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fc>5 ppp??? SILK CULTURE, Defects of the climate in the South of France for the Silk Culture?Atmospheric condition there called ^.toufFe?The destructive dis. ease of jilk worm* called muso&rdine?Cost of' labor in Franco?Estimate of profits to bede. riled in our own country?The umlticaulie yf Perottct probably unknown in Chin ? C'rrcamstaacee upon which depend the superiori I ty of t e climate of the United States for the tlk culture?Limited extent of the principal eilk districts in France?Differences observed between the climates prevailing on the eastern and weetern sides of tho Atlantic?Similarity . of the climates of the United States and China ?The results of experience in Franee should --* - * l? ?HfArh ^irtminte of OCH ill Waja ug vui ^ ??v.v.? ...b? tho imporunoo of agricultural pursuits in -,r China?Great corwhony of the Baiperor hold, ing the plougit-r-Aao\her groat ceremony annuity porfonlfe<t, in which the Bmpress - . fisede silk Worm*?Great internal resources of that empire, and some reflectktea upotrthe elements of our own grc?U>aso. The climate bf the South 'of France, thengh itf general so gonial" and delightful, - is ?tHl not-*, without sqpie alloy. In ihe spring and summer ihomhsj" spells of wenth er occur which the inhabitants c:\Wtouffes. Tlie a?r dating a touJTe is desciibecj by Bourdon iss having iiigh temperature, being at the saiwrtiinosta'gtmut, and aimost s^urated with watery vaper. The winds preceding and- produHng those spels, blow from the south, and are generally regarded as a coalman; ion of the A'rican simoon, modified somewhat by its passage over the Mediteraoeun, but not deprived of all its deleterious quatajes. Those lotilf s generally ocour at the nr?o*l critical stage of rear, tog. fcamely,"whf n the worms have attained the fifih and last age; a period when a prodigious quantity of leaves and litter are spread through tho apartm^f; when the bodies of the worms throw off enormous quanth.es of solid, - liquid-, vaporeous and ffaseotkT tn-iHers; when ihe' bus'tes and other conveniences placed for the worms to mbtmt upon and 'spin, almost'stop tip the Spaces between thh' shelve, thus- seriously ^ inurfering with the means of ventil^ion, so indispensable at tb?s moment. Dreadful as are thu effects-pr? htctfd by the touffe itself, they arojjreatly increased by the diseases to which it predisposes the worms, the most formidable'among which is fliat Qatted miHcardine. 14 It is towards the dose of iheso-atiflmg spells," sys Piu vis* "that diseases show themselves among the silk worms, and that the muscardtnc s makes i:a appearance, (t is under their influence, when they occur daring the las; age of feeding, that the worm, not ha.ving aUained to perfect maturity, moves to every direction, and endeavors to mount before it has assimilated a sufficient quantity of leaves to admit of its making a srong cocoon.? Driven by an instinct which prompts it to avoid destruction, it hastens to mount and form rapidly a feeble cocoon, which only suffices to enable it to continue the course "^pSEn^oTfte^St culiure ?n ^rome, one of the greatest silk producing Depart, ments in Francs, M. Bourdon says: "The muscarine every year occasion! ravMgrs which annihilate the cocooneries. end whcle tillages are thus desoIat< d by this terrible scourge. I hare seen one lo. calhy where atumpts Jo raise worms, cont:nueJ ihrough a period of fifteen years, liad been unsuccessful.. The reason of this had out yet been satisfactorily explained." We do not tbmk it necessary to cite any more evidences of the disadvantages experienced in France by tliose who pursue tr>p silk cohure, even in the most favored Departments. The obstacles thus encounter, ed, although they must limit the production do not, hntvevi r, prevent the culture of sflk from being there the most profitable of nil brtmohestff agricuhu/v. What, then, must the sifk'culture.prove, at no distant day, tn the United States, over a large portion* of - which J be spring frosts do no material in. jury to. the mulberry tree, and where thb delelt rious toujft and pestilential' muscardine i/fe unknown I a f'?r" fKia Biaiomnnr n(" tho operating in Frauc? to- lessen their crqpeof -cocoons jo almQst a tliird of wh:i( espen*&Cb -has shown tl?? ordinary product!