Farmers' gazette, and Cheraw advertiser. (Cheraw, S.C.) 1839-1843, April 10, 1840, Image 1
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VOLUME V.
v
EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR
T E R MS:
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nidations.
From the Carolina Planter.
hogs?-no. 2.
In a former number the proposition is I
think established, that the Planters of Sou h
Carolina can save more than twenty p"r
i -=1_ ?. i 1 -t ; r . '.
cent clear gam oy raising ineir porn ins'rao
of growing Cotton wherewith 10 purchase
^ it; and this even apcordtog to the usual
and unprofitable plans of corn feeding.
It maj be a further question whether
some system of raising hogs, so as to expedite
their growth, may not increase the
gain or effect a saving oi fifty per cent
from my own experience I am fully con*
vinced this position can bo sustained*?
Evidence can be afforded of a plan'er in
Fairfield District, who last year butcliered
one hundred and fifty ho^s of his own
raising, averaging one hundred and forty
pounds nett (sufficiently fai,) which, exclusive
of a little trifling care and hbour, did
not cost hhn over seven bushels of corn
per hog, and which wi'b the corn at seventy
five cents per bushel furnished the pork at
three dollars and a h itXperaot: adding the
fifty per cent to this, the amount wit) only
be five dollars, twenty five cents,?a price
still seventy five cents less than the usual
cost; and yet this planter will say that
with very little additional expense and improvements
the same hogs might have
been made to weigh two hnndred pounds
^nett.
Suppose then fifty por rent, to be saved
. wf ibe one antf a hair mfWonsor<jonarf paiu
by the state (according to my rough eati.
* - m m> ?*t va I
% ina?e) tor &eo'ucky or w estern rork, ana
of that amount five hundred thousand dollars
be paid by our planters, a loss is thereby
sustained alone on the planters' purchases
oftwo hundred and fifty thousand dollars
to the state ; and that is my estimate of the
quantity was not extravagant, will he seen
by the communication of Pr. Handy of
shville from the returns of the Turnpike
Gate, if thereto we add the Bacon imported
? to Charleston. Will South Carolina there.
fore continue to throw away a quarter or
half million of dollars annually?for what ?
For a Kentucky whisde!.
^ I shall now propose a plan of raising and
fattening hogs, which if strictly pursued. I
fix;! confident, w il prove^to ev* ry experimenter
my assertions; and although I
have not in the same year had ail my pirns
strictly attended to, yet 1 have at different
periods practised all the rules here prescribed,
so as to know their success. . The
first object, and one of no small considers,
tion, is the breed; for whatever may. be
said about the feed, I am convinced that
upon the breed there depends not less than
twenty per cent in tlte raising. This branch
of the subject 1 leave to be discussed by
others, merely remarking however thai
after the best breed is obtained unless prop-r
attention is paid to selections and crosses, it
will soon degenarate.
A second important point is to secure a
sufficient progeny each year; seeing that
we need not expect hogs without having
attended to them when pigs. From igno.
ranee in this matter I apprehend most fail,
ures occur. Under proper regulations five
sows may raise more pigs than twenty, if
badly maua^ed. Previous to littering, they
should be put in separute lots or fields, or
the pigs are not only liable to be overlaid by
stock hogs, but one pig.enter, (:? pest very
common with the Cobbett breed), may destroy
the whole progen}
A third object is to clear the stock of
lice; with some old planters, it is a maxim
and one in which there is considerable truth
-?"keep the lice from your hogs, and they
will raise themselves." This cannot be
effectually done without causing the whole
hair to he shed off every spring, ny aauing
brimstone or sulphur to slop, and feeding a
little higher for eight or ten days in (he
month of May, this will generaliy be effected.
If any one hog fail to be relieved,,
sbearii, or kill it, or it will again infect the
whole stock.
A fourth matter to be regarded* is the
destruction of Kidney worms,?very common
after hogs feed upon oak-mast or p'*as.
Tar and salt thrown into tho slept rough
frequently whilst the hog* aro feeding on
such food, will prevent their breeding ;
and Soft tar rubbed into the hair, over the
kidneys, wilt destroy or remove them.
