceroys and other uran
mandat ins superintending its performance i
the j rovince8 After three days devoted i
fasting and performance ofo-rtain ceremc
nies, the Emperor goes ?oa fi Id upj roprn
r- d to-(he purpose*, arid w hich surrounds
tempi- dedicated to the enrh. His p'tinu
consists of three princes, nine presidents <
judges of the high tribunals, with forty ol
and the same number of young husband m>r
Aft"r malrtni? a rmdimuiHrv saerifi e o li
Supr- raft 0 My. Shang ti. or the fruis of ih
earth, the royal hand is applied to n
plough, and a furrow run of corwidembl
length. The princes, high rnnndar ns, an
husbandmen follow the example, and finis
p otighing the fi?ld, the produce of which '
reserved to bo dedicated to Divine sacrrfi
Ces. '
* Wo make this digression 10 show th
reverence paid by a great nation to agriou
tural pursuits, the means taken to impn s
a proper sense of their vi al 'm:?ort,io<*<\ an
keep alive a proper spirit?-but more pai
ticularly as a pr? | ideto bring to notice on
other custom of which we believe-is not ver
generally known to exist. Whilst th Urn
peror stands forth the great patron of ttin
branch of apiculture which supplies hi
three hundred millions of subjects with thei
daily bread, the Empress is constituted th
patrortess of .another brunch, in the man
agement of which most of the services ur
performed by females :*.ihis is the silk-cul
turn* which rrom, the riches it contribute
to the country at large, and the elegunct
and comfort it administers to individuals
makes it ranked by tii? Chinese; as the ciill
inj; next in importance to t??a: which supplre
their d ?ilv food. This ceremony tak-s plac
in the ninth moon, wfvn th Empress, alien
ded by her principal ladies, makes a sa;,ri
fi :e at an altar dedicated to the inventor o
tl e up, and this part of the ceremony con
c'u led, she and b< r attendants collect mul
berry leaves, feed silk.worms, and so forth
In tie Chinese Museum at Philadelphi.
there may be seen a scrip's of pictures ex
quisitely painted on rice-paf>or by a Cainem
urtis', representing the operations perform
ed in this ceremony.-. One is pariieularlj
struck with die beauty of the ladies, nndele
gnnce of their head-dresses and costumes
Some are gathering leaves from sm *li tr?'es
evidently n variety cf the rnullicauli* ; nth
ers nre ftd ng 'he worms picking cocoo.s
from hurdles, reeling, weaving, etc.
t No country on earth, of the samo extent
h is so many sources of prosperity deve!
oped as China. There is nothing that con
tributes to the wants and even comforts o
existence w h?ch is not to be obtained wrthii
her own limits. Her northern provinces sp
r furnish the valuable grams for breudstuffs; foi
th -middle districts afford abundance ofsilk. qu
' and more southern lea. rice, cotton', sugar ]js
* and other tropical productions. Sim has gp
r also valuable minimis, by' only encourages gp
i the workiug ul those which administer mo?/
; to the conveniences ??f common life, neg
? lectin# her gold and silver mine*, though ,n'
i thouguilry some to equ ,| irf richness to t hos?*
' o: Peru and Mex'co. Ciina can tlx refore, "
, supply nerself wlin every thing needful, and
( her in!n?bi"?nts carry on a most active in- ?ei
* ternal commerce in exchanging me conimo
* dnies ot one portion or the country for an- fl,
I other. As for her foreign trade, the amount of
t is HJtnpafa ively small, and, instead of b ang
? encouraged, seems rather to be impe.ed by ^
.' obstacles, probably from similar motives w
i whicb operat to prevent the working of I rq
f ucr rich mines dfjhe pr ecious metals. Un- j or
I der ?uch a policy, and relying ahn<?st ex.. on
i rlusively upon herowu in histry and various
: valuable pro iu>*tions, she sustains wirhm w
hiu* bruits one-ilnrd of the entire human fami- ja
r ly. - ?u
> ' In considering the influences exerted
. upon husin.tndusirv by sudden changes ot'
jcluiatc, Humboldt observes. "A great
r | ditf fence in the producions of coo iguous to
II couo ries giVes aet vity, to commerce, and ?'