*) our imnctimule, 1 ue<--d scarcely add tint here ? t source, of gniu to us of nv ro than enough to cover ihe increased c>cpenso of labor in this country w?fe this even much greater than U- is. - But what after nil, is the additional cost of labor required to raise silk in the United States ? To answer this question, we must first ascertain tho price of labor in France, and this we are fortunately able to do, by reference to the best authority. In a statement, by Bourdon, of the expenses incurred in feeding the product of ten ounces of silk worm eggs, the wng<*s of man are set down at 40 cents per day, women at 25 cents per day, and chilJren at 20 cents per day. The services of men were, however, ia very small proportion, amounting to only 4 days* work in the 4th oge, and 16 in tho 6th age of feeding; all the rest of the labor is charged for the services of women and children, chiefly the former; the*w bole cost for feeding sod attearing tho produce of ton ounces of eggs being 265 francs (about $53) including rrithfiMnM tt?A / Lul ni/v* limit* r?not \ luavr^i \ UUi U\Jy U*UI4 vwji,y as, also, picking off the cocoons.. It may bo said the prices of labor just, given are such as mnv be usual in the central pai ls of France, whilst in the South the rates are. lower. An extract from Bourdon will afford the best answer to this suggestion. *u - ' ! "When" (6ays he) "I compare the re- 1 suits of my calculations with tho statements ] have received from many feeders of the Souih, and, among others, of one residing near Toulon. I fear that I have estimated the profits at too low a rate. The person to whom I allude, w ho is bodi feeder and planter, utformod me that the price of labor, as well ns the price ofland, ire in his part of thecguntry, very nearly the same qs in tl?e environs of Paris." In many portions of ot^r country, especially in 'he more populous neighborhood* th? same service! may be obtained at very | little, if any, crcater prices than-those mentioned by Bourdon, But, admitting the expense to be increased.50 or even 100 p?r cent, above the esdmute of Bourdon, the silk cul.oro would still remain a source of very great profit in this country, especially with those who raise their own leaves. The feeder of ten ounces of egg9, by bes'owing. proper care, might expect to procure crops : much greater tj>an those ordinarily obtain* ed in the South of France, Bourdon, in. the estimate referred to, takes ibis for grant, ed, and therefore, instead of 25, sets down 50 kilogrammes as the produce per ounce, at which modi rate rato the crop would .amount to about 1200 lbs. of cocoons.? I These, if sold at 35 cents per lb. would bring $420 ; and if reeled into nice raw s Ik, and sold at $5 per H># would bring $550. So 1 tbat a fitrmer, able to feed the produce often ; Purrees of silk worm egg*, might certainly calculcatc upon.rcceiving from the produce quite us'muqh, and perhaps more, than from a handsome field of wheat or Indian corn, upon which thh.cost of labor would be far greater. The ordinary product of his land might thus be doubled, ostheport'on required for the mufbery trees would b? smill, ! probably not exceeding one, or ,at must, ; two acres. 1 Supposing that the silk worms were reuied under the most favorable circumstances to their health, growth, and development, so that the produce equalled thar obtained in Italy by Count Reioa, namely, j 75 kilogrammes, or 165 lbs. of cocoons ta i the ounce of eggs, then would the proceeds, of the crop# at the prices mentioned, be swelled to $377, supposing the cocoons J sold, or $323, supposing them reeled in o. j raw silt. We prefer citing the experience 1 of' Count Reiua, as it shows the annual | average produce of the readings effected h) t the various cocooneries upon bis estates, j near Come, in Loin bar Jy, xoithoul the aid, I of the forced system pursued in France by | Beauvais and others in obtaining tboir large J crops. v i A certain amount of labor may always boderrvcd from persons on t]-e premses, especially as lire principal feeding time oc. xurs ju>t before wheat harvest. . But f-w attendants necessary dTiring tho first ag'% and it is only during the last week tha' services required are pressing, j With regard ;o the expense of gathering | leaves, ih?s will, no doub\ bo greater with i those unaccustomed to the business lh in \ with such as have followed it year after ; }'ear as a regular occupation. From low trees, ami especially from the multicaulis au 1 its varieties; leaves can bo gathered with far greater facility than from high irws, and yet it is surprising how many - -flay bo obtained in a day Torn high trees