5th. Whatever may be said for or against
feeding on Cotton-seed, my experience foi
thirty years condemns the practice ; and I
now believe where they are food to two
hogs, they ate poison to the third Through
inattention to the foregoing rules, frequent
failures may be anticipated.
-a^The sixth consideration, and one h'ghly
important, it, to adopt the cheapest and
most lucrative plans of feeding or raising
hogs. Forth;9 purpose, pas:rrcs? orchards
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J and slops, must be provided. Having trie
grt-eorye and oat pastures sufficiently,
decided preference in my judgment is to b
given to the former, because he rye come
t?n in ibe wiuter season, when most neede<
and besides, bears grazing far better, a
the oats when grazed will be drawn out b
the roots.
A still better wioter and spring pasture i
a fi'dd where the wire- grass (so muc
dreaded by punters) is about to take pos
SrSXltJH I 1IH3 uuto UUl UI15WCI VIVII Wiv?f
the field is not culivated; as without, thi
grass runs on ih" sulKace, and the roots o
stems are destroyed more or less by thei
exposure to the brinter Irecz-j, neither ar
their roots so largp or pulpy. This las
winter I have had hogs kept fat?on land:
not cultivated?without any other food thai
this grass, and their feeding on it has pro
ved an effectual plan, and the only one
have discovered, to destroy it.
The green rye may be used with on*
fourth expense less than corn feeding r?
quires.* after the rye coasts to afford gra
zing, sow the same field b oad-cast wit'
the red Mississippi pea about the middle o
May ; and before frost, turn in hogs intended
for pork the following winter. Aftei
the poaa are off, turn the pea.viue under it
u gr-en state with, a twister or some ot-.ei
suitable plough. But previous to rue
ploughing, sow the second crop of rye toi
the next year's grazing. Th successor
will soon fertilize exhausted leads, so as tc
' pay the planter for all his labour, exclusive
of the benefit to his hogs ; though this nas
not been calculated in my estimate.
On some high ridge, or as far from n
water course as convenient, and upon ex
haus'ed lands, a poach orchard should be
set ou?, with food soil, however, deposit-d
in the holes prepared for planting the tre-s.
The greater variety of peach fruit, the better;
bec-iuse not ooly oftheir succession,
but some ofihe varieties b**mg most certain
to bear fruit. In the guliy-holes, nenge.
rows and fence-comers, plant as many varetics
of the plum as convenient. Sow
this orchard in oats; and when the oats
are yellow, turn in the hogs. Between the
oats-, peaches and plums, if the field is larg?*
enough,a sufficient summer-range is afford.
? d. Some con'end- hat oals will defray
an orchard; but 1 have used a peach on
chard more than twenty years, and the
xretsrare yet nourishing, n utay 00 ow,
this sound conditinn of the orchard is attributable
to the hogs treading the ground
under the trees ?o ?s to destroy worms ?
(n addition to what has already been said
of oats. I would observe that they may be
sowed and fed to horses and mules, and
then the hogs to be turned in for takmg up
the wasted grain ; the only way I think it
profitable to raise oats, unless for seed.?
Another preparation for hog range is the
artichoke, which may be plant* d on the
river, creek and branch-banks, hedgc?rowi
and fenco-corners | and in the great profits
of this root, my experience is confirmed by
the publications of a writer in your journal
upon it as u food for hogs.
Thus fa? is provided a winter, spring, and
uiimmur iii.il fr?r thfl rtidino nf hnfft.?
nuilliuvi f l\/| ?'?w W> ..
Now add to this the stubble and corn-field
pastures, the wood-range, and a little corn
occasionally, aotf the hogs when fattened
may be brought at t to years old to average
one hundred and seventy five pounds nett.
But they may be easily brought to reach
two hundred pounds nett, if in addition tc
th? above, the following rules are practised:
Raise turnips, sweet potatoes, squashes and
pumpkins ; and having prepared long
troughs, take a lar ;c boiler or kettle and
provid" slops of these articles for the hogs,
always using salt in the slops,?and accor.
din^ to their l?-ss or higher feeding upon
this food, they may he made to weigh from
two to three hundred pounds each, or ever
more, if of a choice br^ed.