iricr .tsea the industry ol the culliv.itorg of *'
lie soil." Ciina ;iffoids a strkiiii,'ilius;r.i- jH
Lou m i ie fru h of tins r**n <rk, and wi;h t0
' equal, it nlit superior, natuai udvaniag. s of
ci'inuU) iiutl soil, thit varia ion- in wb ch ad- 1
' mil tri? production of ad the essentials and
J uios: of tiie iuxurtes rt'qiiip'd by civ i led lite, ,ri
it is no wond'-r hat we should huve become, ^
? iu a comparatively sborLnae, a singularly, R
prosperous people, all Lough many ol our 9
" greates: sources ol national wealth lie yot i M
undeveloped. FRANKLIN. t(
T
k FARMEHS' GAZ E T T E. f
g FRIDAY, APRIL 10, .1840, ' n
a ?? ??./: %. '"ft. > ;j o
i. PsNN*YVVANiA.-?-The Legislature of Peon- /
i sylvania fixed upon the 15th of January as S
? the day when the banks are required to re* P
d suine specie payments. ''
M 0
H i Gea Duff Green, formerly editor of the y
is U. 8. Telegraph has issued his new paper in ?
i, Baltimore * It is called The Pilot, and "
II advocates the election of Gen. Harrison to the ?J
' Presidency witii all the. characteristic zeal of 8
*' the editor.' ' - '
r- L-s. ' g
p Cot. Crockett.?Another atOry has benn c
n put in circulation that C<d. Crockett is still t
) living* and confined in a Mexican mine. A L
" letter addressed to the Editor of the Austin
'' cify Gazette, signed Win. C. White, and
I published in that paper, states that tiie writer '
II saw Col. Crockett, and was the bearer of a (
, letter frotn him addressed to his wife, which
""" ? ... u ro iifw UllfttllS Willi r,
}_ directions to have it mailed. We shall see. |
i v I
A nurse in New York lately killed a child j
left in her charge, by giving it four drops of t
rt, laudanum to quiet it. ,
The South Carolinian states that an error J
occurred in the list of State officers printed at ,
|s. the end op the list ot acts, and journals of the ,
II last ses.-to i of Lhe Legislature. The commit ,
)( sinners appointed 10 represent the State at (he
meetings of the stockholders of the Louisville I
i<! Cincinnati and Charleston Rail Road are not i
it those printed as such, but the following, via; ^
d Ilia Excellency Gov. Noble, Gen. T. F. Jones, (
ir* Col. C. G. Memminger, Col.-^P. M. Butlert I
? T> n M.llo. and Thna. Salmond. Esa. : i
^ IV. v.. ?M.? ? , ? ? ' 1 (
* CONGRESS. ' *
n ' ' t
In the Senate the resolution to fix a day
* for adjournment was taken up on the 3I?t 1
March, and after considerable debate, laid on S
'* the table.
I - * * V . ,
Mr Websteron the let of April introdived ?
f, a hill lo establish an uniform system of hank. ,
L, I ruptcy, which vpas referred to the Comniillee \
|(| on the Judiciary. ' ' \
h Toe bi 1 making appropriations or contin. I
is uing the Cumberland J Road, which had been, c
i- occasionally up in the Senate for several t
weeks, was finally lost Rafter considerable
e debate, on the 3d. of April. The vote stood
I- 20 to 22.
I
is r
i
' ' HoUHB OF REPRESENTATIVES. [
The subject of the New Jrrsey -Election i
was, at last, disposed oft for the presetit, by t
means of the previous question, and the reso.. r
lf -Iution, to print, was adopted. #
p A bill, introduced by Mr. Bell of Tcnneese, *
ir to preserve the pu ity of elections, and prevent v
e Federal officers from interfering in elections *
" is now the subject of daily debate. {1
0 The character of the Harrisburg conven- u
'* tion, aud a Whig convention lately held in v
s Ohio formed the chief subjpet of the last ?
^ on i tin K!tl ttf utkirli von havn flpon anv
, - - - j
' account. The chair repeatedly caHcd the (
fijieaker, Mr. WaterBon of Tcnn., to order
,? for the "irrelevancy" of hie remarks.' But
. it was inststed from different parts of the ji
housf, that lie be permitted to proceed; . '
f which was accordingly done. Mr. Wise waa
particularly warm on the point. He threat
ened if any attempt should- be made to gag M
him tor the irrelevancy of his remarks, to
' plunge the House into a d fficulty from which
it cou'd not be extricated without his consent; a
B a thing which nc said any member might do q
who had nerve enough to attempt it. The
^ debate on Mr. Bell'* bill is, theretore, likely j|
to embrace not only the subject of the Presi- u
, dential election, but the whole rang* of national
politics.