by a person accustomed to gather leaves provide I with the convenient means. - We ! fin I a passage in Bourdon's notes which makes us incidentally acquainted with jh<> ""{BropV In describing the varieties o^' ths , Italian mulberry tree cultivated in the Southern D^parments of France, he men. ; ions one called Oreille <U Chevre, or goat's , ear, characlerte-'d as ''producing but lktl? fol ate, and that of a very delicate kind. j suitable for the first ages of rearing, easily I discolored or stained by foirs; very sensi* | ttve to white frosts; to difly*ul: ro galfu-r j .roirt, that in a day a hand cannot g^t more I thun three quintal oI loaves, (396 lbs.) in. j stead, of six orseocn quintals. (672 or 784 ; lbs.) the or Unary quantity gathered from [oUiep.varieties* The incoavcniencies present .'d by his tree cause it to be bttlo eulti vated, notw thstunding the excellent qualities of its foliage." ; Having just rofcrrc 1 to the mu'ticaulis and its varieties, we take tho ociasion to /protest against the n:nra*s Chinese and Cn/ttoa-muhierry, frequently applied to tt e j genuine multicauK of rerrotet. This French j botanist found the parent of what ho called : the niul.icauiia tree?the same now so vx* ( tensivcly cultivated among us?not in China, | but in the Philippine Islands, Ii is distin. .] guished for pr.-ducing the largest leaves of j any mulberry known, these having a pocu liar bowl shape* So far as we have any ev. dencc, this treo is not found in Cnina.? j But they have in that country varieties of j the mulberry which very much resemble lire multicaulis. Many of these are now ! growing in tSiia country from seed brought | from Canton. We have seen them at; tain in one season six and seven feot in j height, from seed plunted.in the spring.? I The leaves are large, but kss than those | of tho genuine Perrottnt multicaulis- They j are not puckered and bowl-shaped, but per. i fectly flat. Tho tree is beautiful and proj ductive in foliage, and is doubtless what the Chinese mainlev depend upon-in the culture of silk. To Call the genuine multij cuulis of Perrottet tho C.hinese or Canton I mulberry is obviously very improper, as those names are only applicable to the proj ducts of seed imported from the Celestial i Empire* We will now proceed !o notice some of the circumstances to which ihe climate of the United Slates owes its great superiority for the silk cuhurfe. It appears, from actual observat on, that places much exposed to the atmosphere of the ocean are ur.favor. able to tins branch of industry, probably from tho ill effects of much dampness upon the worms, as well as upon the mulberry tree, but chiefly he form; er. Great efforts have been made ! to introduce the silk culture into Ir< land, | and even in'o England, but always without 1 success. Nor dot hey even succeed well i in France, until they gel a considerable disI mnce from the. Atlan ie, principal silk dis. | tricts being nearly all situated on the east i of the Cevennes mountains, whic h running | up from the Pyrenees to the Swiss Alps, 1 form the western side of the basin of the i Rhone a comparatively small r?g on. ' In tho United Srates,however, thecase isdifferent, the climate being favorable to the health of the silkworm nnd to tho growth of the mulberry tree, down to the very edge of the ocean. Tiio reason of all this can "be readily ex. plained, as it mainly depends upon the iiiii II well known predom nance of westerly winds. Tliese sweep the moisture of?lie sea upon tlio shares of Europe to a great distance interior, until, in soma instances, its further progress is stopped bv mountain ridges.? j Hut, in the Uint'-d States, the weserly wiudg h.t-ve the ff ci ol keeping olF the moist atmosphere of the sen, and thus eg. tablish for us a cotnpar >liv? ly dry climait down to the vcrv border of?li*-? sea. China being situate I on ibe eastern portion of ill* continent of Asi.% wnh the sea to the E ist I as, ("r<?rn similar causes, a climate bearing he clos s resemblance to that of the United Spues, bcrng distinguished for its dryness and very great vicissitudes of heat an' eol-J. Every one knows that China is thi most furious silk country in jhe world, botl tor tne quantity and quality of the produce The great diflferenevs observed b* tweet the climates oft the Atlantic 'portions o North America and VV?'