7th. After all, the most expensive part o!
the pro -ess consiss in fattening for bacon:
for this, sow peas in every corn field eihet
in the step or bro id cast, and by raising
enough of them 'o feed the futtenning hog!
bountifully, for five or six weeks, two 01
three weeks of corn-feeding will then b<
sufficient. To pievent the peas from in
juring hogs, the use of salt and tar (used at
stated under the fourth brancn ol thn
communication) will be effectual - can
should be taken to have the hogs toellfit
on corn just before turning them i.rto th<
p?'a?fiuld9?they should not be turned it
empty?or to have them turned in on i
i day when the peas are swollen sufficien Ij
by rains.
fn the corn-feeding much grain may b
8<iv<'<J by gr-ndin^ and sour'ng the coin?
a course in my opinion tar sup rior to tha
of boding it.
In fatten ning, snit should be freely used
especially where the hogs are led on peas
for this kind of food creates a strong pro
pensity with the hogs tor salt, and if it isn<i
gjven ihem, they are sometimes driven t<
eat greedily of clay.
Let all tiie above expenses be calculated
find under any circumstances, I am persua
ded, the highest estimate cannot bring th
the pork to cost more than three dollar
and a half or four dollars per cwt. In th
calculation it must not be overlooked, the
the expenses of the rye and pea pasurei
and the orchards, are more than balance
by the improvements of the lands ; beside
! if a grov* or o her place ;s left where th
hogs are fed, located to collect the m&nur
the vnluabld manure thus collected of cours
diminishes the expense. From the manur
deposited by the hogs, my peach orchajr
has improved for twenty years; and !
improve lands entirely exhausted, plum 01
FV
ERS'
Erejtaw w
LAW, SOUTH-CAKOUNJ
# ^
d chords are amongst the most valuable means
a to which we may have recourse. .Wheat
e and rye fields after harvest may he -owed
a in broad-cast, so as to bear freely, afford
d food for fattening hogs, and then the peas
vine to be turned in green, with another
y sowing of grain, and so on, in suctHscion;
for having done this last year, 1 know no
s plan for improving lands either cheaper or
h iriore 8peedy.
' The only difficulty in the way of all this
0 process is to get an Overseer to attend to
9 rules without ihe personal attendance fltf
r planters or .optoyefST Why is it so? Let
r planters write down their rules, and make
6 dismiis&ien the prompt penalty of failure to
enforce them. Let them take in the esti8
mate of five or six hales of cotton to the
0 hand, the bushels of corn, rye, peas, oats
and so on, and the quantity of Pork, and
J let Overseers know they are to receive the
credit due them for the extra crop, Tn s
* would opera e as a stimulus to industry anu
* improve the general husbandry of ?he
* plantation. But whilst employers talk of
1 cotton, and cotton only, and Overseers,
f expect bo credit for any other articles of
' produce, t ey will not hazard their repu'af
tion as Or< rseers in permitting it to be wrd
1 of mem that they made a short crop of cot:
ton, although the granary and smoke house
' may have been well filled. T e Co ton
r must ao rnHde. it Pork, Corn and all things
' else have to l?e purchase; and the fault
> in most cases rests with the employers.?
1 The sooner this ruinous policy is abandon1
ed, ih# better will it b for the community ;
and the present is an auspicious tun-* f r
every planter to give it the consideration
which it deserves.
J D.
. PROFITABLE FARMING.
It is gem rally known th* tiie soil of N ?w
England is no naturally, with few exceptions,
as fertile, as that of some of the middle
states, yet in point of agricultural improve,
ment, N w. E.ighmd is thirty if not fifty
years in advance of all oth? r states, with the
oxc'-p ion of New York. This is owing in
a great measure to necessity?-44 the mother
of invention." Her population, we n ?w
speak in gereral terms, is dense, industrious,
and frugal, and ? nd* uvor to turn whatever
thev have to the best advantage. Their
old and s enle soil, swamps, bogs and pea
- ?u Miawhpu hnwn iuc thii SMlfal *?illid_iif>??
evering industry brooms l.'1'l^ynwUl-lH*1,
and sources of considers bin profit to their
owners. T ?e practice of New England
farming is deserving the serious consideration
of every farmer in the land. Our New
England friends know how to subdue stony
1 -I ;? .n/l noatu
lands?10 rermim sw?mpo ?? ?. .?
owl?to make manure on a large and profitable
scale?to prepare the ground well for
the coining crops?to give them all due attention,
in their growth, harvesting, pre par{
ing for market, and in a woo), to turn a
, penny often.?They are not above their calling.