?? -ei
' We are inJebted to Mr. Calhoun for a ^
copy of his 8,/eech on his resolutions in rela.
' tion in relation to the seizure and detention
. of the slaves on Board the brig Enterprize
f! forced by stress of weather into a port of F
i) Bermuda. We would be glad to present the
* . N
. .. ,
_
y - . .. T JVJ? .
f. * . # -, * V*
eech to our readers if we could make room
r it, without lessening too much our usual !
entity of Agricultural matter. We repu&>* sli
h the resolutions with the opening of the Ci
eech, which shews the ground taken by the
eaaer..
i Senate, March-X3, 1840. * The follow. *
g resolutions submitted by Mr. Calhoun
i the 4ih inst. were taken up lor consideran:
.M*
Rnsolved, that a ship or a vessel eh the high
is, i:i tiino of pa ice, eng iged in a lawful voyage, ^
according to the taws of nations, under the exjsivejurisdiction
of tue Slate to which her
g. belongs i as mych soas il coustilutinga part,
its own domain :
Reso'vcd, That if sack ship or vessel should cii
forced by stress of weather, or other unavoid*
lo cause, into the port of a frienly power, she
wild, under the same laws, lese none of the
jhts appertaining to her on the high .seas { but,
i the coutriry, shs and her cargo and persons hi
i hoard, with their property, and all the rights
longing to their p rs.uial rel tions, as establish- i
by the laws of the State to which they belong, '
oulu he placed under the protection which the ,n
ws of nations extend to the uulorlunato under
ieh circumstances. " an
Resolved, That tire brig Enterprise, which was
reed unavoidably by stress of weuthcr into Port
amiiton, Bermuda island,while on a lawful voy.
[n on Hie high,seas front one port"f the Union
i another, comes within the principles einhracI
in the foregoing resolutions ; ami that the sei.
ire and detention of tne negroes on board by the
cat authority of the Island, was un act in viola,
lion of the laws of nations, mid highly unju3t
> ou' own citizens to whom they'belong. w
The resolutions having br-en r?:arf#
Mr. Calhoun said : T ?e cas?" rtderred lo
i these r< solutions is one of?h?{ three whfen <tj<
is been for so hirig a period u subject oftieotntion
'mtween our Gnyrrnmept and iba?f
Great Bri airi, without, however, ncniv- f0
ig |i>e which, iii- my opinion.? due
t the importance ofthe principle involved .ai
v.? wArHibfwfl of the Comet and
I|V Will! I | ?? w
mrnmttiio. In order ;o h;j ve a char underlanding
of the bearing of these resolutions,
nd the principles'rhey embrace, it will be g
ecessarv to give a brief narrative of each
f these cases. , ,
Ti?e Comet it the first in order of time. .
Ibe sa led from thisDistrict in the jitter,
art of the year 183Q, destined for N**w Or- vy
;an9, h "Ving, among other things, a number y
f negroes on board. Her papers were re _
;ii!ar, and the voyage in ail respects lawful
>li?* was stranded on one of .he false keys
f the Bahama island, opposite to the coast
if Florida, and almost ui sight of our own C
hores The persons on board, including ri
he negroes, wereiak-n by he wreckers, u- h
[iiMist the remonstrance of die captain and (
iwners, into Nassau, New Pro.%ideoce, o
vhere ihe negroes wore forcibly soizidand C
let lined by the local author, ties. , !
The case o? the Bnromium is in almost I
very par'ieuJur similar. It occyred in m
1824. She sailed fnyn Charleston, destin- F
id, also, to New Orleans, with negroes on F
>oard, on a voyage, in like manner liwful, c
he same way, into the same port, where the
i?'i?roes were also forcibly seined-and de- f
uin' d by the lea! suthoiities. It so hap- "
xwtg hat I am jiersonally acquainted with' a
:h<* owm rs of toe negroes in tins ca.-.e. They
N> o' citizens of North Carolina of high r? a- v
Mutability. jone of them recently President I
ifthe Siate Senate, and their negroes were
n ipped for New Orleans, w*h the view ol
jmigrat i n and p< rmnnent settlement in one
if Hie S'.uthw sum States.
The ol; er is the case of the Enterprise, ^
r? f? rr d 10 in the resolutions. S> e swled, <!
in 1835. from this District,,desiincl for 1
21m11 stun, South Carolina, and, like the
jiliers. on a lawful voyage, with r'gular pa
jers. She was foro-'dl unavoidably, b\ *
^ I
?tro>s of weather, info Port Hamilton, Ber. 4
ntidu island, where tie* negro s on board v
vere. in lik'* manner, forcibly sezed and de- ^
ained by the local <?uthori;ics.