<}iern Europe arc u general so well known hat we n<-c I cite bu very few proofs in illustration. In ilie lat titudes of W -stern Europe, correspondmj with ihos'e of Baltimore, Philadelphia, N^v York, and even Boston, ic? and snow an rarely, if ever seen at the level of the ocean Tlicjpneao temperature of Birde.iux, la'i '-"t" a 4 ?vn Mnr h- nnk 4'2 Pshrenhei IUUU is uv 4. ??* < ? v.. . . during the three winter mouths, whilst it Philadelphia, latitude 89 5d, tnfe tetnp?*ni tflre of same period is 32, As proofs of tfw similar ly sulnt'sting be ween ihe climate* of China and i^i* Unite States* we will observe thav in the former the cultivation of the orttngo ceases afabou 1 the lat'irode^>t 30..just as wo observe in fh< southern portion of our own country. P?* kin, in the same latitude as Phil?<Mphia has a moan annual temperature of 55 Fab n ohei,, agro-ing. uH neudy ns |>ossihd?' wiih t)i ?( of P.ul.i ietphia j wh.lst tha "ex trews of heat and cold are np less it. sum iper and winter. Under atm-spheric inilu-nces so widel< d ffejs'nt as those existing on 'ho two sufof the Atlantic, it must be evident that t ? experience of France cannot afford us corr ct criterion. In regard to the main cuulis, we a re. convinced, Irrnn actual oh serva iou, that it wills'aod our lurd winter better .than it will the loss severe ones c til a' country. A striking ins a nee of ilii capaei v of planls to r sist VxiKMuife iQ t?? fr??>t of our wint'-rs tn tfte Middle* Staes i * ?ff?rd *d by the purple magnolia, whirl wh Isi it stands out with us unprotected, wi not survive the open winters in Englaik Th i: the multic iuits is no1 so much injure by cold, as by mdd-weiillier favoring the en culation of i s sap before the frosts imv term natetlj.is co firmed by an observdjo made bv Mr. C at nay ,o the Pans Silk S( cio y. Speaking of the effects of frost upo the muHicauIis. he observe?]; -If a sp- II < very mill weaflicr shoald occur in ihemont of Decembe r or January, and continue fi severul days softs *o&)Uftc tho bu Is iQ 9we r ^ 'iiywiy. t'Aii" Kfiffi to i m ft fr In China, that wonderful empire, en t. .. ~ ~ " ? <? C. rr? i l,r n ihirrl nt>hn*?i !# lit U?? III VMIW Kill I 'llli,j >. I ? .... . ti e 'ruinnO r ice, the vitiil im ortHnneofwj neuhuro-is every where ucknawledg-d.highest honors are p iid to those who hat been distinguished hy success* in cullivatin the warih, and books an* wnucn to comem< rae th- ir exertions, and make known the plans. As a just tribute of honor to h br nchofusHul industry?ih'? b mis of a o hern??nd at the same I'm*- as a mean* ? stimulating to renewed exertious, an irnpoi ng rite is annually performed, in w.uchili Emperor himself takes a prominent purt1 his capital, thn Viceroys and other uran mandat ins superintending its performance i the j rovince8 After three days devoted i fasting and performance ofo-rtain ceremc nies, the Emperor goes ?oa fi Id upj roprn r- d to-(he purpose*, arid w hich surrounds tempi- dedicated to the enrh. His p'tinu consists of three princes, nine presidents < judges of the high tribunals, with forty ol and the same number of young husband m>r Aft"r malrtni? a rmdimuiHrv saerifi e o li Supr- raft 0 My. Shang ti. or the fruis of ih earth, the royal hand is applied to n plough, and a furrow run of corwidembl length. The princes, high rnnndar ns, an husbandmen follow the example, and finis p otighing the fi?ld, the produce of which ' reserved to bo dedicated to Divine sacrrfi Ces. ' * Wo make this digression 10 show th reverence paid by a great nation to agriou tural pursuits, the means taken to impn s a proper sense of their vi al 'm:?ort,io<*<\ an keep alive a proper spirit?-but more pai ticularly as a pr? | ideto bring to notice on other custom of which we believe-is not ver generally known to exist. Whilst th Urn peror stands forth the great patron of ttin branch of apiculture which supplies hi three hundred millions of subjects with thei daily bread, the Empress is constituted th patrortess of .another brunch, in the man agement of which most of the services ur performed by females :*.ihis is the silk-cul turn* which rrom, the riches it contribute to the country at large, and the elegunct and comfort it administers to individuals makes it ranked by tii? Chinese; as the ciill inj; next in importance to t??a: which supplre their d ?ilv food. This ceremony tak-s plac in the ninth moon, wfvn th Empress, alien ded by her principal ladies, makes a sa;,ri fi :e at an altar dedicated to the inventor o tl e up, and this part of the ceremony con c'u led, she and b< r attendants collect mul berry leaves, feed silk.worms, and so forth In tie Chinese Museum at Philadelphi. there may be seen a scrip's of pictures ex quisitely painted on rice-paf>or by a Cainem urtis', representing the operations perform ed in this ceremony.