A true New England Farmer conai.
I ders it no disparagement to raise truck% aa
'hey call it, for the supply of th? market,
f Their practice is varied, and profitable.
Wuile some conduct the operations of exI
tensive plantations to a great profit, others.
t on a -few acres, not only live, but rise above
| the world. The secret of all is?they make'
, their land rich?' horoughty till it, and devote
to it all proper attention?<hir is the grand,
, the only secret?thorough care and culuva,
tion. The
following facts, gathered from the
I * Farmer f Visiter" an Agricultural news:
paper, conducted with distinguished ability
I by Governor Hill, Concord, N. H., will no
. doubt prove interesting to our readers. They
show what may be accomplished by careful
i and attentive cultivation.
* Mr. James Hill, of West Cambridge,
has taken in ninety successive days, five
P thousand dollars in cash, in Boston market,
for articles raised on his farm.
* Mr. Isaac Locks, of the same town.
r | has raised the present year, thirty barrels of
) Quinces, which sold on the ground for seven
. dollars a barrel ; he h*s also told in the
j same way, the present autumn, several hun.
dred battels of Baldwin apples, at three dol
, lurs per barrel.
' The value of the Strawberries rai??*d in
* W est Cambridge and sold io the Bos on
' market, is mw than was taken thirty years
3 ago for all.til- agricultural products of the
1 town put together. The apple orchards of
* this town are extensive. Two hundr-d,
' three hundred, five -hundred. and sometimes
a thousand barrels of cn/vfullv picked *p8
pies i?re produced in a singie year by one
" farmer
Mr. Gf.orce Pierce ofthesume town,
I cultivated on|> seven acres, and y?f he has
' taken in th^ market (or pro'tuce, the pr? * nt
season as by memorandum kep1, nearly or
t quite four thousand dollars. This season,
0 vory earlv, among h'i ar'iHes for the mark,
et, was ahout ono.i?irt of an acre of the
1 dandelion, which grows spontaneously in
many mowing fields?theeo he with some
e difficulty ootains from the seed ; but the
? crop turns out very profitable. He had a
e bout an acre of straworries, from which uplt
wards of two thousand boxes of that fruit
i. wer< pick??d last iiumnrr ; these, at *hirty
,I seven and a half to fifty cents a box, for
,s vkhirh they readily sold in the market, profl
(tuiiwl not a small profit on a single acre,
e Mr. Pierce, also, cultivated the Baspberin
ry, which thrives with great luxuriance. Hf
o thinks he could make of the BUukberry
d which grows in the hedges and among pilot
o of decayed wood or rocks in neglected fields
a profitable ar:ic!e,"?An. Fan Comp.
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i, FRIDAY, APRIL 10, 1
*
v_ From the Amerioan Farrasn' Companion.
r ~ hueeove thb soil?-and 00-ahead*
No farm t u goes ahead" unless he ri
iMd an abundance of grass. Where th?