The owners of the negroes. after npplyng
in vain to ilie locaj au.tborifus '"or their ^
lurrcnder, mude application to tin* Governncnt
lor relrcss of injury : Bncl.lh'v resuh, T
ff'T ten year's negotiation, is "that the Br.l-' ^
sji Govermi eel has ngt^ed ? compensate ^
In? owners of n.i? C^nui an i Em- m ;mfnn n
h?* gtound U?at these cases ocrux d before ^
he .'Ct for ilie ahuli ion of si ?very in jier co
nines had gone into operation, un.l refusal
ompensation in the oa.se of t!io?n-erpriz<
lecRusc if occured afterward?# .
Such are the nia-mial facts, drawn from
he correspondence itself, and almited in \
he cour.vof the n got-ation Wlyil I pro- o
?ose. in.the first place, is to show that the r
>r.no.ple,'?n wliich .onipensuiion wag allow / p
:d ui the cases of the Comet end Encom* o
uni, embraces also thai of the Enterprise n
hat no discrimination. whatever can he t
nade between them ; and that iii at emp in? c
o make a discrimination, the British Minis- p
er has assumed the very point in contro. t
'crsy, or to express it in more famil ar Ian- f
[uage, has begged the question. 1 shall rest s
ny argument exclusively on li e admissions v
iecessanly involved in the two cases, with- i:
iu: looking to nnv oth?T authority. They a
will be found, if 1 do not gieatly mistake, p
mple of themselves for my purpose. a
. k
Contents of Vie Farmers' Register, for tj
March. ?. h
On be necessity for proper instruction f
1 the art ef ri cling silk.
Malaria ?nd mill-ponds, .
Balloting for spaying, 8
Practical results of silk -cukure in D< la.
mre, and opinions thence deduced,
Delightfulness of the climate of Southern
'fornla Governrnt-nlnl neglect and abuses,
nd the means of remedy, . r'
Domes ic industry and products of Italy. 0
JnlrHreous s< ils for vinfs, - r
Causes of the vrron^ous opinions genera- c
y entertained as to (he unheahhiness and s
nprnduclivennssof the Florida Keys,
JS- eds from South Florida,- c
Remarks on the soils- gam-rally, and f
specially of the ridge-lauds cf lower Vir- '!
inia,
. D vers things, 1
The five-field rotation and groz'ng,
Separate agricultural, public a tior.a at the g
ormers* Register Office, H\
Preparation of manure, C
Extracts of prira e correspondence,.
A simple and cheap silk reH,
Furt'ner remarks on the errors of the Irani
tors ofDundolo.
urrection of errata,
To thaw frozen pumps, >
Monthly commercial report,
SELECTIONS. . ^ . . /
R?s?v on stall-feeding ofca'tio,
Pens for svine. ^Manure, -
Be? t sugar in Europe, 1
Treatment and food for young pigs,
S atemeut of culture arid product ofsu*
r beet, mangel wurtzel, field carrot, and
r.snip crops, . ^ ^
Depth of ploughing,
Sketch ef the causes of the present finanil
prostration of this country.
W nter fallow. Greg's and Beatsoo'e
items of cultivation, *'
Report of the management of a Gk>uces>
rslnre hill farm,
Sperch.of Dr. C. T.Jackson on the ftp.
icat ion of geology to agricultural improve
i-nf.
Report from the commissioner of patents,
id hst of Agricultural patents for 1839.
Be* t sugar,
Isabella grape vines?wine.
No'es on European agriculture,
Value of birds,
EfFv s of einanicipaiion in Jamaica,
Cheap steamer for roots,
Method of preserving celery through ihch
in or for fumilyuse, * * "/ *
'Prtatistino ?
& r*;in gtntis?ibo?
Grafting on the wild eherry,
<ew York S;ate Agricultural Convert*
rUHrv H ?
The extirpation of tfeed*, . ,
Culture of mangel wur?zel and sugar boot
r stock,
Cnlcareeus soils of Jo wet. South Carolina
id Georgia^ ^
Red root in clover seed,.
Carrots as food for horses,
Agricultural, excursion .into St. John's,
vdtter.
Tim curculio,
Ctiliivaiion of the plum,
An idee of the universe,
Improvement of cotton lands' by Sowing
i h bruokisli watefi . -"f- >
I diet, .