-. One is pariieularlj struck with die beauty of the ladies, nndele gnnce of their head-dresses and costumes Some are gathering leaves from sm *li tr?'es evidently n variety cf the rnullicauli* ; nth ers nre ftd ng 'he worms picking cocoo.s from hurdles, reeling, weaving, etc. t No country on earth, of the samo extent h is so many sources of prosperity deve! oped as China. There is nothing that con tributes to the wants and even comforts o existence w h?ch is not to be obtained wrthii her own limits. Her northern provinces sp r furnish the valuable grams for breudstuffs; foi th -middle districts afford abundance ofsilk. qu ' and more southern lea. rice, cotton', sugar ]js * and other tropical productions. Sim has gp r also valuable minimis, by' only encourages gp i the workiug ul those which administer mo?/ ; to the conveniences ??f common life, neg ? lectin# her gold and silver mine*, though ,n' i thouguilry some to equ ,| irf richness to t hos?* ' o: Peru and Mex'co. Ciina can tlx refore, " , supply nerself wlin every thing needful, and ( her in!n?bi"?nts carry on a most active in- ?ei * ternal commerce in exchanging me conimo * dnies ot one portion or the country for an- fl, I other. As for her foreign trade, the amount of t is HJtnpafa ively small, and, instead of b ang ? encouraged, seems rather to be impe.ed by ^ .' obstacles, probably from similar motives w i whicb operat to prevent the working of I rq f ucr rich mines dfjhe pr ecious metals. Un- j or I der ?uch a policy, and relying ahn<?st ex.. on i rlusively upon herowu in histry and various : valuable pro iu>*tions, she sustains wirhm w hiu* bruits one-ilnrd of the entire human fami- ja r ly. - ?u > ' In considering the influences exerted . upon husin.tndusirv by sudden changes ot' jcluiatc, Humboldt observes. "A great r | ditf fence in the producions of coo iguous to II couo ries giVes aet vity, to commerce, and ?' iricr .tsea the industry ol the culliv.itorg of *' lie soil." Ciina ;iffoids a strkiiii,'ilius;r.i- jH Lou m i ie fru h of tins r**n <rk, and wi;h t0 ' equal, it nlit superior, natuai udvaniag. s of ci'inuU) iiutl soil, thit varia ion- in wb ch ad- 1 ' mil tri? production of ad the essentials and J uios: of tiie iuxurtes rt'qiiip'd by civ i led lite, ,ri it is no wond'-r hat we should huve become, ^ ? iu a comparatively sborLnae, a singularly, R prosperous people, all Lough many ol our 9 " greates: sources ol national wealth lie yot i M undeveloped. FRANKLIN. t( T k FARMEHS' GAZ E T T E. f g FRIDAY, APRIL 10, .1840, ' n a ?? ??./: %. '"ft. > ;j o i. PsNN*YVVANiA.-?-The Legislature of Peon- / i sylvania fixed upon the 15th of January as S ? the day when the banks are required to re* P d suine specie payments. '' M 0 H i Gea Duff Green, formerly editor of the y is U. 8. Telegraph has issued his new paper in ? i, Baltimore * It is called The Pilot, and " II advocates the election of Gen. Harrison to the ?J ' Presidency witii all the. characteristic zeal of 8 *' the editor.' ' - ' r- L-s. ' g p Cot. Crockett.?Another atOry has benn c n put in circulation that C<d. Crockett is still t ) living* and confined in a Mexican mine. A L " letter addressed to the Editor of the Austin '' cify Gazette, signed Win. C. White, and I published in that paper, states that tiie writer ' II saw Col. Crockett, and was the bearer of a ( , letter frotn him addressed to his wife, which """ ? ... u ro iifw UllfttllS Willi r, }_ directions to have it mailed. We shall see. | i v I A nurse in New York lately killed a child j left in her charge, by giving it four drops of t rt, laudanum to quiet it. , The South Carolinian states that an error J occurred in the list of State officers printed at , |s. the end op the list ot acts, and journals of the , II last ses.-to i of Lhe Legislature. The commit , )( sinners appointed 10 represent the State at (he meetings of the stockholders of the Louisville I i<! Cincinnati and Charleston Rail Road are not i it those printed as such, but the following, via; ^ d Ilia Excellency Gov. Noble, Gen. T. F. Jones, ( ir* Col. C. G. Memminger, Col.