it but tiule grass there is always a sh<
purse, said a man of extensive observai
and great exp?rten& ; the reosod of d
jtnust be so obvious as scarcely* to need i
/explanation ; for of griss comes msnui
and manure fs the philosopher's stone, whi<
turns every thing into gold, provided it
'well husbanded and judiciously applied
tfjte soil. The experiment oftrying to rat
profitable c/ops on woro out lands wiibo
manure has been made thousands oi .im
and always resulted in tne same way, it
there I ore unnecessary to ropeat it again, i
ditappom ra nt and sliarno willal waysattei
it. But, st> s the man of the poor farm, ho
nm I In hull! ntui.nnii ?!-?/<
?V IVJ/1 a 11IK uuoilllg auu
t?ve experiment f . Why,^in the way jc
help doing any thing else Which you know
be wrong ; by noi doing it. . Well, how a
I to live ii I don't go on hi the old way ? G
to work in earnest, determine to refbrc
and do better; instead of spreading yoi
manure over fif een or twenty acrai, cult
vate but one third or one half the-quantity <
laud ; go just as far as you can to do justu
to tna sod and to yoursHC and no iurli *
Don'; go oqe inch beyond, ma's.- your iar
Jtcliv edict ot the m mure, don't uininlu
i. wi h a more smell of it. W nut would yr
tniuk of a neighbor inviting you 10 duie ar
whtn the nine arnv d you were only pe
mifted to smell the good thi igf but obtgi
iote**p In .dsotf. You would think be w;
a dingy m<an f llpw, and you would not f
u>o that trap I'll vouch for it. - Now if yoi
omJ worn out fiields could talk and tell wh
they think-ol their owners, vociferate the
griefs, whai a table of woe would they n
develops t It might be something on th
wise. That mean, s'uigv, stupid old Mm
hat been acratciiiug over rbe these for
years andjnore, and though providence hi
always benevolently (unified me wi
pieniy uf tlrmk orr ^ pures- and best kin
jM have 1 never bid a full meal durif
*omewheres near talf a century, and f<
more than four fi hs of that :ime I have Ua
I elf to anuff the atr and air ft f<>r mywlf, wit
out any sustenance being offered me, ar
y "i it is expected of me to produce crops i
quul to wriMt I rendered in the days oi tr
youtn, wlie.i my belly w is-full ot'waf, ai
iMiM^riyofer with me unless help com
from the dunghill or aome other quartc
This everlasting scratching my bide may (i
on to all eternity with still less suece?s,tili u
owners and all their worthless, lazy progci
to the seventh generation, may be tt?rv<
out of house and home, unless un adnqua
quantity of good, wholesome and nuinioi
food be furnished me to resuscitate and i?
vigorate my exhausted system, and ioent
Me me to put on my green mantle as I w
won't to do in my earlier and better days
Farm poor land poorly, and poverty w
be your lot whatever your nam* may t
but mnnure the soil, enrich it, farm it w<
and keep it in a regular advance of impro
ament by raising an abundance of grat
and prosperi>y will smih upon you ai
yours if so be you are virtuous.
WEST.
From the American Farmers Companion.
Lucerne-"Manners, Customs, tyc.
FKmi.?Futher,-you.said you wouUt
more about the Island of Jersey?sin
then, I have seen an account of the grow
and produce of Lucerne?a crop which y
say grows there?which is truly astonishin
I find that it yields four crops for hay durii
the summer, and after that, abundance
feed for cows and sheep. Is it a species
meadow grans or clover I
Father.""It is much like a narrow leavi
!*..? iUn kU.aAm la vmr\l MillilfP. h
CHJVCI", IIUI lire UII'MVUI >m - rn.j - _
ing of a beautiful blue color. The grow
and produce ?s, as you any, truly ostonii
ing; and having had repeated opportunity
make myself acquainted'with the crop
every stage of its growth,from its cultivatic
I am able to speak very decidedly to
gre^t superiority over every other, provid
the soil be suitable, and the culture well i
tended to. Tli?.* crops to whtcb 1 iHude m
so remarkably productive, and I had su
constant aecess to them, that I was indue
every evening, to enter into a journal, win
ev?T had trauspir d during the day, wort
ufohservution ; but for thrs ehrmcumstnm
it would b?* out of giy power, at this dis'ar
of time, io speak so decid< ly astQ their raj
growth aid large ^ ield : i have now, ho
ever, an oppor.unity to quochepter a
verse from tais journal, wmch 1 will do, I
your information.