?
Contents of the Farmers1 Cabinet for '
March,
Notes on European Agriculture, by A
Iharlestoninn, No. 3. Account ofan Ag.
cultural fixrursioh into S'. John's, Berk y
; By tbe ?d,tor. Oil the Culmfe wf
lorn.. Pine Plains. Product of an Ario
f Cotton. American and Indian Cotton.
)o Rearing and Feeding Sheep. Th?
ernsatcm Artichoke. Salting Butter.-*cc'V
?ul s in Cellars. Chemical Notices,
?. ? r.. - _j /v. .?... rvi.,i*m
iy I'ror. onepnra. vu m? vuhmiv ? ??
jahlia, by Messrs. Hovey & Co, Dwarf
?rujt Tre*1?. Remedy for Worms in Peach."
in<i other-Fruit Trees.
.. . . MttcheSjJs^
Hob kirk Mi', iTTlemm scence of the
tevofunon. Blanche Rose ; o Love Story
f the 12: h Century, {concluded.) Grefece
s it is : A l?-?rt;r from the Rev. Dr. Oiin.
i) tl e Senior Editor of the Christian Xdj
ooate - ?n I Journal. S orming of Budujoz.
joura Brigman.
Sporting Inlell/gerce,
' Game, (con inued.)
Literarary Notices.
TV Gn eo House, Hot Huise, and
>tow\ &? . by Charles M'Intosh, F. H. 3.
kc. Not<* to the Editor on Dr. Hoi I rook'*
lertepolpgy.
Agricultural Items.
New Machine for Ginning Sea Island ^
3e\ on; To M nage ? Reor ng Ho 304
JHsrSjignr; The Largest Cocoonery in
he World; Preserving the Plough; Chester
Jorn?1 new vari-iy. .* *
Miscellaneous Items.
The Mah<%my Tree; Tiro Sponge
?8l*r\ The.Snow Bird; tA Word for
l?e Dumb Cn?n:icro ; Mortality ; A Pound
int a Pound ; Cul'oden ; An old ftial ioneJ
larriage Portion; Curious; Curiosities;
'ryrnLs of Comfoit for Crppled Gentle,,
rien; Kxtuordmar} Fox*Hun.; Shooting
*ish ; Rain ; Original cost of Pure.
The Madiso* Papers.?The first volume
f this ><ork has been issued. The Charlesan
Courier notices it as follows.
The Mud'?son Papers*?% vols. Octavo ?
Ve Irave be-n favored with the inspection
i: tip- firs volume of these- valuable historic
c uds, prepared from manuscrip:s carefully
reserved by ileir illustrious author the light
>1 whose intelligence and patriotism is thu*
aade to s:ream as it were, from Ins very
ombf for the instruction and welfare of his
nuntrvm*:i. The volume before us com*
uis' s d'< ba es n the Congress of 1778, on.
tie Declaration of fndep ndence, and on a
;w of the Ariicles of the Confederation preervr
d by Mr. Jefferson in his own hand
rri ine, and presented by him to Mr. Mad
son, among whose papers tl ey are on fi1er
u<J they ore now prefixed to the present
ublication, as a deeply interesting me prioriI,
nnd in fact the only authentic materials,.
,nown to exist, in the form of Debates in
tie Revolutionary Congress. Next foljw8
a valuable scries of letters, from Mr,
lADisoN,on various topics of public intereft,
jgether with his reports of the Debates of
rtr?n<rr,>??'nf'lliA r!nnfi?rtpr*tiftn. fnrminn
contemporaneous history of the times be-*
we?n ill** Declaration of I ndependence and
In: debates of tlie memorable Convention
f 1787.?that Illustrious body, whose wis-*
dm lifrd patrioLsra brought order, and barriot?y
and benuty out of the political chaos
if lite old and "imbecile confederation. The
osi-iue of the work will contain a record
if alii] higher value, and one colcaluted to
ftod a Hood of light on the true natuie and
harucKT of our complicated iui) beautifully
on'rivi d alrd adjusted political system?wo
r.inn Mr. Madison's own re porta of debates
n the Federal Convention, published from
heorin ndl manuscripts, now deposited in
be Department of Stale, at Washington.
Trade cf Massachusetts in Ice.?The N. V.
Itar says that last year the quantity of ice
hipped for distant ports, at life wbaryes iu
Jharlestowiv on board one hundred and forty