-^P. M. Butlert I ? T> n M.llo. and Thna. Salmond. Esa. : i ^ IV. v.. ?M.? ? , ? ? ' 1 ( * CONGRESS. ' * n ' ' t In the Senate the resolution to fix a day * for adjournment was taken up on the 3I?t 1 March, and after considerable debate, laid on S '* the table. I - * * V . , Mr Websteron the let of April introdived ? f, a hill lo establish an uniform system of hank. , L, I ruptcy, which vpas referred to the Comniillee \ |(| on the Judiciary. ' ' \ h Toe bi 1 making appropriations or contin. I is uing the Cumberland J Road, which had been, c i- occasionally up in the Senate for several t weeks, was finally lost Rafter considerable e debate, on the 3d. of April. The vote stood I- 20 to 22. I is r i ' ' HoUHB OF REPRESENTATIVES. [ The subject of the New Jrrsey -Election i was, at last, disposed oft for the presetit, by t means of the previous question, and the reso.. r lf -Iution, to print, was adopted. # p A bill, introduced by Mr. Bell of Tcnneese, * ir to preserve the pu ity of elections, and prevent v e Federal officers from interfering in elections * " is now the subject of daily debate. {1 0 The character of the Harrisburg conven- u '* tion, aud a Whig convention lately held in v s Ohio formed the chief subjpet of the last ? ^ on i tin K!tl ttf utkirli von havn flpon anv , - - - j ' account. The chair repeatedly caHcd the ( fijieaker, Mr. WaterBon of Tcnn., to order ,? for the "irrelevancy" of hie remarks.' But . it was inststed from different parts of the ji housf, that lie be permitted to proceed; . ' f which was accordingly done. Mr. Wise waa particularly warm on the point. He threat ened if any attempt should- be made to gag M him tor the irrelevancy of his remarks, to ' plunge the House into a d fficulty from which it cou'd not be extricated without his consent; a B a thing which nc said any member might do q who had nerve enough to attempt it. The ^ debate on Mr. Bell'* bill is, theretore, likely j| to embrace not only the subject of the Presi- u , dential election, but the whole rang* of national politics. ?? -ei ' We are inJebted to Mr. Calhoun for a ^ copy of his 8,/eech on his resolutions in rela. ' tion in relation to the seizure and detention . of the slaves on Board the brig Enterprize f! forced by stress of weather into a port of F i) Bermuda. We would be glad to present the * . N . .. , _ y - . .. T JVJ? . f. * . # -, * V* eech to our readers if we could make room r it, without lessening too much our usual ! entity of Agricultural matter. We repu&>* sli h the resolutions with the opening of the Ci eech, which shews the ground taken by the eaaer.. i Senate, March-X3, 1840. * The follow. * g resolutions submitted by Mr. Calhoun i the 4ih inst. were taken up lor consideran: .M* Rnsolved, that a ship or a vessel eh the high is, i:i tiino of pa ice, eng iged in a lawful voyage, ^ according to the taws of nations, under the exjsivejurisdiction of tue Slate to which her g. belongs i as mych soas il coustilutinga part, its own domain : Reso'vcd, That if sack ship or vessel should cii forced by stress of weather, or other unavoid* lo cause, into the port of a frienly power, she wild, under the same laws, lese none of the jhts appertaining to her on the high .seas { but, i the coutriry, shs and her cargo and persons hi i hoard, with their property, and all the rights longing to their p rs.uial rel tions, as establish- i by the laws of the State to which they belong, ' oulu he placed under the protection which the ,n ws of nations extend to the uulorlunato under ieh circumstances. " an Resolved, That tire brig Enterprise, which was reed unavoidably by stress of weuthcr into Port amiiton, Bermuda island,while on a lawful voy. [n on Hie high,seas front one port"f the Union i another, comes within the principles einhracI in the foregoing resolutions ; ami that the sei. ire and detention of tne negroes on board by the cat authority of the Island, was un act in viola, lion of the laws of nations, mid highly unju3t > ou' own citizens to whom they'belong. w The resolutions having br-en r?:arf# Mr. Calhoun said : T ?e cas?" rtderred lo i these r< solutions is one of?h?{ three whfen <tj< is been for so hirig a period u subject oftieotntion 'mtween our Gnyrrnmept and iba?f Great Bri airi, without, however, ncniv- f0 ig |i>e which, iii- my opinion.? due t the importance ofthe principle involved .ai v.? wArHibfwfl of the Comet and I|V Will! I | ?? w mrnmttiio. In order ;o h;j ve a char underlanding of the bearing of these resolutions, nd the principles'rhey embrace, it will be g ecessarv to give a brief narrative of each f these cases. , , Ti?e Comet it the first in order of time. . Ibe sa led from thisDistrict in the jitter, art of the year 183Q, destined for N**w Or- vy ;an9, h "Ving, among other things, a number y f negroes on board. Her papers were re _ ;ii!ar, and the voyage in ail respects lawful >li?