The Rev. Mr. P. having a field of on
ere and a quarter, which had been s'lffei
to run to weeds and hush?.s, det<}. mued
clean it, und seed it with Lucerne, he h>i<
therefore trenched with th?* spide, to i
d< ptli orthe staph- of he land, which was
some places very shallow, the snbslrau
being a hard gravel. By tcis opcrati
th<- richest part, or surla.-e so 1. was tun
lowu on the gravel, and the subsoil v
brought to the surface to be enriched
future dressings. The work was done
fify cents per perch, of twenty-:wo I
square, and the s?'ed was sown bn?a<lc
nni harrowed in by hand. Ontheappe
' anee of the plants, they were not suf po
thick enough to form a crop, but by can
manag< m<'nt the field l as produced i
. mense crop*, both of green food and of h
The journal c >mmenc^s, with
FIELD NO. I.
i September I3ift. Mr. P*s. fieldof Lucei
, meaauring one acre and a quarter,after j
; ing two horsei and a cow during tho wl
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ZETT
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1840.
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of the summer, has already given three
crops of.hay, on that part of the held which i
a'* has not' been cut for soiling, to the estimated i
re quantity o(five tons. The fourth crop now i
>rt growing, measures two foet in height. !
on - . Sept. 21st. The fourth crop of Lticerne: <
ii? giowd ibfcday for hay. |jy V i
Vi Sept.2iih. * Thohay carried io excellent i
e* coudSion : the weather having been dry <
ch hod. lint, the only preparation Requisite was, <
* to turn the crop once only; thia.erop ip. e.
to qunl to any-m the'preceding cuttings. i
e SspL 26th. A portion of the field, from
ut whence gravel had been du?, and the part
B* levelled, has always dried op after produ.
is ciiig one crop of hny in thy summer, the sub. t
or stratum being impenetrable : that spot has j
been this day. covered to tlie depth of five j
lW inches, with fresh earth, preparatoiy to tren* t
< hing and re*sowing. + y ^
>u Oct. 18^A. The trenching of the gravel- j
t? ly spot has been delayed, but the shoots of t|
J11 the Lucerne have penetrated the earth t
to through a space of five inches, and it is oow j
n* det< rmfned to allow it to remain untrenched. .<
Jf Nov. 23d. A fifth crop will not come to v
sufficient maturity for hay, but there isex- t
01 cellent food for hofses and cattle.
:e April 6th. The gravelly spot is the best
r* and MrliMl nnrt nf the field f searcfilv an *
*d inch in space, without a vigorous ahoot of |
w Lucerne, 4 :
?u May Oth. Commenced mowing the crop *
m of Luierbe for soiling, a remarkably heavy
r- crop, more than two feot io height. , .
** 1 I/A. The firiw eropmowtrfor bay this
a* day. A space six feet square, taken a* a.
fair average of the field, yielded twentyJr
three pounds io weight as soon as cut; af:er
al one day's exposure it had lost eight pounds
V in weight,-showing thai a gallon of water
ot had evaporated fft twenty-four hours, from
this small quantity of green food.*
w 23d. Tue hay carried in good condition
?not injured by five rainy <jayv th$ crop B8
lying light, by means of its large Stalks, re~
fo quiring only cardful turning how and then.
d? . 26th June. A second crop mown for >K
hoy, meusurtng two feet eight incites in
w heigf.t. The weather has been remarkably
?n hot and dry, the result has been, a growth
b- in the crop of two inches In height every
^ twenty.four liours, the last four davs.
* / July nth. The third crop of Lucefhe
? measures seventeen inches io lieight: the
** compelled to feed their cattle on hay ; the
! Lucerne grows away as if it had a shower
!n every night.
*y 2id. The crop on the gravelly spot has
>y again failed ; a first and second crop come
?d earlier and grows more vigorously on this
,e part of the field than on any Other; but after
JS tba?, it suff rs for want of a depth of soil, afv
fording a familiar illustration of the parable
x" of the sower, (Matth. xii. 5th & 6ih verses.) I
B# The seed which fell on stony ground imme. t
u diately sprang up, because it had not much I
depth of north, and consequently soon felt .1
'lie ii fluence of the sun, but when the sun
was in full vigor, it was parched, and for '
v* want of nourishment, withered away. I
Aug. 1th. The third crdp of Lucerne <
^ mown this day for hay; a very heavy crop, I
many of the plants in blossom. From the* J
first to the second mowing, one-month and
fifteen days ; from tho second to the third ,
cutting, ofie month and eleven days ; after j
'his the field; was renteJ to a tenant for ?80 |
nl if >?. ? ]
sterling per annum. j
th . . .. ? FIELD NO., II. 's
au Sept. 5th A piece o flan J wns sown this
g' day with Lucerne seed of this summer's
'I? rowth, unaccompanied with any crop.
?f March 30th. The Lucerne sown on the
5t;? of lust September, with seed of that
summer's growth, has stood the severity of
the winter, and the crop measures six inches
e~ in height this day*
h May 4th. Cut the first crop measures six
b" inches in height this day.
|? June 14th. A second crop mown this [
,n day, pqu ?i to the first.
?? July litk. Tho third crop mown this
day, twenty-six inches in height.
ed OT'11Un A.An ninnin Ia.
SJUglMt ??*<?. A lie |UUI III VlUjl IIIUW1I iwr
at* this Hay, equal to any of the preceeding.
tre Sept. 5th. It was on this day last year thai
this crop was sown with seed of that sum.
e(* mer's production : the fith crop from which
at" measures a foot in height this day.
FIELD NO. til.
ice Major T. sowed a field with Lycorne, in
)id May oflast year, unaccompanied with any
w- crop ; three heavy cuttings were taken fer
nd soiling during ihe summer, and on the fount)
for of May of the present ygar, it was mown
for hgy, a very heavy crop : thus giving
a. four crops, in the space of one year from
0fj the time of sowing the seed.
10 FILD no. ir.
1 ii j Colohel T. has a field of Lucerne, of four
ih? acres in full vigor ; the crop, after cutting.
?. - lllMU> flUlt .AUnil inotlilD in L>nerfh.
*111 IIIOW9UI VJU Ifliwv |V^(f O^VMI 11 AVI i ^ O MI
am He mowed a third crop for hay from this
r?0, field on the 21st of July.
|e" ? FIELD NO. v,
M. A. Esq. In hreaking up an old unprohy
ductive meadow, for the purpose of seeding it
for with Lucerne, adopted the following made
??t .In September, th" land, was ploughed to the
asl full depth of the soil, and sowed with winter
ar* tare9, or vetches; these were cut foe hay in
s?id j\iayt and yielded three tons per acre. -The
'fid |afld wis immediately ploughed and repoaim*
ledly harrowed,and the weeds were collect,
ay. cJ and burnt : a plentiful crop of seed
weeds soon made their nppearar.ee, which
were ploughed down ; the land was ngairi
m<-, ?
di|. * Twelve ton?, eigfit liaif<Jre?l and fifty
IPle pornd? per %?re.
t
...
w w ^
# - . .4 f f
i' ' "
j ju
|4L ?' ? /. j7 .irl
4' *' '- " ' N '
"-v. * > - ?- ? . *??, v v
1 ll<
NUMBER 22/
if ' ; ; ir
- ? ?<"r. ". . r ' -?
harrowed, and the weeds were againcoHec
red and burnt; this was repealed, untHthe
soil wee as clean as a garden, when itbad *
a very thick coat of well rotted rtabje dung, <"
which was very carefuHy^mod in^nndpLu.
sernc seed was sown in ^pteiehdr, wi&fgr
any other crop ; and Mil!
Tier, trwas cut nHmpHprvwii
Tr for hay ; thefith crop, (Of
So far the journal# which weds iW fOflt r;j j
sent, > ?. ,: - . * * ^
? " ? y. 4 ', ;., /
A??iwif?HuL aw&
To. determine the value of any soil, or
0 be able , to correct any fault in the orig.
nal constitution, or any deficiency arising.
Vom improper cultivation, rtis necessary
hat the natore and proportion of the sub-,
itances composing it should be understood.
n agriculture this examination is termed
in a lysis ; and in its simplest, yet still etfec*
ual method, may be paused by every
armer. The implements used are a pair
>f scales, accurate to the {pntb pOtjUof a
grain ; a crucible; some puiriatfd acid,
ind a few small vessels of ofctea or gfeas. *
Therearth to be tested by a farmer, shoold
)e taken from a tew inches bdowtbe sur* ^
'ace, and be an average specimen of it* 4
lehl, or the sod to be examined. The <pttO?
ity to be examined, say two or four hand,
ed grams, is to be slightly pulverized or
veil mixed together. Put of this 4*9 hoodred
grains, in a crucible, and heat il to
breejiiundred degrees of Fahrenheit,.or hake
tin an oven heated for bread for fifteen ijioutes;
cool and weigh.--. Tbiswdlshow
he absorbent power of-the sot I, and as this
s depending mainly on ibe animal and
ogetable ma: re r, if this loss is considerable,
t is a decisive proof in this respectoftertttity,
rhe absorbent power varies from one to
welve per cent- ? -' 1 * ' - vs *
* After weighing, heat it agrttn In the crti.