* was stranded on one of .he false keys f the Bahama island, opposite to the coast if Florida, and almost ui sight of our own C hores The persons on board, including ri he negroes, wereiak-n by he wreckers, u- h [iiMist the remonstrance of die captain and ( iwners, into Nassau, New Pro.%ideoce, o vhere ihe negroes wore forcibly soizidand C let lined by the local author, ties. , ! The case o? the Bnromium is in almost I very par'ieuJur similar. It occyred in m 1824. She sailed fnyn Charleston, destin- F id, also, to New Orleans, with negroes on F >oard, on a voyage, in like manner liwful, c he same way, into the same port, where the i?'i?roes were also forcibly seined-and de- f uin' d by the lea! suthoiities. It so hap- " xwtg hat I am jiersonally acquainted with' a :h<* owm rs of toe negroes in tins ca.-.e. They N> o' citizens of North Carolina of high r? a- v Mutability. jone of them recently President I ifthe Siate Senate, and their negroes were n ipped for New Orleans, w*h the view ol jmigrat i n and p< rmnnent settlement in one if Hie S'.uthw sum States. The ol; er is the case of the Enterprise, ^ r? f? rr d 10 in the resolutions. S> e swled, <! in 1835. from this District,,desiincl for 1 21m11 stun, South Carolina, and, like the jiliers. on a lawful voyage, with r'gular pa jers. She was foro-'dl unavoidably, b\ * ^ I ?tro>s of weather, info Port Hamilton, Ber. 4 ntidu island, where tie* negro s on board v vere. in lik'* manner, forcibly sezed and de- ^ ained by the local <?uthori;ics. The owners of the negroes. after npplyng in vain to ilie locaj au.tborifus '"or their ^ lurrcnder, mude application to tin* Governncnt lor relrcss of injury : Bncl.lh'v resuh, T ff'T ten year's negotiation, is "that the Br.l-' ^ sji Govermi eel has ngt^ed ? compensate ^ In? owners of n.i? C^nui an i Em- m ;mfnn n h?* gtound U?at these cases ocrux d before ^ he .'Ct for ilie ahuli ion of si ?very in jier co nines had gone into operation, un.l refusal ompensation in the oa.se of t!io?n-erpriz< lecRusc if occured afterward?# . Such are the nia-mial facts, drawn from he correspondence itself, and almited in \ he cour.vof the n got-ation Wlyil I pro- o ?ose. in.the first place, is to show that the r >r.no.ple,'?n wliich .onipensuiion wag allow / p :d ui the cases of the Comet end Encom* o uni, embraces also thai of the Enterprise n hat no discrimination. whatever can he t nade between them ; and that iii at emp in? c o make a discrimination, the British Minis- p er has assumed the very point in contro. t 'crsy, or to express it in more famil ar Ian- f [uage, has begged the question. 1 shall rest s ny argument exclusively on li e admissions v iecessanly involved in the two cases, with- i: iu: looking to nnv oth?T authority. They a will be found, if 1 do not gieatly mistake, p mple of themselves for my purpose. a . k Contents of Vie Farmers' Register, for tj March. ?. h On be necessity for proper instruction f 1 the art ef ri cling silk. Malaria ?nd mill-ponds, . Balloting for spaying, 8 Practical results of silk -cukure in D< la. mre, and opinions thence deduced, Delightfulness of the climate of Southern 'fornla Governrnt-nlnl neglect and abuses, nd the means of remedy, . r' Domes ic industry and products of Italy. 0 JnlrHreous s< ils for vinfs, - r Causes of the vrron^ous opinions genera- c y entertained as to (he unheahhiness and s nprnduclivennssof the Florida Keys, JS- eds from South Florida,- c Remarks on the soils- gam-rally, and f specially of the ridge-lauds cf lower Vir- '! inia, . D vers things, 1 The five-field rotation and groz'ng, Separate agricultural, public a tior.a at the g ormers* Register Office, H\ Preparation of manure, C Extracts of prira e correspondence,. A simple and cheap silk reH, Furt'ner remarks on the errors of the Irani tors ofDundolo. urrection of errata, To thaw frozen pumps, > Monthly commercial report, SELECTIONS. . ^ . . / R?s?v on stall-feeding ofca'tio, Pens for svine. ^Manure, - Be? t sugar in Europe, 1 Treatment and food for young pigs, S atemeut of culture arid product ofsu* r beet, mangel wurtzel, field carrot, and r.snip crops, . ^ ^ Depth of ploughing, Sketch ef the causes of the present finanil prostration of this country. W nter fallow. Greg's and Beatsoo'e items of cultivation, *' Report of the management of a Gk>uces> rslnre hill farm, Sperch.of Dr. C. T.Jackson on the ftp. icat ion of geology to agricultural improve i-nf. Report from the commissioner of patents, id hst of Agricultural patents for 1839. Be* t sugar, Isabella grape vines?wine. No'es on European agriculture, Value of birds, EfFv s of einanicipaiion in Jamaica, Cheap steamer for roots, Method of preserving celery through ihch in or for fumilyuse, * * "/ * 'Prtatistino ? & r*;in gtntis?ibo? Grafting on the wild eherry, <ew York S;ate Agricultural Convert* rUHrv H ? The extirpation of tfeed*, . , Culture of mangel wur?zel and sugar boot r stock, Cnlcareeus soils of Jo wet. South Carolina id Georgia^ ^ Red root in clover seed,. Carrots as food for horses, Agricultural, excursion .into St. John's, vdtter. Tim curculio, Ctiliivaiion of the plum, An idee of the universe, Improvement of cotton lands' by Sowing i h bruokisli watefi . -"f- > I diet, . ? Contents of the Farmers1 Cabinet for ' March, Notes on European Agriculture, by A Iharlestoninn, No. 3. Account ofan Ag. cultural fixrursioh into S'. John's, Berk y ; By tbe ?d,tor. Oil the Culmfe wf lorn.. Pine Plains. Product of an Ario f Cotton. American and Indian Cotton. )o Rearing and Feeding Sheep. Th? ernsatcm Artichoke. Salting Butter.-*cc'V ?ul s in Cellars. Chemical Notices, ?. ? r.. - _j /v. .?... rvi.,i*m iy I'ror. onepnra. vu m? vuhmiv ? ?? jahlia, by Messrs. Hovey & Co, Dwarf ?rujt Tre*1?. Remedy for Worms in Peach." in<i other-Fruit Trees. .. . . MttcheSjJs^ Hob kirk Mi', iTTlemm scence of the tevofunon. Blanche Rose ; o Love Story f the 12: h Century, {concluded.) Grefece s it is : A l?-?rt;r from the Rev. Dr. Oiin. i) tl e Senior Editor of the Christian Xdj ooate - ?n I Journal. S orming of Budujoz. joura Brigman. Sporting Inlell/gerce, ' Game, (con inued.) Literarary Notices. TV Gn eo House, Hot Huise, and >tow\ &? . by Charles M'Intosh, F. H. 3. kc. Not<* to the Editor on Dr. Hoi I rook'* lertepolpgy. Agricultural Items. New Machine for Ginning Sea Island ^ 3e\ on; To M nage ? Reor ng Ho 304 JHsrSjignr; The Largest Cocoonery in he World; Preserving the Plough; Chester Jorn?1 new vari-iy. .* * Miscellaneous Items. The Mah<%my Tree; Tiro Sponge ?8l*r\ The.Snow Bird; tA Word for l?e Dumb Cn?n:icro ; Mortality ; A Pound int a Pound ; Cul'oden ; An old ftial ioneJ larriage Portion; Curious; Curiosities; 'ryrnLs of Comfoit for Crppled Gentle,, rien; Kxtuordmar} Fox*Hun.; Shooting *ish ; Rain ; Original cost of Pure. The Madiso* Papers.?The first volume f this ><ork has been issued. The Charlesan Courier notices it as follows. The Mud'?son Papers*?% vols. Octavo ? Ve Irave be-n favored with the inspection i: tip- firs volume of these- valuable historic c uds, prepared from manuscrip:s carefully reserved by ileir illustrious author the light >1 whose intelligence and patriotism is thu* aade to s:ream as it were, from Ins very ombf for the instruction and welfare of his nuntrvm*:i. The volume before us com* uis' s d'< ba es n the Congress of 1778, on. tie Declaration of fndep ndence, and on a ;w of the Ariicles of the Confederation preervr d by Mr. Jefferson in his own hand rri ine, and presented by him to Mr. Mad son, among whose papers tl ey are on fi1er u<J they ore now prefixed to the present ublication, as a deeply interesting me prioriI, nnd in fact the only authentic materials,. ,nown to exist, in the form of Debates in tie Revolutionary Congress. Next foljw8 a valuable scries of letters, from Mr, lADisoN,on various topics of public intereft, jgether with his reports of the Debates of rtr?n<rr,>??'nf'lliA r!nnfi?rtpr*tiftn. fnrminn contemporaneous history of the times be-* we?n ill** Declaration of I ndependence and In: debates of tlie memorable Convention f 1787.?that Illustrious body, whose wis-* dm lifrd patrioLsra brought order, and barriot?y and benuty out of the political chaos if lite old and "imbecile confederation. The osi-iue of the work will contain a record if alii] higher value, and one colcaluted to ftod a Hood of light on the true natuie and harucKT of our complicated iui) beautifully on'rivi d alrd adjusted political system?wo r.inn Mr. Madison's own re porta of debates n the Federal Convention, published from heorin ndl manuscripts, now deposited in be Department of Stale, at Washington. Trade cf Massachusetts in Ice.?The N. V. Itar says that last year the quantity of ice hipped for distant ports, at life wbaryes iu Jharlestowiv on board one hundred and forty