:tble tp a red heat, until the mags thowe do
wight or sparkling particles, stirring it with
1 glass or iron rod; cool * and weigh, cod
he loss will be the animal and vegetable
natter in the sod.
.Take two hundred grains of the dried
>arth, mix it thoroughly witb a gill of water
?y stirring it for several minutes. Let it
stand for three rnioutes, and turn off the
ledimeDnr^^r^ginn^TTigli heat,
weigh, and it gives the silica contained in
:he soil. Let the water turned off settle
clear, tura off, dry it at a high heat and
weigh; this gives the slurtrioe or day.
Put into a suitable glass or flask, one*
fourth Of 8 gill of muriatic scid and water
in ecus! proportions, and balance the scales
carefully, rut into this mixture one bun.
ired grains of the earth, let it stand till all ths
effervescence has ceased; which will some,
irncs be an hour or mora; carefully note
he weight required to again balance the
lealcs, and that may be set down ae ths
weight- of carbonic gas egpeHed, ssy six
jrains* Then as forty.five, is to fifty.five,
to is this weight to that of ths base, or tho
lime. In this ease the lime would be seven
and one-third percent.
To ascertain if the earth contaioe iron,
stir the muriatic add and water with a strip
of oak bark, and if ironvis present die
i ? . . -j L * *T* -
liquid, DQfK win turn oara. a u ascertain
th? quantity* put in prussiate of pet-ash, fill
it no longer form91 blue precipitate, let ft
settle, heat the deposit to redness, carefully
weigh the remainder, which is oxide of
iron. 7* , ^
/ * -* '*
To determine the presence of gypsum,
take one .hundred grains of earth, mi* ooethird
the quantity of powdered charcoal,
keep it at a red heat in a eruOible forhalfeo
hour. -Then boil the earth in a .pint of
waterfor thirty minutes, filter the liquor, .
and expose it for some days in an open
vessel. A white depot! will be sulphate
of lime, and the weight will determine the
proportion.
These processes are ell simple, and can
be performed by any one. By them we
obtain 1st, the absorbent powers; 2d, the
amount of animal vegetable mailer; 3d, the
dir.a or sand : 4th. the aluinioe, or clay ;
oth, the carbonate of iime; 6th, the oxides
of iron ; and 7th, the gypsum or plaster of
Paris. The salts exerebe a great in.
fluence on vegetation ; but as they prhici.
pally depend on the animal and vegetable
matter in the soil, and as the determining
their qualities nnd kinds are too difficult for
the analysis of the farmer, the processes are
omitted. The above ingredients ere ad
that exert a marked influence on the fetiUty
of soils, and on their proper proportion iis
I goodness depends. If roil contain too
much silica or gravel; the a re porous; and
if too much clay, retentive. The last, is
usually the worst fault, and may be known
by the water sending upon it ofrer rains,
remaining unsettled for a long time, owing
to the clay hei J in solution. Wheat winter
kills on such soils ; on calcareous gravelly
ones rarely. Good soils osa }\j contain
from sixty-five to sovchty-five of sitioa;
from ten to sixteen of alumine; from foor
to ten of lime, and varying proportions of
vegetable matters, animal and mineral salts,
&c. The analysis of soils, forms one of
the most decided steps in the improvement
of agriculture, as it clearly points ot& whet is
wonting to remedy any defect, and give
ease of working, and abundance in product.
Every farmer should understand the nature
and composhidh of his-soils, and may do srv
j with "litde time, and at a mere trifle of6&>
! pcrise.?G. Farmer!
i